Ch. 15
(1) there is substantial variation across countries with respect to the reporting of psychological disorders, and (2) the United States is at the top of the list with close to 50 percent of the sample reporting a diagnosis of a psychological disorder at some point in their lives.
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In Western society, it's more culturally acceptable for women to discuss their emotional problems than it is for men, so women may be more likely to seek treatment
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People with depression exhibit reduced activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, caudate, and hippocampus, while the left temporal lobe and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex demonstrate increased activation
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behaviorists believe that anxious behavior is learned.
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the amygdala and insula are both involved in the experience of fear and anxiety and appear to play a significant role in most anxiety disorders
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What is considered the normal range of body mass index (BMI) for adults?
18.5-24.9
The DSM-5 includes _________ clusters of personality disorders.
3
Other lines of research have focused on twins and have shown that if one identical twin has major depression or bipolar disorder, the chances that the other twin will also develop one of the disorders are between
40 and 80%
A person who is experiencing a delusion may:
Believe they are from the planet Mars and have special powers.
Which approach focuses on a person's maladaptive beliefs and negative thoughts to explain psychological disorders?
Cognitive
Which disorder has produced controversy within the field of psychology to where some psychologists don't believe it is a real disorder?
Dissociative identity disorder
Joanne has been diagnosed with a psychological disorder characterized by the existence of two or more personalities, marked with periods of memory impairment, and amnesia for certain events. Joanne has the symptoms of which disorder?
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
Which neurotransmitter has been linked to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
Dopamine
In schizophrenia, pathological excesses or distortions of normal functioning that include delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking and speech are called _____________ symptoms.
In schizophrenia, pathological excesses or distortions of normal functioning that include delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking and speech are called _____________ symptoms.
What are the 3 I's in borderline personality disorder symptoms?
Instability in relationships, identity disturbance, and impulsive behaviors
Low levels of which neurotransmitters are linked with depression?
Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
Which disorder requires an exposure to a terrifying or life-threatening event to qualify for the diagnosis?
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
This disorder involves the presence of physical symptoms combined with abnormal thoughts, feelings, or behaviors in response to those symptoms.
Somatic symptom disorder
Freud believed all children experience anxiety while growing up and learn to use their ego defense mechanisms as a way to control that anxiety.
The psychodynamic approach views some anxiety disorders as the result of powerful, repressed id urges attempting to surface, often in the presence of weak or inadequate defense mechanisms
What is psychopathology?
The scientific study of mental/psychological disorders
bipolar 2 disorder
a cycle of at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode is required to qualify for this diagnosis. - ndividuals with bipolar II disorder are often more chronically ill, spend more time in depressive episodes (which leads to more disability), and tend to be more impulsive, which increases the risk for suicide when in a depressed state
premenstrual dysphoric disorder
a disorder marked by repeated episodes of significant depression and related symptoms during the week before menstruation - PMDD is a diagnosis meant for those women whose symptoms are so intense that they significantly interfere with their life. - women must have experienced these symptoms during most menstrual cycles in the preceding year
bipolar 1 disorder
a psychological disorder characterized by swings in mood from overly "high" ( manic episodes) to sad and hopeless (major depression), and back again, with periods of near-normal mood in between
panic disorder
an individual experiences recurrent panic attacks, some of which are unexpected - Feelings of worry and dread often last for days or even weeks after the original attack and lead the individual to begin to change their behavior in an effort to prevent the occurrence of future panic attacks - avoid things or areas that tripped the panic attack
biopsychosocial approach
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
agoraphobia
an intense fear of being in a situation from which they cannot escape. - stand alone diagnosis
Angelo has been in and out of prison three times for battery and assault. He recently broke into an elderly woman's home where he robbed and severely beat her. He showed no feelings of remorse or regret about his actions. Which personality disorder would be the most appropriate for Angelo?
antisocial
dissociative disorders
are conditions in which the normal cognitive processes are fragmented, causing a sudden loss of memory or change in personality
binge eating disorder
became an official diagnosis in DSM-5, and involves recurrent episodes of binge eating without any subsequent compensatory behaviors - As a result, the majority of people with binge-eating disorder are overweight or obese, although it is still possible to be in the normal weight range and receive a diagnosis of binge-eating disorder - the binge eating must occur an average of once a week for at least three months and be accompanied by other binge-related symptoms,
The new eating disorder in the DSM-5 that involves recurrent episodes of binge eating without any subsequent compensatory behaviors is called ______.
binge-eating disorder
The type of multidisciplinary approach to understanding psychological symptoms is referred to as ___________________.
biopsychosocial
What happened to people that were considered mad in the Middle Ages?
caged, beaten, burned, exorcised, or castrated in desperate attempts to cure them of their aberrant behaviors.
