Ch 14 (W5)

Cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Divorced Families

Joint-custody arrangements work best for children when the parents get along with each other. Adolescent adjustment is improved when divorced parents have a harmonious relationship and use authoritative parenting. About half of all children whose parents divorce will have a stepparent within four years of parental separation.

Reciprocal socialization

Socialization that is bidirectional; children socialize parents, just as parents socialize children. -sometimes can be "transactional"

Macrosystem

the culture in which the individual lives example: a nation or an ethnic group

Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory:

Every family is itself a system—a complex whole made up of interrelated and interacting parts. -Microsystem -Mesosystem -Exosystem -Macrosystem -Chronosystem

The Bringing Baby Home Project

Helps new parent to... •Strengthen their relationship, resolve conflict, and develop parenting skills. •Parents are better able to work together, and babies show better overall development.

Synchrony

a coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant

coregulation

a form of supervision in which parents exercise general oversight while letting children take charge of moment-by-moment decision making

Emotional security theory

a theory focusing on children's feelings of insecurity as a consequence of marital conflict

Exosystem

influences from another setting that the individual does not experience directly example: how parents' experiences at work might affect their parenting at home

Polyadic subsystems

involving more than two people

Dyadic subsystems

involving two people

Mesosystem

links between microsystems example: connection between family processes and peer relations

Chronosystem

sociohistorical circumstances that change over time example: increased numbers of working mothers, divorced parents, and stepparent families in the US in the last 30-40 years

Multiple developmental trajectories

the idea that adults follow one trajectory and children and adolescents follow another •Adult developmental trajectories = timing of entry into marriage, cohabitation, and/or parenthood. •Child developmental trajectories = timing of child care and entry into middle school.

Microsystem

the setting in which the individual lives example: family, peers, schools, work

Lower-SES parents:

•Are more concerned that their children conform to society's expectations; •Create a home in which it is clear parents have authority over children; •Use physical punishment more; and •Are more directive and less conversational with children.

Higher-SES parents:

•Are more concerned with developing children's initiative; •Create a home in which children are more equal participants; •Are less likely to use physical punishment; and •Are less directive and more conversational.

Baumrind's parenting styles

•Authoritarian parenting: a restrictive, punitive style. •Authoritative parenting: places limits while encouraging independence. •Neglectful parenting: very uninvolved. •Indulgent parenting: very involved but with few demands.

Emerging trends can change the resources available to children, such as:

•Greater family mobility; •Migration to urban areas; •Separation as some family members work in cities or countries far from their homes; •Smaller families; •Fewer extended-family households; and•Increases in maternal employment.

Parents in different socioeconomic groups also tend to think differently about education.

•Middle- and upper-income parents more often see education as something that should be mutually encouraged by parents and teachers. •Low-income parents are more likely to view education as the teacher's job.

Cognition in family socialization includes:

•Parents' thoughts, beliefs, and values about their role; and •How parents perceive, organize, and understand their children's behaviors and beliefs.

The consequences of child maltreatment/abuse

•Poor emotion regulation •Attachment problems •Problems in peer relations •Difficulty adapting to school •Other psychological problems, such as depression and delinquency.

The domain-specific view of parenting proposed by Grusec and Davidov (2010) emphasizes how parents operate differently in five domains

•Protection •Reciprocity •Control •Guided learning •Group participation

Advantages of having children early (in the twenties)

•The parents are likely to have more physical energy. •The mother is likely to have fewer medical problems. •The parents may be less likely to build up expectations for their children.

Advantages to having children later (in the thirties)

•The parents will have more time to consider their life goals. •They will be more mature and able to benefit from experience. •They will be better established in their careers and have more income.