ch 15
What wave in an ECG tracing depicts ventricular repolarization?
T wave
An abnormally slow heart rate is termed
bradycardia
During what ventricular phase are the AV valves open?
Ventricular diastole
What factor can increase blood pressure?
an increase in heart rate
In comparison to arteries, how much do veins change with aging?
less than
4 After circulating through the _____________________ in the lungs, blood returns to the left atrium.
pulmonary capillaries
3 The right ventricle contracts, which forces blood up through the ______________________ and into the ___________________.
pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk
Place the following cardiovascular structures in the appropriate category depending upon whether they carry oxygen-rich or oxygen-poor blood Carries oxygen-rich blood
pulmonary vien left atrium left ventricle aorta femoral artery
What occurs after ventricular systole begins?
semilunar valves open
Where do impulses originate in the heart?
sinoatrial node
The heart works in a coordinated fashion to pump ____________ throughout the body.
BLOOD
Which of the following waves of an ECG pattern is/are correctly described?
P wave-depolarization of atria
A single cardiac cycle usually takes about 2 seconds
False
Using the terms provided, trace a drop of blood from the elbow back to the heart.
-heart superior vena cava brachiochephalic v subclavian v axillary v brachial v -elbow
-bottom box right
-prevents the back flow of blood to the left atrium -bicuspid valve -left atrioventricular valve
3 The impulse then arrives at the ___________________ node located in the inferior interatrial septum.
atrioventricular
The ____________ of the heart, which is more superior, is the point of attachment for the major vessels.
base
In mitral valve prolapse, the mitral valve
bulges into the left atrium during ventricular contraction
2 From the ____________________ , the impulse disperses through the myocardium of the atria.
pacemaker
2. The ________________________ lines the previous layer and secretes ______________________.
parietal pericardium, serous fluid
As a result, the chordae tendineae ____________ .
prevent the valves from pushing up into the atria
Impulses are carried by the Purkinje fibers from the bundle branches to the ventricular walls.
true
Systolic blood pressure increases with age.
true
Place the following structures in order through which the blood flows.
-from the body right atrium right ventricle pulmonary artery lungs pulmonary viens left atrium left ventricle aorta -to the body
Using the terms provided, trace a drop of blood from the posterior side of the knee back to the heart. Not all labels will be used.
-heart inferior vena cava common iliac v external iliac v femoral v popliteal v -knee
Which of the following is not a factor that increases risk of developing atherosclerosis?
Low blood pressure
The heart is located in the ____________ .
thoracic cavity
2. Blood then travels through the ____________ and into the right ventricle.
tricuspid valve
Identify the name(s) and function of each of the four valves of the heart indicated in the figure. -top box left
- right semilunar valve -reduces back flow of blood from the pulmonary circuit -pulmonary valve
Indicate whether each structure is part of the systemic circuit or the pulmonary circuit.
--Pulmonary pulmonary arteries pulmonary viens pulmonary trunk lungs alveolar capillaries right ventricle --systemic circuits aorta carotid arteries femoral arteries venae cavae brachial viens left ventricle
Determine whether each term describes a part of the heart wall or the part of the coverings of the heart. Then place each label in the appropriate category,
-Wall of the Heart epicardium myocardium endocardium -Coverings of the Heart pericardium fibrous pericardium parietal pericardium
Indicate whether the each condition would increase or decrease arterial blood pressure, if all other factors remaining unchanged.
-increase increased blood viscosity increased blood volume decreased arterial vessel radius increased strength of ventricular contraction -decrease dehydration vasodilation decreased heart rate decreased resistance
Label the indicated arteries. These are arteries near the body surface at which you can feel a pulse.
-left side carotid a brachial a radial a dorsalis pedis a -right femoral a popliteal a posterior tibial a
-top box right
-reduces back flow of blood from the systemic circuit -aortic valve -left semilunar valve
-bottom box left
-right atrioventricular valve -prevents back flow of blood to the right atrium -tricuspid valve
Put the components of the cardiac conducting system in order, following the path of the electrical impulse
1 SA node 2 atrial syncytium 3j unctional fibers 4 AV node 5 AV bundle 6 bundle branches 7 Purkinje fibers 8 ventricular syncytium
Place the vessels in the order through which blood would pass, starting as blood enters the systemic circuit after being ejected from the heart.
1 aorta 2 large arteries 3 arterioles 4 capillaries 5 venules 6 medium viens 7 large viens 8 venae cava
This flow diagram illustrates the effects of an increased cardiac output and the role of baroreceptors in controlling changes in blood pressure. Place the labels in the correct location based on the hints provided.
1 blood pressure rises 2 sensory impulses to cardiac center 3 parasympathetic impulses to the heart 4 SA node is inhibited 5 heart rate decreases
Drag each label into the appropriate position to characterize the events of a single heart cycle as seen on an ECG tracing.
