Ch. 14- The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure
Drugs that block angiotensin-converting enzyme would cause which of the following? A) decreased mean arterial pressure B) decrease in epinephrine release C) decreased heart rate D) stimulation of reactive hyperemia E) activation of the parasympathetic nervous system
A) decreased mean arterial pressure
Glucose moves across continuous capillary walls by what mechanism? A) diffusion B) primary active transport C) facilitated D) secondary active transport E) transcytosis
A) diffusion
The primary mechanism for exchange of substances across the capillary wall is A) diffusion. B) bulk flow. C) vesicle transport. D) active transport. E) mediated transport.
A) diffusion. remember that capillaries are extra permeable which make diffusion possible
What are the two functions of increasing blood flow to the skin during exercise? A) facilitate dissipation of heat; provide energy for sweat production B) energy reserve for underlying musculature; provide energy for sweat production C) fat utilization for energy production; remove water for sweat production D) facilitate dissipation of heat; energy reserve for underlying musculature E) facilitate dissipation of heat; remove water for sweat production
A) facilitate dissipation of heat; provide energy for sweat production
What is the equation relating flow to resistance and a pressure gradient? A) flow = pressure gradient / resistance B) flow = pressure × resistance C) flow/resistance = 1/pressure gradient D) flow × resistance = pressure × gradient E) flow × resistance = 1/pressure gradient
A) flow = pressure gradient / resistance F = ΔP/R Flow= change in Pressure (pressure gradient)/ Resistance
An increase in blood flow to tissues in response to a previous reduction in blood flow is called A) active hyperemia. B) myogenic response. C) ischemia. D) hypoxia. E) reactive hyperemia.
E) reactive hyperemia. reacts to the previous lack of blood flow
Which of the following would decrease central venous pressure? A) increased blood volume B) activity of skeletal muscles C) increased sympathetic activity D) increased respiratory activity E) standing up
E) standing up
At rest, the greatest proportion of blood volume is present within the A) systemic capillaries. B) pulmonary veins. C) heart. D) systemic arteries. E) systemic veins.
E) systemic veins.
Hydrogen ions have what effect on systemic arterioles? A) neither vasodilation or vasoconstriction, but may cause vasospasm B) vasoconstriction and vasospasm C) vasospasm D) vasoconstriction E) vasodilation
E) vasodilation
Which of the following has high compliance, allowing it to hold a large volume of blood with little change in pressure? A) arteriole B) capillary C) artery D) venule E) vein
E) vein veins are high : high remember also that most blood is kept in systolic veins... about 60% without altering pressure too much
The blood vessels of largest diameter are the ________, and the blood vessels with the thickest walls are the ________. A) arteries : veins B) arteries : arteries C) arteries : arterioles D) veins : veins E) veins : arteries
E) veins : arteries despite the exception of the Aorta
Which of the following blood vessels is slightly larger than capillaries, allowing for some exchange between blood and the tissue? A) arteriole B) vein C) artery D) capillary E) venule
E) venule
Which of the following descriptions of the autonomic innervation of the cardiovascular system is FALSE? A) Both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons innervate smooth muscle in arterioles. B) Only sympathetic neurons provide significant innervation of the contractile cells of the heart. C) Only sympathetic neurons innervate smooth muscle in veins. D) Both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons innervate the SA node. E) Sympathetic activity increases cardiac output, whereas parasympathetic activity decreases cardiac output.
A) Both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons innervate smooth muscle in arterioles.
Which of the following accurately describes sympathetic control of blood vessels in the skin during thermoregulation? A) Heat causes a decrease in sympathetic activity, resulting in vasodilation. B) Heat activates the parasympathetic activity and has no effect on the sympathetic nervous system. C) Heat causes an increase in sympathetic activity, resulting in vasodilation. D) Heat causes an increase in sympathetic activity, resulting in vasoconstriction. E) Heat causes a decrease in sympathetic activity, resulting in vasoconstriction.
A) Heat causes a decrease in sympathetic activity, resulting in vasodilation.