Nada has been diagnosed with schizophrenia that includes excessive motor symptoms where she often paces frantically. This movement symptom is called _______________.
catatonia
mental disorder
clinically significant disturbance in a persons behavior, thoughts, or emotions that reflects the dysfunction in mental function - accompanied by distress in mental functioning, social, occupational, or other important activities
comorbidity
condition where a person is diagnosed with two or more psychology disorders - the high rate of comorbidity between substance use disorders and other psychological disorders
Women are more often diagnosed with what what?
depression and anxiety than men
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
disorder involving either depressed mood or loss of interest In most activities, with 4 other symptoms that last more than 2 weeks - weight loss or gain - sleep disturbances - fatigue - feelings or guilt or worthlessness - poor concentration - thoughts of suicide more common in women
Dissociative identity disorder
disorder where a person experiences two or more, sometimes vastly different, personalities in one body - each personality has its own voice, mannerisms, and interests and may or may not be aware of the others.
Social anxiety disorder
distinct diagnosis and refers to individuals who have marked and persistent fears of being scrutinized by others or embarrassed/humiliated in a public setting. - Commonly feared social situations include speaking in public; using public restrooms; writing or eating in front of others; or meeting and engaging in "small talk" with new people. - must last for AT LEAST SIX MONTHS to be diagnosed
Cognitive psychologists view the development and/or maintenance of anxiety as a result of ____________.
distorted, negative thoughts
A diagnosis tents to involve the 4 D's
distress, dysfunction, deviance, and sometimes danger
The four D's of a psychological disorder include distress, deviance, ________, and sometimes danger.
dysfunction
Predisposing causes
existing underlying factors that make an individual particularly susceptible to a certain disorder - Genetics, birth defects, environmentally damaging effects on the brain, toxins such as alcohol, and viruses or bacteria can all be predisposing causes. - biological by nature but they don't always have to be - born into a game with high level or martial discord is a predisposing factor
Mental health professionals who view depression from a cognitive-behavioral perspective explain it as an interaction between the individual's ________ environment and their ________ thoughts and beliefs.
external; internal
Precipitating cause
factor in explain the development of psychological disorders that focuses on the events and experiences in a daily life that many initiate the onset of a particular disorder - "You can think of precipitating causes as those environmental situations that were "the straw that broke the camel's back."
mania
feelings of excessive happiness characterized by elevated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, enhanced energy, and a decreased need for sleep.
The diathesis-stress model suggests people are ________ predisposed to schizophrenia but will only develop it if exposed to certain ________ during critical developmental periods.
genetically; stressors
anxiety disorder
group of psychological disorders characterized by prolonged, uncontrollable, and sometimes vague feelings of worry and anxiety
The right hemisphere is able to identify and process both positive and negative emotions
he left hemisphere is only able to identify positive emotions and seems to rely on information from the right hemisphere for the complex processing of negative emotions
borderline personality disorder
involves dramatic and erratic emotions and behaviors that often include self harming behavior - instability in relationships; identity disturbance (poor self-image); and impulsive behaviors. - Fear of abandonment, or what is also referred to as rejection sensitivity, is often at the core of this disorder and, as a result, the individual typically engages in desperate behavior to prevent abandonment.
somatic symptom disorder
involves the combination of the presence of a physical symptom(s) plus abnormal thoughts, feelings, or behaviors in response to the symptom(s). - the patient's identity is formed around the physical symptoms/diagnoses.
PTSD
involves the development of fear, anxiety, and other symptoms in response to the memory of the traumatic experience - It is the only anxiety disorder that actually requires the experience of a traumatic event for the diagnosis.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
involving uncontrollable worry and other cognitive and physiological symptoms - One distinguishing feature of those individuals with GAD is that they tend to worry about things that might be considered minor matters. - worry must be present for at least 6 months and be accompanied by at least three of the following additional symptoms: restlessness, muscle tension, fatigue, irritability, difficulty sleeping, and difficulty concentrating.
dissociative amnesia
is a disorder that causes sudden, selective memory loss. It is usually preempted by a traumatic event, such as sexual trauma or childhood abuse
functional neurologica symptom disorder
is a related disorder rarely seen in North America and Western Europe (although it was fairly common 100 years ago). Characterized by the sudden, temporary loss of a sensory or motor function, a person may experience blindness, paralysis, deafness, or numbness of particular body parts.
anorexia nervosa
is an eating disorder where an individual purposely loses weight to a point below which is considered healthy. - A diagnosis of anorexia nervosa hinges on being significantly underweight - there are also a number of other required symptoms, including an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat and a perceptual disturbance in body image - people almost always think and see themselves as bigger than they actually are
Bulimia nervosa
is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating and purging behaviors meant to compensate for the amount of food eaten - body image dissatisfaction, fear of gaining weight, and self-esteem tied to shape and weight are the cornerstones of this disorder. - normal weight to overweight - much more common in female than males
acute stress disorder
is similar to PTSD (although there is less rigidity of how many symptoms must come from each category), and it applies to symptoms that occur between three days and one month after the trauma
Depression has some relationship with the neurotransmitters in our brains
it's often attributed to low levels of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
Giada has an irrational fear of dogs. A behavioral psychologist would believe her anxious behavior was ______.
