ch 14 TQ

Research on infants raised on Israeli kibbutzim where they spend a great deal of time being cared for in groups has shown that children as young as _____ can first begin to show true attachments to other children.

1 yr

At what age do infants typically first begin to express a preference for one familiar person over another?

2-3 months old

.How many of the following (your husband, your sister, your coworker) could be a confidant?

3

Which is the best example of a synchronized routine?

A baby and a mother who are taking turns sticking out their tongues at each other

Which best reflects the ethological perspective regarding parent/child attachments

Human infants and caregivers have biological tendencies to form attachments.

In which type of attachment does a child show clear distress when the caregiver to whom he is attached leaves, but ambivalence when the caregiver returns?

Resistant

The saying, "_____" best illustrates the mate selection concept of homogamy.

birds of a feather flock together

Piaget believed that in order for a child to engage in cooperative play with others in games that involved rules, he or she must have reached the _____ stage of thought.

concrete-operational

Which would be considered the most advanced emotion for an infant to exhibit?

guilt

In order to demonstrate pretend play. a child must

have the ability to construct a mental representation of an event.

Which statement concerning childhood friendships is FALSE?

having a chum is detrimental to the development of a friendship.

Companionate love is best characterized by

high levels of intimacy and commitment, but low levels of passion.

Adolescents who have secure attachments with their parents have

higher levels of self-esteem.

Kono takes her one-year-old son, Chin Ho, to visit an infant-toddler program that he will soon join. Chin Ho appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore and play with toys, even though Kono is close by. When Kono leaves the room, Chin Ho becomes extremely upset and remains that way all the time his mother is gone. When Kono returns, Chin Ho stays close to his mother, but makes it clear he does not want her to touch him or pick him up. He appears angry with Kono. This best demonstrates which sort of attachment relationship?

resistant

When Billie takes her son, Joel, to the park one day, he demands to be held and does not want to get down to play on the equipment. When another young mother comes over and strikes up a conversation with Billie, Joel hides his head in his mother's skirt, and refuses to play with the other woman's child. Eventually, Billie leaves Joel with the other woman briefly so she can buy drinks for all of them at the concession stand. Joel screams and cries, and is inconsolable. Joel's attachment relationship with his mother is best characterized as

resistant

In a pioneering study on adult love relationships, Hazan and Shaver found that most adults have a(n)_____ attachment style.

secure

In which type of attachment does a child use a caregiver as a base, becomes somewhat upset when separated from the caregiver, and is fairly outgoing with a stranger if the caregiver is present?

secure

Most infants develop a(n) _____ attachment relationship with their caregiver(s).

secure

Pam loves to play with other children. As she plays in the sandbox at the park, she frequently climbs out to run over to her mommy, gives her a hug, and then runs back to the sandbox. When her mother walks a short distance away to get a drink at a fountain, Pam begins to cry and runs after her. After they both get a drink, they head back toward the sandbox, with Pam running ahead to join the other children in play. Pam's attachment relationship with her mother is best described as

secure

The most likely outcome of an infant and parent who are in synchrony is a(n) _____ infant attachment.

secure

According to Ainsworth, an attachment figure is best defined as serving as a(n) _____ for an attached child.

secure base

Self-conscious emotions require

self awareness

Two-year-old Babs is asked by her mother to sing a song in front of her relatives. For the first time in her life, Babs experiences the emotion of embarrassment. Developmentalists refer to this type of emotion as a(n) _____ emotion.

self conscious

A college student becomes homesick during her first semester on campus. This response is most related to

separation anxiety.

During adolescence, early dating relationships tend to be more _____ when compared to dating in later adolescence

short lived

According to socioemotional selectivity theory,

shrinking social networks in adulthood are by choice.

If someone says that the key to mate selection is homogamy, that person is saying that the most important determinant of success is

similarity.

When a child has begun to monitor the reaction of someone else in order to decide how to react to an ambiguous situation, he or she is demonstrating

social referencing

When commenting on a rejected child, peers would be most likely to say,

"I hate that kid."

How many of the following dyads (a father and his son, two kindergarten classmates, a preteen girl and her track coach) represent peer relationships?

1

Which statement concerning the role of culture on infant attachment is true?