Which of the following comparisons between systemic capillaries and lymphatic capillaries is TRUE? A) Net filtration occurs across systemic capillaries; net absorption occurs across lymphatic capillaries. B) Pressure is higher in lymphatic capillaries. C) Walls of systemic capillaries are more permeable. D) Fluid enters systemic capillaries from systemic arterioles; fluid enters lymphatic capillaries from lymphatic veins. E) Blood cells are found in both types of capillaries.
A) Net filtration occurs across systemic capillaries; net absorption occurs across lymphatic capillaries.
Which of the following can cause vasoconstriction? A) angiotensin II B) increase in histamine C) increase in osmolarity D) increase in carbon dioxide E) release of nitric oxide
A) angiotensin II
To produce angiotensin II, what must be secreted from the kidney to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme? A) angiotensinogen B) renin C) erythropoietin D) vitamin D3 E) preangiotensin
A) angiotensinogen
Where are the arterial baroreceptors located? A) aortic arch and carotid sinuses (carotid arteries) B) the pons C) brachiocephalic artery D) coronary sinuses and aortic arch E) coronary arteries
A) aortic arch and carotid sinuses (carotid arteries) remember why you don't take your pulse using the carotid
The total cross-sectional area is greatest in which blood vessels? A) capillaries B) veins C) arterioles D) arteries E) venules
A) capillaries so many of them
Which of the following would cause relaxation of precapillary sphincters? A) carbon dioxide B) parasympathetic activity C) sympathetic activity D) vasopressin E) epinephrine
A) carbon dioxide
An increase in the stretch of a baroreceptor will cause venomotor tone to ________ while ventricular contractility will ________. A) decrease : decrease B) increase : decrease C) increase : not change D) remain constant : not change E) increase : increase
A) decrease : decrease
As mean arterial pressure increases, the ________, informing the medulla oblongata that blood pressure has indeed increased. A) frequency of action potentials from the baroreceptors increases B) number of sympathetic neurons activated decreases C) blood flow to the brain increases D) amplitude of the action potentials from the baroreceptors increases E) number of neurons stimulated within the aortic arch increases
A) frequency of action potentials from the baroreceptors increases
During exercise, which of the following tissues receive less blood flow compared to resting conditions? A) gastrointestinal tract only B) brain only C) skin only D) heart only E) both gastrointestinal tract and skin
A) gastrointestinal tract only
Which of the following would decrease mean arterial pressure? A) increase in arteriole diameter B) increase in stroke volume C) increase in total peripheral resistance D) increase in heart rate E) increase in venous return
A) increase in arteriole diameter more space so less pressure??
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that alters the balance between filtration and absorption in the body? A) increasing hydrostatic pressure gradient in cases of enhanced interstitial protein B) decreasing plasma protein synthesis in cases of liver damage C) increasing the elimination of plasma proteins in cases of kidney damage D) increasing capillary hydrostatic pressure within the feet as one stands E) increasing the permeability of the capillaries in regions of tissue damage
A) increasing hydrostatic pressure gradient in cases of enhanced interstitial protein
What is the driving force for blood flow through the systemic circuit? A) mean arterial pressure B) total peripheral resistance C) perfusion pressure D) cardiac output E) pulse pressure
A) mean arterial pressure MAP... gives it it's purpose... Mapped out
What are blood vessels that normally bypass capillary beds are called? A) metarterioles. B) A-V malformations C) venules D) pre-capillary sphincters E) pararterioles
A) metarterioles. very meta... circumvent the normal way of doing things
The respiratory pump facilitates the return of blood to the heart by A) raising the pressure gradient between abdominal and thoracic veins during inspiration. B) raising the pressure gradient between abdominal and thoracic veins during expiration. C) decreasing the pressure gradient between abdominal and thoracic veins during expiration. D) squeezing blood from the rhythmic contraction of the diaphragm muscle. E) decreasing the pressure gradient between abdominal and thoracic veins during inspiration.
A) raising the pressure gradient between abdominal and thoracic veins during inspiration.
