Ch 15

Reset the interval if the problem behavior occurs

If the problem behavior does occur at some point, the reinforcer is not delivered, and the interval for reinforcement is reset.

Such behaviors are called ____ because they produce some form of sensory stimulation for the person

stimulatory behaviors; (EX—body rocking, mouthing objects, & repetitive finger movements)

You must eliminate the reinforcer maintaining the problem behavior for a DRO procedure to be ____.

successful.

One variation is differential reinforcement of an incompatible behavior (DRI), in which

the alternative behavior is physically incompatible with the problem behavior and, therefore, the two behaviors cannot occur at the same time.

VARIATIONS OF DRA

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Implementing DRL Procedures

1. Determine whether DRL is the appropriate procedure to use. If the goal is to decrease the rate of behavior but not to eliminate the behavior, DRL is appropriate. 2. Determine an acceptable level of the behavior. 3. Decide whether to implement full-session DRL or spaced-response DRL. 4. Before implementing the DRL procedure, you should inform the client about the procedure so that he or she knows the criterion for reinforcement. 5. In addition to instructions, it is often useful to give the client feedback on his or her performance when implementing the DRL procedure. (SEE EXAMPLE PAGE 319).

Implementing DRO

1. Identify the reinforcer for the problem behavior. 2. Identify the reinforcer to use in the DRO procedure. 3. Choose the initial DRO time interval. 4. Eliminate the reinforcer for the problem behavior and deliver the reinforcer for the absence of the problem behavior. 5. Reset the interval if the problem behavior occurs. 6. Gradually increase the interval length.

Several steps are involved in using DRA effectively: 1.Define the _____. 2.Define the _____. 3.___ the reinforcer. To determine that the item did in fact function as a reinforcer, you would deliver it contingent on a behavior and show that the behavior increased. This process is a reinforcer assessment. 4.Reinforce the desirable behavior ____ 5.Eliminate reinforcement for the undesirable behaviors (___). 6.Use ___ to maintain the target behavior. 7.Program for ___.

1. desirable behavior 2. undesirable behavior 3. identify 4. immediately and consistently. 5. extinction 6. intermittent reinforcement 7. generalization

Gradually increase the interval length

Depending on the person and the particular problem behavior, it is not uncommon to increase the DRO interval to an hour or two or even to an entire day.

There are three types of differential reinforcement procedures

Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA), differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO), and differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL)

USING DIFFERENTIAL NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT OF ALTERNATIVE BEHAVIORS

Jason, an 8 year old boy with autism, is in third grade. Children with autism often prefer to be alone and engage in solitary behavior. Sometimes children with autism engage in aggressive, destructive, or self-injurious behavior (SIB) when demands are placed on them. When the teacher asked Jason to do his school work and complete problems in a work book, he foten slammed his fists on the desk and ricked back and forth violently in his seat. At this, the teacher usually let Jason take a break and sit in a chair by himself at the back of the room until he calmed down. Because this behavior occurred 4 or 5 times every day, Jason was not getting much schoolwork done. Not knowing what to do about Jason's behavior, the teacher consulted the school psychologist. TO SEE REST OF EXAMPLE—READ PAGES 304-305.

Choose the initial DRO time interval

The length of the interval should be tied to the baseline rate of the problem behavior: If the problem behavior occurs frequently, the DRO level will be short; if the problem behavior occurs infrequently, the DRO interval will be longer. You should choose an interval length that will result in a high probability of reinforcement.

Although the name of DRO suggests that you will reinforce other behavior, in fact, you will reinforce the __ of the problem behavior.

absence; Although other behaviors may occur when the problem behavior is not occurring, you do not identify the other behavior to reinforce in place of the problem behavior.

This means that the reinforcer is no longer delivered after the problem behavior (extinction), but the reinforcer is delivered ____.

after an interval of time in which the problem behavior does not occur.

DRA involves

combining reinforcement for a desirable behavior and extinction of undesirable behaviors.

In a second variation of DRA, the alternative behavior that is reinforced to replace the problem behavior is a

communication response; This variation of DRA consists of differential reinforcement of communication (DRC), but it is called functional communication training.

In differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO), the reinforcer is

contingent on the absence of the problem behavior

3. Identify the reinforcer; One possibility is to use the reinforcer that is _____ the undesirable behavior. Another way to identify a reinforcer is to______. What does the person enjoy doing? Another way to identify reinforcers for specific people is to ask them questions. What do they like? What do they enjoy doing? Another option is to try out a variety of different stimuli and see _____.

currently maintaining; observe the person and observe which activities or interests he or she pursues; which ones the person prefers.

DRO is used when you want to ____. Spaced-responding DRL is used when you want to ______ that occurs too frequently.

eliminate a problem behavior; decrease the rate of behavior

In one variation of DRL, reinforcement is delivered if fewer than a specified number of responses occur in a period of time. This is called ____

full-session DRL.

When the communication produces the same reinforcing outcome as the problem behavior, there is no longer any reason for the problem behavior to occur. In _____, an individual with a problem behavior reinforced by attention would learn to ask for attention.

functional communication training

Differential reinforcement of alternative (DRA)

is a behavioral procedure used to increase the frequency of desirable behavior and to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors.

If it is not possible to use extinction for the problem behavior, it will ____.

not be possible to use DRO effectively.

In a second variation of DRL, spaced-responding DRL, there must be a specified amount of time between responses for the reinforcer to be delivered. In spaced-responding DRL, the objective is to _____.

pace the behavior.

You must conduct a functional assessment to identify the ____ before implement an extinction procedure.

reinforcer for the problem behavior

Stereotypic behavior is

repetitive behavior that does not serve any social function for the person.

In differential reinforcement of low rates of responding

the reinforcer is delivered when the rate of the problem behavior is decreased to a criterion level.

In the DRL procedure, you do not reinforce the absence of the behavior, as in the DRO procedure; rather

you reinforce a lower rate of the problem behavior.