Ch 15. The Automnic Nervous System and Visceral Reflexes (A&P 1-connect)

Indicate the statements that accurately describe muscarinic receptors.

-ACh binding to muscarinic receptors has an inhibitory effect on some cells. -All cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and gland cells have muscarinic receptors. -ACh binding to muscarinic receptors has an excitatory effect on some cells.

Which of the following statements describe nicotinic receptors? Select all that apply.

-ACh has an excitatory effect on nicotinic receptors located on cells of the adrenal medulla and at the neuromuscular junction. -Nicotinic receptors work by opening ligand gated ion channels, including an excitatory potential on the postsynaptic membrane. -ACh has an excitatory effect on nicotinic receptors located at synapses of all autonomic ganglia.

Which are only innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers? Select all that apply.

-Adrenal medulla -Sweat glands -Piloerector muscles

Which stimuli can trigger the limbic system to influence hypothalamic control of the ANS? Select all that apply.

-Anxiety -Fear -Anger

What are two receptors that bind norepinephrine?

-Beta-adrenergic -Alpha-adrenergic

From which regions of the CNS do the nerves of the parasympathetic nervous system arise? Select all that apply.

-Brainstem -Sacral

Which hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla? Select all that apply.

-Epinephrine -Norepinephrine

Parasympathetic fibers leave the brainstem through which cranial nerves? Select all that apply.

-Glossopharyngeal -Facial -Vagus -Oculomotor

Parasympathetic fibers leave the brainstem through which cranial nerves? Select all that apply.

-III -VII -IX -X

After entering the sympathetic chain, preganglionic nerve fibers may do which of the following? Select all that apply.

-Immediately synapse with postganglionic fibers -Move up or down the chain and synapse in ganglia at other levels -Pass through the sympathetic chain without synapsing, forming splanchnic nerves

Which are effects of the parasympathetic division on the digestive system? Select all that apply.

-Increased gastric motility -Increased pancreatic enzyme secretion -Increased gastrointestinal secretion

Which describes a beta-adrenergic receptor? Select all that apply.

-It inhibits smooth muscle of the bronchioles, enhancing airflow. -It uses a cAMP second messenger system. -It is usually inhibitory.

Which are sympathetic effects on the reproductive system? Select all that apply.

-Labor contractions of the uterus -Smooth muscle contraction during orgasm

From which region of the CNS do the nerves of the sympathetic nervous system arise?

-Lumbar -Thoracic

Which are autonomic reflexes regulated by the spinal cord? Select all that apply.

-Micturition -Defecation -Ejaculation -Erection

Which neurons secrete acetylcholine? Select all that apply.

-Most postganglionic parasympathetic neurons -Most preganglionic parasympathetic neurons -Most preganglionic sympathetic neurons

Which describes the axons of the white communicating ramus? Select all that apply.

-Preganglionic -Sympathetic -Myelinated

Which plexuses receive parasympathetic fibers from the vagus nerve? Select all that apply.

-Pulmonary plexus -Esophageal plexus -Cardiac plexus

Which are sympathetic effects on the urinary system?

-Reduced urine output by the kidneys -Contraction of the internal urethral sphincter

What are the effects of the sympathetic division on the eye? Select all that apply.

-Relaxation of the ciliary muscle and lens for far vision -Pupillary dilation

Which structures are innervated by parasympathetic fibers that arise from S2-S4?

-Reproductive organs -Urinary bladder -Rectum

Indicate which of the following are regulated by autonomic nuclei in the brainstem.

-Salivation -Sweating -Pupillary constriction -Vasomotor control

Which of the following are sympathetic effects on the integumentary system? Select all that apply.

-Secretion from merocrine sweat glands -Secretion from apocrine sweat glands

What type of fibers travel via the gray rami?

-Sympathetic fibers -Postganglionic fibers -Unmyelinated fibers

Which of the following are examples of the antagonistic effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions? Select all that apply.

-The sympathetic division induces dilation of the pupil while the parasympathetic division induces the pupil to constrict. -The sympathetic division speeds up heart rate while the parasympathetic division slows it down.

The nerves of the sympathetic nervous system arise from which regions of the spinal cord? Select all that apply.

-Thoracic -Lumbar

Functions of the enteric nervous system include which of the following? Select all that apply.

-To regulate motility through the digestive tract -To regulate the secretion of digestive enzymes

What are the characteristics of a visceral reflex? Select all that apply.

-Unconscious -Automatic -Stereotyped

Which are effects of the sympathetic division on the circulatory system? Select all that apply.

-Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin -Increased blood clotting -Vasoconstriction of visceral blood vessels -Increased heart rate

The adrenal gland has two parts: an outer rim called the _____ and an inner portion called the _____.

-cortex -medulla

Place the components of a visceral reflex arc in order.

1. Receptor 2. Afferent neuron 3. Interneuron 4. Efferent neurons 5. Effector

How many major collateral ganglia are found on the aorta?

3

Which describes the sympathetic chain ganglia?

A longitudinal series of ganglia adjacent to both sides of the vertebral column

Which neurotransmitter is released by both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division?

Acetylcholine

The neurotransmitter norepinephrine binds to _____ receptors.

Adrenergic

The efferent pathway of which nervous system transmits both excitatory and inhibitory signals to its effector cells?

Autonomic

Which nervous system controls glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle?

Autonomic

Which nervous system has two nerve fibers connecting the CNS to an effector?

Autonomic

Which is an example of the cooperative effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?

Both autonomic divisions stimulate salivary gland secretion.

What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the respiratory system?

Bronchoconstriction

_____ innervation refers to the fact that many structures in the body are innervated by nerve fibers from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.