Any change in the relative distribution of cardiac output to an organ is typically due to changes in which of the following? A) resistance of that organ's vascular bed B) compliance of that organ's vascular bed C) mean arterial pressure D) central venous pressure E) viscosity of the blood moving through that organ's vascular bed
A) resistance of that organ's vascular bed
________ are responsible for the detection of mean arterial pressure. A) Venous baroreceptors B) Arterial baroreceptors C) Thermoreceptors D) Aortic chemoreceptors E) Medullary chemoreceptors
B) Arterial baroreceptors
________ describes the movement of fluid out of the capillary, while ________ describes the movement of fluid into the capillary. A) Hydrostatic pressure : oncotic pressure B) Filtration : absorption C) Absorption : filtration D) Venous pooling : edema E) Edema : venous pooling
B) Filtration : absorption
During exercise, carbon dioxide produced by muscle cells causes vasodilation in skeletal muscle. This is an example of A) ischemia. B) active hyperemia. C) flow autoregulation. D) reactive hyperemia. E) hypoxia.
B) active hyperemia. Active, think exercise
An increase in blood flow to tissues in response to increased metabolic activity is called A) myogenic response. B) active hyperemia. C) ischemia. D) reactive hyperemia. E) hypoxia.
B) active hyperemia. When you are active, exercising, your blood flow increases
Which of the following is an important vasodilator in coronary arteries? A) endothelin-1 B) adenosine C) nitric oxide D) bradykinin E) oxygen
B) adenosine
The pulsatile nature of blood pressure is greatest in which blood vessels? A) capillaries B) arteries C) venules D) veins E) arterioles
B) arteries
In the circulatory system, the largest pressure drop occurs across which blood vessels? A) veins B) arterioles C) arteries D) capillaries E) venules
B) arterioles
Which of the following chemicals' concentration is NOT increased by an elevation in metabolic activity? A) pyruvic acid B) potassium C) oxygen D) hydrogen E) carbon dioxide
C) oxygen metabolic activity USES oxygen, it is not produced
The long-term regulation of arterial blood pressure involves the A) stimulation of an increase in urine flow through the kidneys. B) control of blood volume by the kidneys. C) control of peripheral resistance. D) release of hormones over a period of minutes. E) immediate change in activity of the nervous system.
B) control of blood volume by the kidneys.
What is a decrease in tissue oxygen called? A) ischemia B) hypoxia C) hypoxemia D) hyperoxia E) hyperemia
B) hypoxia
The increase in stroke volume that occurs during exercise is caused primarily by a(n) A) increase in end-diastolic volume. B) increase in myocardial contractility. C) decrease in end-systolic volume. D) decrease in peripheral resistance. E) increase in venous return.
B) increase in myocardial contractility. heart beats faster when you exercise
The reduction in organ blood flow that results from a decrease in mean arterial pressure would be exacerbated by the ________ that occurs as a consequence of the baroreceptor reflex. A) increased stroke volume B) increased peripheral resistance C) decreased compliance of the veins D) increased ventricular contractility E) increased venous return
B) increased peripheral resistance
Parasympathetic nervous activity has what effect on systemic arterioles? A) vasodilation B) neither vasoconstriction and vasodilation C) vasospasm D) neither vasodilation or vasoconstriction, but may cause vasospasm E) vasoconstriction
B) neither vasoconstriction and vasodilation just chilling, no fight or flight, so no change
What is the purpose of extrinsic control of arteriolar smooth muscle contractile activity? A) regulate stroke volume B) regulate mean arterial pressure C) regulate heart rate D) regulate cardiac output E) regulate blood flow through specific capillary beds
B) regulate mean arterial pressure
During exercise, which organs receive an increase in the proportion of cardiac output delivered to them? A) skeletal muscle, heart, and skin B) skeletal muscle, heart, and brain C) gastrointestinal tract and skeletal muscle D) brain and heart E) skeletal muscle, skin, and brain
B) skeletal muscle, heart, and brain
Angiotensin II has what effect on systemic arterioles? A) vasoconstriction and vasospasm B) vasoconstriction C) vasospasm D) neither vasodilation or vasoconstriction, but may cause vasospasm E) vasodilation
B) vasoconstriction Angiotensin II make systemic arterioles TENSE... constrict to look like the II
Sympathetic nerves have what effect on systemic arterioles? A) vasospasm B) vasoconstriction C) vasodilation D) neither vasodilation or vasoconstriction, but may cause vasospasm E) vasoconstriction and vasospasm
B) vasoconstriction blood pressure rises the more stressed you are
Nitric oxide has what effect on systemic arterioles? A) vasoconstriction and vasospasm B) vasodilation C) neither vasodilation or vasoconstriction, but may cause vasospasm D) vasoconstriction E) vasospasm
B) vasodilation
Given that the net filtration of fluid out of the capillaries averages about 3 liters per day, how is blood volume maintained in light of this apparent fluid loss? A) The net filtration is equally balanced by absorption. B) The kidneys are involved in the reabsorption of the remaining fluid. C) The lymphatic system returns filtered fluid to the blood. D) While fluid moves out across the capillary, it tends to move inward across veins. E) Gravity moves the fluid to the lowest point in the body, where the fluid is absorbed.