A secure attachment is best defined by cultural standards that can vary from country to country.

Which best summarizes the effects of parent-child attachments on later development?

A secure attachment may become insecure as a result of major stresses in the family, such as divorce or a mother returning to work.

Regarding attachment, which is true?

A secure attachment to one's father can compensate for a poor attachment relationship with one's mother.

Which behavior best exemplifies a goal-correct partnership?

An infant who knows that when mommy puts on her shoes she goes out running; so when the infant sees mommy put on her shoes, she follows her and plans to go with her

Which should NOT be included on a list of the three key components of the triangular theory love?

Aptitude

Which of the following is NOT associated with "popularity" in childhood?

Being unassertive

Regarding stranger anxiety, which is FALSE?

Children are most wary of strangers when they are encountered in familiar surroundings.

Which is the primary distinction between associative and cooperative play?

Cooperative play involves activities directed toward a common goal and associative play does not.

Which statement is true

Crowds are a collection of cliques.

Which infant attachment type is most highly associated with later emotional problems?

Disorganized-disoriented

Which type of infant attachment is best associated with having a mother who is abusing drugs?

Disorganized-disoriented

How would the social pretend play of a Korean preschooler and a U.S. preschooler most likely vary?

Due to cultural differences, the Korean child's play will more likely focus on family roles while the U.S. child will focus on superhero play

_____ is best defined as the process of initiating, maintaining, and altering emotions.

Emotion regulation

Who is most likely to be experiencing bonding?

Five-hour-old Derek and his mother Bo, who are cuddling.

Babita believes that her nursing relationship with her baby is absolutely essential to her child's well-being, and that it will have a powerful impact on her overall relationship with her child. Based on this outlook, Babita's views with regard to the attachment process are most similar to those of

Freud.

Which does NOT belong on a list of characteristics of a quality daycare?

High rate of staff turnover (to expose children to more people)

Which best describes results from research on adults' internal working models of self?

Internal working models predict the capacity for exploration in adulthood.

which saying was used to summarize research on infants raised in deprived institutional settings?

It is better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all.

How does oxytocin appear to impact relationships?

It primes us to affiliate with others.

Which statement concerning emotional lives is true?

Negative emotions are less common in older adults than in younger adults.

Which is FALSE?

Older people are relatively unconcerned with equity issues in friendships.

Five-year-old Otto is watching a group of children who are playing with Lego blocks. Occasionally, he says things like "that's a neat car" or "want some blocks?" However, he does not sit down and play with the Legos

Onlooker

Which of the following is FALSE with regard to rejected children

Rejection by peers during the childhood years is unlikely to have long-term effects on behavior.

Which is the most common peer network play behavior for a six-year-old boy?

Playing with a group of other boys

Which statement concerning relationships in old age is true?

Relationships with a spouse can undermine emotional well-being.

Which is true with regard to the effects of play on development?

Preschoolers who engage in considerable amounts of social pretend play tend to be more popular and more socially mature than those who do not.

_____ anxiety peaks first and is followed by _____anxiety.

Separation; stranger

Tabitha is at the zoo with her dad, Darwin. How could Tabitha demonstrate social referencing?

She could watch her dad's hesitation at touching the snake and recoil her hand when a snake is handed to her.

yara spent the first 12 months of her life in an environment best described as "extremely deprived." What characteristic would you LEAST expect to see in Yara at age five?

Significant likelihood of schizophrenia

Which research technique is best associated with the study of the quality of an attachment?

Strange situation procedure

Which best exemplifies co-rumination?

Talking to a friend excessively about your thoughts of suicide

If they are all normally developing children, who would be most likely to have just begun to display self-conscious emotions?

Ted, who is 18 months old

Why are internal working models important in the attachment process?

They are a key mechanism that allows early experience to impact later behavior.

Which best exemplifies the concept of proximity maintenance with a secure attachment?

attempting to keep tract of mommy's location

Which is the best example of social pretend play?

Using some dolls to act out a tea party

Which question would you be most likely to find on a sociometric assessment?

Which classmate do you hate?

