Ch 14 science

_______the zone of soil immediately above the water table that acts like a sponge sucking up water from the underlying water table and retaining this water somewhat tenaciously

Callipary fringe

_____ the movement of water within the spaces if a porous material due to forces of adhesion , cohesion and surface tension

Capillary action

A naturally formed underground chamber or series of chambers most commonly produced by solution activity in limestone

Cavern

Ex of impermeable :

Clay

_____ with other water molecules

Cohesion

Water moves through soil by:

Cohesion Adhesion

Aquifer must be ____

Confined

Pores must be ____ to allow water to pass through

Connected

Aquifers vary in ____

Depth

Calcite deposited as dripping water evaporates

DripStone

______groundwater that has remained sealed in an aquifer for thousands or even millions of years due to changes in the surrounding geology

Fossil wtaer

Permeability increases with

Grain size

Water can move against the force of _____

Gravity

Local climate,gradient, rock type, segregation cover, land use, and water retention all affect the available _____

Groundwater

____ water found underground in cracks and spaces in soil, sand, and rock

Groundwater

Surplus of ground water:

High annual rain fall Low land use More exposed land

High porosity DOES NOT mean

High permeability

Rounded =

High porosity

_____material that water can not pass through Bedrock, asphalt, plastics, and glass

Impermeable

Artesian wells require an __________ with one end exposed for infiltration

Inclined aquifer

topography consisting of numerous depressions called sinkholes

Karst

_____ and _____ usually indicate water table above the surface

Lakes and streams

Angular =

Low porosity

Residence time in aquifers can be _____ to ____

Minutes to millennia

Well sorted=

high porosity

____% of groundwater is pumped by wells for irrigation

68%

____ to soil particles

Adhesion

Impermeable rock makes up the base of an ____

Aquifer

_____ rock or soil through which groundwater moves easily

Aquifer

Ground water moves slowly through geological formations of soil sand and rocks called _____

Aquifers

____ impermeable ends that hinder or prevent groundwater movement

Aquitard

Deficit of groundwater:

Arid regions, Overuse of groundwater, Impermeable ground cover

Clay fissure, cracks in bedrock, may cause _______to form as the confined water seeps through the crack.

Artesian spring

________ well in which water rises above the level where it is initially encountered

Artesian wells

____ a materials ability to transmit water Rate at which water passes through pore spaces in rock

Permeability

____ voids or openings in bedrock

Pore space

_____ the volume of open space in rock or soil// percentage of total volume rock or sediment that consists of pore spave

Porosity

______ can cause a drawdown (lowering) of the water table forming a cone of depression in the water cycle

Pumping

Largest ___ of useable ____ on earth

Reservoir Fresh water

_____ makes a very good aquifer

Sandstone

Water table rises/falls (1-2m) based on ____ or _____

Season or rainfall

Factors affecting porosity:

Shape and size

Smaller pores =

Slower flow

Groundwater fills the spaces between _____ and _____ beneath earths surface

Soil particles and fractured rock

____ natural separation of sediment based on size

Sorting

a flow of groundwater that emerges naturally at the ground surface.

Spring

the icicle-like structure that hangs from the ceiling of a cavern

Stalactites

the columnlike form that grows upward from the floor of a cavern

Stalagmites

Cohesion and adhesion are the _____ that water molecules have for each other and for other substances

Stickiness

_______the sinking or settling of the ground surface

Subsidence

____ the upper limits of the zone of saturation , often parallels the surface

Water table

_____ a hole bored into the zone of saturation - small reservoirs into which groundwater moves

Well

_____ indicate water table is at the surface

Wetlands

_____ (unsaturated zone) area above the water table where openings in soil , sediment and rock are not saturated but filled mainly with air

Zone of aeration

Wells must penetrate deep into the _______

Zone of saturation

_____zone where all open spaces in sediment and rocks are completely filled with water

Zone of saturation

Poorly sorted=

low porosity