C) The lymphatic system returns filtered fluid to the blood.
Which of the following statements about smooth muscle in arterioles is FALSE? A) Muscle contraction is under extrinsic controls. B) The muscle forms rings around the arteriole. C) The muscle is multi-unit smooth muscle. D) Muscle contraction is under intrinsic controls. E) The muscle has inherent (myogenic) tone.
C) The muscle is multi-unit smooth muscle.
Fenestrated capillaries are unique in their ability to A) restrict the passage of proteins across endothelial cells. B) maintain a low permeability to small water-soluble molecules. C) allow relatively large molecules to pass between endothelial cells. D) move molecules across endothelial cells by transcytosis. E) allow few molecules to pass between endothelial cells.
C) allow relatively large molecules to pass between endothelial cells. fenestrated... has big pores
Which of the following will NOT occur as a consequence of the activation of the baroreceptor reflex that would occur in response to an increased heat load within the body? A) an increase in stroke volume B) an increase in heart rate C) an increase in resistance within the skin vasculature D) a decrease in resistance within the skeletal muscle vasculature E) an increase in venoconstriction
C) an increase in resistance within the skin vasculature
Blood pressure is usually estimated from indirect measurements of the pressure in what structure? A) aorta B) femoral artery C) brachial artery D) left ventricle E) radial artery
C) brachial artery think about where the blood pressure cuff goes
What organ has capillaries that are the most restrictive to movement of hydrophilic solutes? A) kidneys B) skeletal muscle C) brain D) liver E) bone marrow
C) brain
What is/are the component(s) of a blood vessel's extracellular matrix that provide(s) the tensile strength required to withstand pressure? A) elastin B) gap junctions C) collagen D) albumin E) hemoglobin
C) collagen
Mean arterial pressure can be increased by all of the following EXCEPT A) increasing heart rate. B) increasing blood volume. C) decreasing end-diastolic volume. D) increasing venous return. E) increasing sympathetic activity.
C) decreasing end-diastolic volume.
An increase in total peripheral resistance, in the absence of any change in cardiac output, would A) reduce the stretch on the aorta. B) decrease pulmonary venous pressure. C) elevate mean arterial pressure. D) reduce mean arterial pressure. E) decrease central venous pressure.
C) elevate mean arterial pressure.
In comparison to the systemic circuit, the pulmonary circuit A) has lower blood flow. B) is under greater pressure. C) has lower resistance to blood flow. D) transports deoxygenated blood. E) has an equal pressure gradient to drive blood flow.
C) has lower resistance to blood flow.
The increase in blood flow to active skeletal muscle relative to other organs is largely caused by the A) decrease in metabolic factors within the muscle. B) decrease in parasympathetic activity. C) increase in local metabolic factors within the muscle. D) increase in parasympathetic activity. E) increase in sympathetic activity.
C) increase in local metabolic factors within the muscle.