A(n) _____ attachment is characterized by a lack of interest in exploring, little distress when separated from the attached caregiver, and lack of contact when the caregiver returns from separation.

avoidant

Frieda (18 months) and her mother are visiting at a friend's house. Although there are lots of toys to play with, Frieda seems disinterested. When Frieda's mother and her friend go to the kitchen for tea, Frieda appears undisturbed. Twenty minutes later, her mother emerges from the kitchen and tries to pick Frieda up. Frieda is unresponsive and wants to get down. When put down, Frieda ignores her mother and wanders around. This best demonstrates a(n) _____ attachment relationship between Frieda and her mom.

avoidant

In what ways do the social networks of younger and older adults differ?

Younger adults have broader social networks than middle-aged adults.

Bonding is

a biologically-based connection between infant and parent.

Based on research on imprinting, a newly hatched duck is most likely to

a human, but only if that person moves around.

Research on infants raised in deprived institutions in Romania found that

a lack of physical contact can lead to significant delays in cognitive, physical, and socioemotional development.

A sensitive parent can do _____ to convert a "difficult" baby into an infant who can regulate emotions and who is socially competent.

a lot

According to Bowlby, the key change in parent/child attachments during childhood involves

a more goal-directed partnership.

Seventy-year-old Heidi had a doctor appointment in the morning. At the appointment, her physician told Heidi that her blood pressure was "pretty high," her bone density was "scary," and her cholesterol level was "fine." When Heidi's husband asks her how the appointment, Heidi says, "the doctors said that I was fine." This comment illustrates the concept of

a positivity effect.

Longitudinal research on the long-term effects of having been securely attached as an infant indicates that

a secure attachment in infancy predicted the quality of peer relationships in elementary school.

Lisa is a very high-strung, active mom. Her baby, Marie, is very laid back and calm. When Lisa bounces Marie on her knee, tickles her, and talks to her in a loud and excited voice, Marie turns away. Lisa turns Marie back toward her, bounces her more rigorously, and continues to talk and sing more loudly than before. Based on this pattern of behavior, it is most likely that Marie will develop a(n) _____ to her mother.

avoidant attachment

As an infant, Molly was securely attached to her mother and her father, and this attachment has not changed. When she enters preschool, she is most likely to

be curious and willing to explore her environment.

Research on emotional development indicates that when interacting with moms, infant's display

a wide range of emotions (positive and negative), which they change at a rapid rate.

When disorganized-disoriented infants are reunited with their parent, they tend to

act dazed or seek attention (but move away if attention appears to be on its way).

During the _____ phase of dating, the relationship becomes the focus and romantic relationships become more personal.

affection

imprinting refers to

an innate tendency to follow moving objects.

Internal working models

are constructed through early interactions with caregivers and influence future social relationships.

attachments

are, throughout the lifespan, aimed at individuals from whom we derive a sense of security.

Which theory did the text identify as today's most influential theory of parent- child and other close relationships?

attachment theory

To Doug and Carrie, dating involves a sense of long-term commitment and high levels of emotional intimacy. Given this description, this relationship appears to be in Brown's _____ dating phase.

bonding

Which two theorists are best associated with attachment theory

bowlby and ainsworth

It is most accurate to say that a parent's attachment relationship with his or her child

builds gradually over a period of many months.

During infancy, caregivers

can be the source of comfort and overstimulation.

One of the biggest disadvantages of engaging in co-rumination is that it

can increase the negative effects one's anxiety.

Studies of infants raised in deprived orphanages for the first eight or more months of their lives indicate that

children who are deprived of intellectual stimulation during the first six months of life often display long-term negative impact on their cognitive skills.

Sullivan used the term _____ to describe close childhood friendships.

chumships

Heather hangs with a group of four other girls who, just like her, all wear the trendiest fashions. According to Dunphy (1963), this group is best classified as a

clique

When Tom is describing his relationship with Gisele, he says, "It's got everything: sexual attraction, trust and respect, and we know that we are both in it for the long haul." This description indicates that their relationship is most accurately described as involving _____ love.

consummate

While researching attachment behavior, Professor Plumb notes that infants are most likely to securely attach to caregivers who wear soft and "cuddly" sweaters and who hold the infants a lot while they are wearing these sweaters. This discovery best fits with research demonstrating the importance of

contact comfort

Harlow and Zimmerman's classic research regarding Freud's views of feeding practices and the attachment process indicated that

contact with a soft, cuddly caregiver is more important than specific feeding practices with regard to the establishment of parent/child attachments.