1 sa nodefires 2 atrial depolarization spreads 3 atrial depolarization complete 4 ventricular depolarization begins 5 ventricular depolarization complete 6 ventricular repolarization begins 7 ventricular repolarization complete
Place the labels in order denoting the flow of blood through the structures of the heart beginning with the vena cavae.
1 vena cava 2 right atrium 3 tricuspid 4 right ventricle 5 pulmonary valve 6 pulmonary trunk 7 pulmonary artery 8 lungs 9 pulmonary viens 10 left atrium 11 bicuspid (mitral valve) valve 12 left ventricle 13 aortic valve 14 aorta
The pulmonary trunk divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries about __ centimeters above its origin.
5
Indicate whether each of the following descriptions apply to arteries or veins by dragging the labels to the appropriate figure.
Arteries 1 aorta is the largest 2 usually carries blood from heart to the body 3 pulsate flow of blood 4 exhibit greater ability to alter vessel diameter Veins 1 loosely referred to as reservoir vessel 2 contain a majority of blood at one time 3 provides for relatively consistent velocity of blood flow 4 collapsed when empty 5 relies on the skeletal muscular pumps to propel of blood
When the first heart sound is heard, what is occuring with the heart valves?
The AV valves are closing.
Place the events of a cardiac cycle in order, beginning with the opening of the AV valves.
VENTRICULAR FILLING, VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE BEGINS,VENTRICULAR PRESSURE RISES,AV VALVES CLOSE, SEMILUNAR VALVES OPEN, EJECTION OF BLOOD, VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE BEGINS, SEMILUNAR VALVES CLOSE, VENTRICULAR PRESSURE FALLS
5 Making a U-turn at the apex of the heart, the signals are then carried by the _____________________ through the exterior walls of the ventricles.
Purkinje fibers
What site is commonly used to feel a pulse?
Radial artery in wrist
Which of the following layers of the heart and their functions are correctly matched?
Myocardium-cardiac muscle tissue that pumps blood out of the heart chambers
What structure is also known as the pacemaker of the heart?
SA node
The papillary muscles ____________ with the ventricles, which makes the chordae tendineae ____________ .
contract, taut
Tim runs 5 to 8 miles a day. He has an enlarged heart and low heart rate and blood pressure. He most likely has
a very healthy cardiovascular system.
The left ventricle pushes blood into what vessel(s)?
aorta
6 The left ventricle then contracts and pumps blood through the ____________________ into the ______________, which transports blood to the body.
aortic valve, aorta
The ____________ of the heart points inferiorly and to the left, and sits at the level of the ____________ intercostal space.
apex, fifth
2 After the leaving the heart, the vessel will branch to become progressively smaller ________________, which are strong vessels adapted for carrying blood away from the heart.
arteries
3 These vessels will continue to branch into thinner microscopic tubes called the _____________.
arterioles
When the atria contract (a phase called ____________ ), the ventricles are relaxed ( ____________ ).
atrial systole, ventricular diastole
The ____________ consists of all the events that take place during one heartbeat, as described above.
cardiac cycle
These molecules are responsible for the ____________ , which draws water into the capillaries, helping return fluids at the ____________ end of capillary.
colloid osmotic pressure, venular
The AV valves and semilunar valves are open at the same time.
false
Venous return to the heart is increased during expiration.
false
The skeleton of the heart consists of
fibrous connective tissue encircling the atrioventricular orifices
Complete the sentences describing the coverings of the heart. Then place the structures in order from superficial to deep. 1. The outer layer of the pericardium is called the ________________________ and is composed on dense connective tissue.
fibrous pericardium
Exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste molecules occurs across capillary walls. Fluid is also exchanged. Most of the fluid is moved by ____________ which, in turn, is due to the pressure differences between the capillary fluid and interstitial fluid.
filtration
Consider the arteriolar end of a capillary bed. During capillary exchange, the process of _____ is favored at the arteriolar end due to the higher ______ pressure.
filtration; hydrostatic
Labeling an ECG tracing Label the waves, or deflections, seen in the normal ECG pattern. first small bump- tall spike- last big bump-
first small bump- p wave tall spike- QRS wave last big bump- T wave
Water and dissolved substances leave the arteriole end of a capillary due to ____, and enter the venule end of a capillary due to ______.
hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure; osmotic pressure being higher than hydrostatic pressure
Blood pressure, a type of ____________ , is due to blood volume and the pressure generated by contraction of the ventricles. This pressure forces fluid out of the capillaries, especially at the ____________ end of the capillary.
hydrostatic pressure, arteriolar
Label the components of the walls of the artery and vein
top box- endothelium of tunica international middle box- tunica media bottom box- tunica externa
Complete the sentences regarding the vessels of the cardiovascular system. Then put the sentences in order of blood flow through the body. 1 The function of the cardiovascular system is to __________________. The _____________ provides pressure to pump the fluids into the largest systemic artery, called the ____________, and out to the body.
transport fluids, heart, aorta
In the ventricles, the impulses travels along the interventricular septum to the apex of the heart, where it then spreads superiorly along the ventricle walls.
true
The period of contraction is called systole.
true
6 The largest veins in the body, the _________________, drain blood back into the heart.
venae cavae
Arterial systolic pressure is most closely associated with
ventricular contraction.