Due to their location, baroreceptors in the large systemic veins and the heart function primarily to monitor A) total peripheral resistance. B) blood flow. C) mean arterial pressure. D) heart rate. E) blood volume.
C) mean arterial pressure. MAP use a barometer to detect weather changes which a weatherman would present in front of a reference MAP
Where is the cardiovascular control center? A) pons B) hypothalamus C) medulla oblongata D) adrenal medulla E) adrenal cortex
C) medulla oblongata think about the Water Boy clip... not aggression but when you are angry, usually your pulse will rise too
Valves, which are found ________, maintain the unidirectional movement of blood, thereby facilitating the return of blood to the heart. A) only in arteries B) in all veins C) only in peripheral veins D) in all venules E) only in central veins
C) only in peripheral veins these are the little guys throughout the body
An increase in the concentration of which of the following within the interstitial space surrounding an arteriole would cause that vessel to constrict? A) adenosine B) lactic acid C) oxygen D) nitric oxide E) prostacyclin
C) oxygen
Chemicals released by metabolically active cells will cause which of the following? A) contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle to increase blood flow B) contraction of capillary smooth muscle to increase blood flow C) relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle to increase blood flow D) contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle to decrease blood flow E) relaxation of capillary smooth muscle to decrease blood flow
C) relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle to increase blood flow
Oxygen has what effect on systemic arterioles? A) vasoconstriction and vasospasm B) neither vasodilation or vasoconstriction, but may cause vasospasm C) vasoconstriction D) vasospasm E) vasodilation
C) vasoconstriction
Vasopressin has what effect on systemic arterioles? A) neither vasodilation or vasoconstriction, but may cause vasospasm B) vasodilation C) vasoconstriction D) vasospasm E) vasoconstriction and vasospasm
C) vasoconstriction
Which of the following is NOT a component of the microcirculation? A) venules B) metarterioles C) veins D) capillaries E) arterioles
C) veins veins and arteries are the big two then the blood vessels get smaller
Given the following information, calculate the net filtration pressure: capillary hydrostatic pressure = 30 mm Hg; interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure = 5 mm Hg; capillary oncotic pressure = 25 mm Hg; and interstitial fluid oncotic pressure = 10 mm Hg. A) 0 mm Hg, no net force B) 40 mm Hg, favoring filtration C) -40 mm Hg, favoring reabsorption D) 10 mm Hg, favoring filtration E) -10 mm Hg, favoring reabsorption
D) 10 mm Hg, favoring filtration NFP = filtration pressure - absorption pressure = (PvCAP + piIF) - (pivCAP + piIF) =(30mm Hg + pi5mm Hg)- (pi???
Which of the following is an incorrect description of a blood vessel type? A) Arteries are elastic. B) The radius of arterioles can be regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic controls. C) Most of the blood volume at rest is in the systemic veins. D) Capillary walls are comprised of only two cell layers, minimizing the distance for exchange. E) Veins have high compliance.
D) Capillary walls are comprised of only two cell layers, minimizing the distance for exchange.