learned
culture bound syndromes
limited to specific cultural groups
Major depressive disorder is characterized by either depressed mood or __________ in activities and accompanied by ________ other symptoms that last for more than 2 weeks.
loss of interest; 4
What is it called when a person experiences a period of euphoria (excessive happiness), elevated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, enhanced energy, and a decreased need for sleep?
mania
You listened to your psychology instructor talk about the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and you wondered if you qualified for that diagnosis. You recognize that you tend to worry about things, such as passing your classes and what to wear to the party. As you think more about it, you realize you don't experience the three additional symptoms required for the diagnosis. Those three additional symptoms could include ____________.
muscle tension, fatigue, and lack of sleep
Cognitive triad
negative thinking about themselves, the world, and the future
The cognitive approach focuses on?
on how thoughts and beliefs contribute to the development and maintenance of psychological disorders - the cognitive approach identifies people's maladaptive (or unhelpful) beliefs and the negative thinking patterns that follow
The behavioral approach focuses on?
people's current behavior and the learned responses that sustain the behavior - a man develops a fear of flying after a turbulent and traumatic flight experience
specific phobia
persistent fear of a specific object or situation - The 12-month prevalence rate of specific phobias in a community population is 7-9 percent - Specific phobias are more commonly diagnosed in women than men - must be significant enough to DISRUPT everyday life someway and have lasted for at LEAST SIX MONTHS
Rami has been experiencing a number of concerning symptoms, so he makes an appointment to see a psychologist. After an assessment, the psychologist assigns a label to Rami's psychological symptoms by identifying and classifying them. Rami has received a ____________.
psychological diagnosis
postive symptons
reflect a pathological excess or distortion of normal functions, such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking and speech - Positive symptoms respond best to antipsychotic medication
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
repeated and uncontrollable thoughts, images, or urges (obsessions) that are often followed by repetitive and ritualistic behaviors (complusions) in effort to reduce the anxiety - In order to receive a diagnosis, the obsessions/compulsions must take up a significant amount of time during the day and cause substantial distress and/or impairment.
negative symptoms
represent a pathological deficit, or the absence of emotions or behaviors that are typically present in a psychologically healthy individual.
persistent depressive disorder
s a chronically depressed condition that lasts for at least two years for adults and one year for children. - To meet the criteria for this diagnosis, the individual must experience depressed mood on more days than not accompanied by at least two or more of the other symptoms of depression. - The symptoms must cause significant impairment, and the individual cannot have experienced a period of 2 months or more without the symptoms
DSM-5
s the American Psychiatric Association's official guide for diagnosing mental, or psychological disorders - a list of approximately 250 diagnosable disorders, each defined in terms of specific diagnostic criteria and significant behavior patterns - includes BOTH categorical information and dimensional information
schizophrenia
schizophrenia actually involves a person's split from reality (referred to as psychosis), characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, abnormal movements, and lack of motivation and emotional expression. - a person must display two or more of the primary symptoms for at least a month, with continuous signs of disturbance and interference with functioning for at least six months
in many Asian cultures mental illness is considered what?
shameful
men have higher rates of what than women?
substance abuse and antisocial personality disorder
panic attack
sudden episode of intense fear accompanied with physiological symptoms, such as tightening of the chest and shortness of breath, these occur unexpectedly - panic attack by itself is not a psychological disorder. - "specifier"
Medical model (1800s)
suggest that physical and psychological disorder should be treated the same way - psychological abnormalities in the same way as physical abnormalities. They were seen as diseases that, like biological diseases, have symptoms, causes, and cures.
learned helplessness
tendency to remain in a punishing situation because of a history of repeated failures to escape in the past
Perpetuating causes
the consequences of a disorder that help keep it going once it has started. - These maintaining factors can involve anything from positive feelings brought about by the behavior, the avoidance of painful memories or relationships, or physical changes in the body that create a more conducive environment for the symptoms.
psychopathology
the scientific study of mental/psychological disorder
A clinician using the psychoanalytic or psychodynamic approach investigates ??
unconscious conflicts and other possible underlying psychological factor - trauma and unresolved unconscious issues - usually traced back to childhood
cultural relativism
understanding that any individuals behavior or psychological symptom must be looked at in the contest of their own culture
Borderline personality disorder is characterized by poor self-image, _______ moods, stormy and intense personal relationships, and impulsive behaviors.
unstable
With respect to suicide, _____________ are more likely to attempt suicide, while ___________ are more likely to die as a result of their suicide attempt.
women; men