Reggie has both leadership qualities and is an aggressive bully. Given this mix of characteristics, he is most likely to be rated as _____ by his peer

controversial

Sterling is both well liked by many of his peers and hated by others. The kids who like him focus on his leadership skills, while those who hate him focus on the fact that he likes to start fights. According to categories of sociometric status, Sterling is best classified as

controversial.

The array of significant individuals who serve as sources of social support is called the social

convoy

Aunts and uncles who know and support you across your lifetime are best classified as part of your social

convoy.

Benny and June are playing school. Benny is the teacher and June is the student. After a while, they decide they need a principal and some more students, so they ask Johnny and Winona to join them. This activity best demonstrates the concept of _____ play.

cooperative

A _____ must consist of both male and female member

crowd

In Mary Jane's high school, there is one large group of kids who are called the "stoners." The stoners are a large group of males and females who are a little different from other groups of kids in the class (e.g., the "goths") in that they hold a very casual attitude concerning drug use. The stoners are best classified as a

crowd

During adolescence,

crowd affiliation has implications for social identity.

Two-month-old Holmes has learned that whenever he is around his mother, Katie, it is best not to show any fear because she does not react well when confronted by a fearful child. Holmes' behavior best illustrates the concept of

emotional regulation

Romanian orphans who had experienced the longest duration of early deprivation were most likely to show indiscriminate friendliness and difficulty in reciprocal social interactions that characterize _____ attachment.

disinhibited

When asked to describe himself, Dewayne says, "I don't need people, I don't need relationships, I am fine on my own." This attitude best fits with the _____ model of self.

dismissing

As Winston has been a victim of physical abuse as an infant, he has the greatest chance of developing a(n) _____ attachment style.

disorganized-disoriented

Odin is attached to his dad, Thor. The most interesting feature is Odin's seeming confusion about whether to approach or avoid his dad. Odin also seems unable to handle the negative emotions he feels following separation from Thor. Given this description, Odin is best classified as having a(n) _____ attachment with Thor.

disorganized-disoriented

Freud believed that the attachment relationship between parent and child occurs as a result of

early feeding experiences.

In order to calm herself after she hears a loud noise, Tanya keeps repeating, "Dad says noises are funny." This behavior best illustrates the concept of

emotional regulation

A peer is best defined as someone of

equal social status

Separation anxiety is best associated with the emotion of

fear

When asked to describe himself, Goober says, "I really don't like myself. I really don't like other people. On the other hand, it would be nice to meet someone but I don't really know how to do that." This attitude best fits with the _____ model of self.

fearful

The notion that potential romantic partnerships begin with both individuals looking for external similarities in their partner (e.g., race, education, socioeconomic status), then eventually looking for similarity of inner qualities (e.g., values, beliefs) and if both comparative phases are successful, the relationship may continue best fits with the _____ theory of mate selection.

filter

In 19th-century America, childhood play was seen as

frivolous.

Displaying _____ would indicate the most advanced social-cognitive abilities

goal-corrected partnership

Sven has just realized that before his daddy goes to work in the morning, he first eats breakfast in the kitchen. As a result of this realization, he now goes to the kitchen as soon as he hears his dad get up so that he can be near dad. This behavior best exemplifies

goal-corrected partnership.

German parents tend to encourage _____ in their children while Japanese parents encourage _____.

independence; dependence

When Latrell is on his date, his main focus is on coming to see himself as a person who is capable of relating to the opposite sex in a romantic way. Given this description, Latrell appears to be in Brown's _____ dating phase.

initiation

An attachment is best defined as a strong affectional tie that binds a person to

intimate companion

Separation anxiety

is an important sign of attachment.

Bowlby argued that in humans, imprinting

is due to a combination of interactions between the infant and caregiver.

according to Dumpy (1963), the typical developmental sequence of events in the adolescent peer group is

isolated unisex cliques, interaction between unisex cliques, heterosexual cliques, fully developed crowds.

Freud's opinions on social relationships were clear; the most important first bond was between an infant and his or her

mother

A "popular child" is one who is

liked by most and rejected by few.