Dual

Which cranial nerve regulates secretion from the tear glands, salivary glands, and nasal glands?

Facial

Which cranial nerve carries parasympathetic fibers which regulate the secretion of saliva from the parotid gland?

Glossopharyngeal nerve

What region of the brain is the primary regulator of the visceral motor system?

Hypothalamus

Which describes a preganglionic neuron in the ANS?

It has its cell body in the spinal cord or the brainstem and its axon terminates in a ganglion.

What effect does the parasympathetic division have on the adrenal medulla?

It has no effect on the adrenal medulla.

Which of the following describes an alpha-adrenergic receptor?

It is usually excitatory and may use a calcium second messenger system.

Which describes the autonomic nervous system?

It originates in the CNS and receives input from the cerebral cortex, the hypothalamus, and the medulla oblongata.

Where are the cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic fibers located in the spinal cord?

Lateral gray horn

Which type of receptor can either be inhibited or excited by the binding of acetylcholine?

Muscarinic

_____ receptors are cholinergic receptors that are found at the synapses of all autonomic ganglia, on cells of the adrenal medulla, and at neuromuscular junctions.

Nicotinic

Which neurotransmitter is most commonly secreted by postganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

Norepinephrine

What is the alternative name for the craniosacral division of the ANS?

Parasympathetic

Which division of the ANS causes a decreased heart rate, vasodilation of visceral blood vessels, and vasodilation of the skin's blood vessels?

Parasympathetic

Which division of the ANS causes contraction of the urinary bladder wall and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter?

Parasympathetic

Which division of the ANS causes pupillary constriction and contraction of the ciliary muscles for near vision?

Parasympathetic

Which division of the ANS is associated with normal body maintenance?

Parasympathetic

Which division of the ANS is referred to as the "rest and digest" division?

Parasympathetic

_____ nerves convey impulses from the sympathetic trunk ganglia to the distal half of the colon, rectum, bladder, and reproductive organs.

Pelvic

Within an autonomic output pathway, the _____ fiber is unmyelinated and synapses with visceral effectors.

Postganglionic

Which nerve fibers secrete norepinephrine?

Postganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic division

Which type of neurons make up the adrenal medulla?

Postganglionic sympathetic

Which parasympathetic fibers are found in the pelvic splanchnic nerves?

Preganglionic

Which parasympathetic fibers are found in the pelvis splanchnic nerves?

Preganglionic

_____ disease is a disorder of the sympathetic nervous system which induces intermittent attacks of paleness, cyanosis, and pain in the digits due to excessive vasoconstrictor.

Raynaud

In which of these conditions do the fingers and toes become cold and pale due to vasoconstriction of vessels in the extremities?

Raynaud disease

Neurons in which nervous system division secrete only acetylcholine?

Somatic

Which efferent pathway has a single nerve fiber extending from the CNS to effector?

Somatic

Which nervous system division has skeletal muscles as effectors?

Somatic

Which nervous system regulates conscious, voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles?

Somatic

How can opposite effects be produced in the ANS?

Sometimes by innervation by only one division

Horner syndrome results from an interruption to what innervation of the head?

Sympathetic

Vasomotor tone is produced by a baseline level of stimulation by which division of the ANS?

Sympathetic

Which division of the ANS causes a decrease in gastrointestinal secretions, pancreatic enzymes, and pancreatic insulin?

Sympathetic

Which division of the ANS has general and widespread effects?

Sympathetic

Which division of the ANS has relatively short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers?

Sympathetic

Which division of the ANS is responsible for increasing heart rate, alertness, blood pressure, pulmonary airflow, blood-glucose concentration, and blood flow to the heart and skeletal muscles?

Sympathetic

Which ganglia extend from the cervical region to the coccygeal region along the vertebral column?

Sympathetic

Which cranial nerve carries parasympathetic fibers to the heart, lungs, and digestive organs?

Vagus

Which cranial nerve supplies parasympathetic fibers to the viscera of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

Vagus nerve

The lowest rate of sympathetic nerve firing to the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels causes what to occur?

Vasodilation

What is the other name for the autonomic nervous system?

Visceral motor system

Where is the limbic system located?

Within the cerebral cortex

The _____ _____ plexus is a network of sympathetic and parasympathetic axons that wrap around the aorta.

abdominal aortic

The neurotransmitter _____ binds to cholinergic receptors.

acetylcholine

Regulation of pupillary constriction and dilation is an example of the _____ effects of the sympathetic division on the same organ.

antagonistic

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems exhibit a background rate of activity referred to as _____ tone.

autonomic

Visceral effectors exhibit denervation _____ when their nerves are severed.

hypersensativity

Regarding the length of fibers, the parasympathetic nervous system has _____ preganglionic fibers and _____ postganglionic fibers.

long; short

The ganglia of the sympathetic division are located _____.

near the spinal column

The _____ nerve carries parasympathetic fibers that regulate the shape of the lens for vision and the diameter of the pupil.

oculomotor

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers typically synapse with sympathetic chain ganglia unless they pass through, forming _____ nerves that instead enter collateral ganglia.

splanchnic

The _____ division of the ANS and the adrenal medulla develop from the same embryonic tissue.

sympathetic

The _____ division of the ANS may induce an increased breakdown of adipose tissue.

sympathetic

In the _____ division of the ANS the preganglionic nerve fibers are short, while in the _____ division the preganglionic fibers are relatively long.

sympathetic; parasympathetic

Neural divergence is extensive in the _____ division of the autonomic nervous system, while in the _____ division, divergence is minimal.

sympathetic; parasympathetic