Which of the following is the equation relating cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, and total peripheral resistance? A) MAP + CO + TPR = pulse pressure B) TPR = CO/MAP C) CO = TPR/MAP D) MAP = CO × TPR E) MAP = CO - TPR
D) MAP = CO × TPR
What structures of the cardiovascular system are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system, but are NOT by the parasympathetic nervous system? A) arteriolar smooth muscle B) SA node, AV node, and bundle of His C) arteriolar smooth muscle and venous smooth muscle D) SA node and AV node E) ventricular myocardium, arteriolar smooth muscle and venous smooth muscle
D) SA node and AV node
Blood flow velocity is inversely proportional to the pooled surface area of a structure; therefore, it is greatest in the ________ and slowest in the ________. A) arterioles : veins B) capillaries : arteries C) arteries : veins D) arteries : capillaries E) veins : arteries
D) arteries : capillaries
Resistance to blood flow is regulated primarily by what blood vessels? A) ventricle B) capillaries C) veins D) arterioles E) arteries
D) arterioles
The contractile activity of smooth muscle cells within which type of blood vessel is primarily involved in the control of the organ blood flow and mean arterial pressure? A) arteries B) capillaries C) venules D) arterioles E) veins
D) arterioles
Which of the following structures contains high pressure baroreceptors? A) aortic arch only B) carotid sinus only C) right atrium only D) both the aortic arch and carotid sinus E) aortic arch, right atrium, and carotid sinus
D) both the aortic arch and carotid sinus
What region of the cardiovascular system contains valves? A) heart only B) metarterioles only C) veins only D) both the heart and veins E) the heart, metarterioles, and veins
D) both the heart and veins
Which of the following equations is correct? A) mean arterial pressure = cardiac output × stroke volume B) cardiac output = mean arterial pressure × total peripheral resistance C) resistance = (length × radius4) / viscosity D) cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate E) mean arterial pressure = resistance × viscosity
D) cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate
Despite seeming counterproductive, an increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels activates ________, which causes a(n) ________ in heart rate and a(n) ________ in total peripheral resistance. A) baroreceptors : increase : increase B) baroreceptors : decrease : decrease C) baroreceptors : decrease : increase D) chemoreceptors: decrease : decrease E) chemoreceptors : decrease : increase
D) chemoreceptors: decrease : decrease
Which of the following would NOT increase mean arterial pressure? A) decreased parasympathetic activity effects on the heart B) increased levels of epinephrine in the blood C) increased sympathetic activity to the veins D) decreased parasympathetic activity effects on the arterioles E) increased sympathetic activity to the heart
D) decreased parasympathetic activity effects on the arterioles
What are local controls that tend to keep blood flow constant called? A) flow telemetry B) osteogenic factors C) extrinsic factors D) flow autoregulation E) autonomics
D) flow autoregulation don't overthink it, break down the words
Which of the following is a decrease in tissue oxygen? A) ischemia B) myogenic response C) reactive hyperemia D) hypoxia E) active hyperemia
D) hypoxia
Which of the following will NOT occur in response to a decrease in the extent of stretch detected by a baroreceptor? A) increased heart rate B) increased ventricular contractility C) increased venomotor tone D) increased urine flow E) increased peripheral resistance
D) increased urine flow
Which of the following is a decrease in blood supply to the tissue such that it does not meet the metabolic demands of the tissue? A) reactive hyperemia B) hypoxia C) myogenic response D) ischemia E) active hyperemia
D) ischemia remember myocardial ischemia
A decrease in pressure within an arteriole will initiate a(n) A) sinus arrhythmia. B) cardiac and venous baroreceptor reflex. C) active hyperemia. D) myogenic response. E) arterial baroreceptor reflex.
D) myogenic response.
Bradykinin causes vasodilation by stimulating the release of what substance from endothelial cells? A) thromboxane A2 B) endothelin I C) cyclooxygenase D) nitric oxide E) arachidonic acid
D) nitric oxide
The portion of osmotic pressure exerted by ________ in the blood is known as colloid osmotic pressure (or oncotic pressure). A) large ions B) small ions C) steroids D) proteins E) lipids
D) proteins
The effects of epinephrine on vascular resistance are dependent upon which of the following? A) concentration of local metabolites B) relative distribution of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors C) specific baroreceptor activated (low or high pressure) D) relative distribution of alpha and beta receptors E) direction of change in mean arterial pressure
D) relative distribution of alpha and beta receptors
Which of the following accurately compares active hyperemia to reactive hyperemia? A) One is an increase in blood flow, the other is a decrease. B) One involves vasodilation, the other vasoconstriction. C) One is caused by an increase in metabolites, the other to a decrease in perfusion pressure. D) One is an intrinsic response, the other an extrinsic response. E) One is caused by increased metabolic activity, the other in response to an increase in metabolites from an occlusion to blood flow.
E) One is caused by increased metabolic activity, the other in response to an increase in metabolites from an occlusion to blood flow.