As a securely attached infant, Janeway is most likely to hold an internal working model that she is

lovable

Results from evolutionary theorist research on mate selection indicates that when comparing women and men,

males place more emphasis on physical attractiveness.

Harlow and Zimmerman's classic research on feeding and attachment utilized _____ as research participants.

monkeys

During the play years, age two to five, play behavior becomes

more social and more imaginative.

Molly's classmates rarely choose her as a work- or playmate, yet she is not disliked by most of her peers. She tends to be shy and quiet, and on those rare occasions that someone does ask her to play, Molly often says no and walks away. According to categories of sociometric status, Molly is best classified as

neglected

As an individual who subscribes to socioemotional selectivity theory, Darlene is most likely to believe that

older adults seek interactions that are emotionally meaningful.

_____ has been referred to as the "love hormone" due to its potential role in

oxytocin

Addy and Kit are both playing with dolls in the doll corner. They are dressing and undressing the dolls, and pretending to feed them dinner. However, Addy and Kit do not talk to one another or involve each other in their play. This best demonstrates which type of play?

parallel

When Amanda describes her romantic partner, she says, "the only thing that we have going for us is raw sexual attraction." Sternberg would argue that this relationship is based solely on

passion.

The Piagetian term _____ is used to describe the cognitive skill of appreciating a person even when that person is removed from one's view.

person permanence

The process of paying more attention to and remembering more positive information than negative information is referred to as the _____ effect.

positivity

When asked to describe herself, Hazel says, "I like people, but they don't seem to like me. I would really like to meet someone I could be close to." This attitude best fits with the _____ model of self.

preoccupied

One-year-old Tiffany looks in a cup and sees that it is empty. She then lifts the cup to her lips, tips it toward her mouth, and smiles as if she is drinking something she likes. Tiffany's behavior is best categorized as _____ play.

pretend

According to a 2006 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development study, the most critical summary of daycare is that

quality of care matters.

On a sociometric measure, an "average" child will be

rated in the middle on both liked and disliked scales.

When discussing her life, 60-year-old Erica says, "I am quite happy the way I am and I see no need to go out and make new friends." This statement best with the basic premise of _____ theory.

socioemotional selectivity

Thomas is on the floor and highly engaged with the toy train engine that he is pushing around the track by himself. Thomas is most accurately said to be engaged in _____ play.

solitary

What is the best way to prevent the negative impacts typically found in infants raised in institutions?

stable team of caregivers

To Van, the most important aspect of his current romantic relationship is the fact that he is dating the head cheerleader, which means that the group he hangs out with now seems to be much "cooler" than it used to be. This description ndicates that Van is best classified as being in Brown's _____ phase of dating.

status

Greg and his infant daughter Dharma recently participated in a research study at the local college campus. Greg's simplified description of the study is "dad and baby together, baby by itself, someone else with baby, and then dad back with baby." Based on this description, you would be correct in assuming that Greg had participated in a studying using the _____ procedure.

strange situation

Two-year-old Floss is going to the dentist for the first time. She is sitting on her dad's lap when she first sees the dentist dressed in a long white coat. Floss reacts by turning and hugging her dad while she begins sobbing. Floss's reaction is best explained as involving _____ anxiety.

stranger

A game of peek-a-boo between a mother and her infant daughter best exemplifies the concept of

synchronized routine

Contact comfort is pleasurable _____ sensations.

tactile

an elderly adult is likely to be most uncomfortable and distressed if he or she is

the overbenefited person in a relationship.

Which is the best example of a chumship?

third-graders Ray and Jay, who are best friends.

Displaying _____ would indicate the LEAST advanced social-cognitive abilities.

undiscriminating social responsivenes

Amanda shows a clear interest in listening to voices of humans but shows no particular preference for one person over another. Amanda is best classified as being in the _____ phase.

undiscriminating social responsiveness

____ play is characterized by aimless activities (e.g. pacing) and/or idly standing by.

unoccupied

Separation anxiety generally appears

when the child forms his or her first genuine attachment.

Sociometric techniques are specifically used to measure

who is liked or disliked in a group.

ethological perspective asserts that the sensative period for human attachment relationships typically lasts for just the first three _____ after birth

years