When the ventricles contract ( ____________ ), the atria are relaxed ( ____________ ).
ventricular systole, atrial diastole
5 The exchange vessels become larger vessels known as _________________, which converge into even larger vessels known as _____________.
venules, veins
4. Covering the outside of the wall of the heart is the _________________________, which is also called the ________________.
visceral pericardium, epicardium
Place the following cardiovascular structures in the appropriate category depending upon whether they carry oxygen-rich or oxygen-poor blood Carries oxygen-poor blood
right atrium right ventricle pulmonary artery superior venacava brachial vein
Complete each sentence and place them in order to describe blood flow through the heart beginning with blood entering the right side of the heart. 1 Beginning with the return from the systemic circulation, blood enters the ____________ .
right atrium.
Complete each sentence discussing the cardiac conduction system. Then place the sentences in correct order to follow the path of impulses through the heart. 1 The contraction of the heart begins with an autorhythmic impulse of the _________________ node located in the superior portion of the right atrial wall.
sinoatrial
When do the semilunar valves open?
when the pressure in the ventricles exceeds the pressure in the arteries
Bruce has colorectal cancer that has spread to his lymphatic system. He is given a drug that is an angiogenesis inhibitor. The drug works by
starving tumors by cutting off their blood supplies.
What is systolic pressure?
the maximum pressure achieved during ventricular contraction
Respiratory movements can also help with venous blood flow. During inspiration, the pressure in the thoracic cavity is ____________ the pressure in the abdominal cavity.
less than
The pressure in the pulmonary circuit is ___ the pressure in the systemic circuit.
less than
The heart is situated between the ____________ to either side, in front of the ____________ , and behind the ____________ .
lungs, vertebral column, sternum
Plasma proteins in capillaries help to
maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood
3. The fluid is contained within the ________________________.
pericardial cavity
A 65 year-old man has a heart rate of 80 bpm and stroke volume of 50 mL. What is his cardiac output in L/min?
4 L/min
Attached to these valves are fibrous strings called ____________ , which in turn are attached to the ____________ .
chordae tendineae, papillary muscles
Kidney disease can cause hypertension by
all of the above
In the arterial disease atherosclerosis
all of the above may happen.
4 The AV node fires, causing the signal to travel into the AV bundle and _________________ which pass through the ________________________________.
AV bundle branches, interventricular septum
At the beginning of ventricular diastole, what is the position of the AV valves?
AV valves are closed
What is the position of the valves during ventricular filling?
AV valves are open; semilunar valves are closed.
Where in the cardiac conduction system do the impulses pause momentarily?
Impulses pass slowly through the atrioventricular node.
Which of the following is not a normal response to physical exercise?
Increased blood flow to the abdominal viscera
Which of the following gases does endothelium release?
Nitric oxide
What is the function of chordae tendineae?
Prevent the cusps of the AV valves from moving up into the atria.
Which of the following is not a branch of the aorta?
Pulmonary artery
Which of the following is true about the heart?
The apex end points downward at about the 5th intercostal space.
Therefore, during inspiration, the difference in pressure causes blood to flow from the ____________ cavity toward the ____________ cavity.
abdominal, thoracic
5 From the left atrium, blood moves through the left atrioventricular valve, which is also referred to as the ___________________________.
bicuspid valve
4 The smallest vessels, the ____________________, are the sites of gas, nutrient, and waste exchange.
capillaries
In the cardiovascular system, what vessels are the site of nutrient, gas, and waste exchange?
capillaries
The effect on the heart of excess potassium ion concentration usually is
decreased rate and decreased force of contraction.
As blood moves from arteries to veins, the blood pressure ____________ . To assist in venous blood flow, many larger veins contain ____________ that allow for one-way blood flow.
decreases, valves
The blood within the capillaries contains ____________ that cannot leave the blood regardless of any concentration gradient between the blood and the tissue fluids.
plasma proteins
At one point during the cardiac cycle, both atria and ventricles are ____________ .
relaxed
In an ECG pattern, the T wave is caused by
repolarization of ventricular muscle fibers.
The tricuspid valve, associated with the ____________ ventricle, and the bicuspid valve, associated with the ____________ ventricle, are also called ____________ .
right, left, atrioventricular valves
What is the sequence of travel by an impulse through the cardiac conduction system?
sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
When ____________ muscles contract, they massage the veins, pushing the blood ____________ the heart. When the muscles relax, the blood flows backwards causing the valves to ____________ .
skeletal, toward, close