A person goes to the doctor and is told his blood pressure is 90/60 and his pulse is 80. Which of the following is FALSE? A) Diastolic pressure is 60. B) Mean arterial pressure is 70 mm Hg. C) Heart rate is 80. D) Systolic pressure is 90 mm Hg. E) Pulse pressure is 80 mm Hg.
E) Pulse pressure is 80 mm Hg. Blood Pressure: Systolic/Diastolic Pulse: Heart Rate
The chronic elevation in arterial pressure (hypertension) that occurs in many individuals results in A) the maintenance of a constant error signal by the baroreceptor. B) the baroreceptors becoming more sensitive to pressure. C) a decreased sensitivity of the baroreceptor that causes pressure to fluctuate. D) the resetting of the baroreceptor to a lower pressure. E) a gradual increase in pressure that resets the baroreceptors.
E) a gradual increase in pressure that resets the baroreceptors. The accompanying gradual rise in arterial pressure causes baroreceptors to lose their sensitivity such that they become reset at a new, higher pressure, which effectively becomes "normal."
The high compliance of veins allows them to A) hold only small volumes of blood. B) rapidly change central venous pressure with small changes in blood volume. C) act as pressure reservoirs. D) provide the driving force for the movement of blood through the vasculature during diastole. E) accommodate large volumes of blood with little change in pressure.
E) accommodate large volumes of blood with little change in pressure. remember systemic veins and venules hold most of the blood volume... about 60%
What is an increase in blood flow in response to an increase in tissue metabolic activity called? A) reactive hyperemia B) hyperoxia C) hypoxia D) ischemia E) active hyperemia
E) active hyperemia increase in tissue metabolic activity comes naturally with the increase in blood flow from exercise
Of the following choices, which has the elastic recoil of its walls during diastole, causing a continuation of blood flow throughout the cardiac cycle? A) capillary B) venule C) arteriole D) vein E) artery
E) artery remember that arteries are the most elastic blood vessels
Epinephrine triggers vasodilation by binding to which receptors and vasoconstriction by binding to which receptors? A) beta : cholinergic B) alpha1 : beta1 C) alpha : beta2 D) alpha2 : beta2 E) beta2 : alpha
E) beta2 : alpha alpha is alone, beta is number 2
Which of the following can cause edema? A) damage to capillary walls only B) decreased venous pressure only C) increase in extravasated plasma proteins only D) both an increase in plasma proteins and a decrease in venous pressure E) both damage to capillary walls and an increase in extravasated plasma proteins
E) both damage to capillary walls and an increase in extravasated plasma proteins A shift in fluid from plasma to interstitial fluid causes a swelling of tissues, called edema.
Which of the following would increase blood flow through a capillary bed? A) constriction of the arteriole leading into the capillary bed B) decrease in blood pressure in the arteriole leading into the capillary bed C) increase in venous pressure D) contraction of smooth muscle in the metarterioles bypassing the capillary bed E) contraction of precapillary sphincters in the capillary bed
E) contraction of precapillary sphincters in the capillary bed
Which of the following would increase the rate of blood flow through a blood vessel? A) constriction of the blood vessel B) increased viscosity of the blood C) decreased radius of the vessel D) increased length of the vessel E) increased pressure of the blood entering the vessel
E) increased pressure of the blood entering the vessel
What is a decrease in blood flow that is less than what is necessary to keep up with metabolic demands called? A) hypoxemia B) infarction C) hypoxia D) hyperemia E) ischemia
E) ischemia
Arteries have ________ compliance and ________ resistance to flow. A) low : high B) high : high C) zero : high D) high : low E) low : low
E) low : low both low in comparison to Veins high : High
Which of the following substances is continuously secreted by endothelial cells and causes vasodilation? A) bradykinin B) endothelin-1 C) oxygen D) adenosine E) nitric oxide
E) nitric oxide
The elastic nature of the largest blood vessel's walls allows them to act as a ________, maintaining the driving force for blood flow while the heart is relaxed during diastole. A) contractile force B) non-compliant structure C) volume reservoir D) non-distensible structure E) pressure reservoir
E) pressure reservoir
