CH 16 HW

Match the words in the left-hand column with the appropriate blank in the sentences in the right-hand column.

1. Okazaki fragments are the short sections of DNA that are synthesized on the lagging strand of the replicating DNA. 2. After replication is complete, the new DNAs, called daughter DNA, are identical to each other. 3. The new DNA strand that grows continuously in the 5' to 3' direction is called the leading strand. 4. The enzyme that can replicate DNA is called DNA polymerase. 5. During DNA replication, an open section of DNA, in which a DNA polymerase can replicate DNA, is called a replication fork.

In analyzing the number of different bases in a DNA sample, which result would be consistent with the base-pairing rules?

A + G = C + T

PART B: The diagram below shows a replication bubble with synthesis of the leading and lagging strands on both sides of the bubble. The parental DNA is shown in dark blue, the newly synthesized DNA is light blue, and the RNA primers associated with each strand are red. The origin of replication is indicated by the black dots on the parental strands. Rank the primers in the order they were produced. If two primers were produced at the same time, overlap them. https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1108498/34/1108498_001.jpg

A,H B,G C,F D,E PAIR THEM TOGETHER

During mitosis, centromeres separate and chromatids become individual chromosomes during which phase?

Anaphase

What are chromosomes made of?

DNA and proteins

A biochemist isolates, purifies, and combines in a test tube a variety of molecules needed for DNA replication. When she adds some DNA to the mixture, replication occurs, but each DNA molecule consists of a normal strand paired with numerous segments of DNA a few hundred nucleotides long. What has she probably left out of the mixture?

DNA ligase

What is the basis for the difference in how the leading and lagging strands of DNA molecules are synthesized?

DNA polymerase can join new nucleotides only to the 3 end of a pre-existing strand, and the strands are antiparallel.

Select the most accurate statement describing DNA replication complexes.

DNA replication complexes are grouped into factories, which are anchored to the nuclear matrix.

Meselson and Stahl cultured E. coli for several generations in a medium with a heavy isotope of nitrogen, 15N. They transferred the bacteria to a medium with a light isotope of nitrogen, 14 N. After two rounds of DNA replication, half the DNA molecules were light (both strands had 14N) and half were hybrids (15N-14N). What did the researchers conclude from these results?

DNA replication is semiconservative.

During DNA replication, the leading strand is synthesized continuously, whereas the lagging strand is synthesized as Okazaki fragments. Why is this so?

DNA synthesis can take place only in the 5' to 3' direction.

DNA replication is said to be semiconservative. What does this mean?

Each new double helix consists of one old and one new strand.

Who conducted the X-ray diffraction studies that were key to the discovery of the structure of DNA?

Franklin

PART D: As DNA replication continues and the replication bubble expands, the parental double helix is unwound and separated into its two component strands. This unwinding and separating of the DNA requires three different types of proteins: helicase, topoisomerase, and single-strand binding proteins. Sort the phrases into the appropriate bins depending on which protein they describe.

Helicase- Binds at replication fork, breaks H-bonds between bases Topoisomerase- Breaks covalent bonds in DNA backbone, Binds ahead of the replication Fork Single- strand binding protein- Prevents H bond between bases, binds after the replication fork

In a nucleosome, the DNA is wrapped around

Histones

The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases.

Hydrogen Bond

Nucleotides are added to a growing DNA strand as nucleoside triphosphates. What is the significance of this fact? https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1311239/7/Chap16_Q3.jpg

Hydrolysis of the two phosphate groups (P-Pi) and DNA polymerization are a coupled exergonic reaction.

During _____, the cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes.

Interphase

As a result of its involvement in a chemical reaction, an enzyme

Is unchanged by the reactant or products

Which of the following is true of DNA during interphase?

It exists as chromatin and is less condensed than mitotic chromosomes.

What is the function of helicase in DNA replication?

It untwists the double helix and separates the two DNA strands

PART A: Drag each phrase to the appropriate bin depending on whether it describes the synthesis of the leading strand, the synthesis of the lagging strand, or the synthesis of both strands https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1108498/34/1108498_001.jpg

Leading strand: Made continuously, only one primer needed, daughter strand elongates toward replication form Lagging strand: Multiple primers needed, daughter strand elongates away from replication fork, made in segments Both strands: Synthesized 5' to 3'

In nucleotide excision repair, damaged DNA is excised by what enzyme(s)?

Nuclease

PART A: Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the diagram below. Targets of Group 1 can be used more than once. PART B: In DNA replication in bacteria, the enzyme DNA polymerase III (abbreviated DNA pol III) adds nucleotides to a template strand of DNA. But DNA pol III cannot start a new strand from scratch. Instead, a primer must pair with the template strand, and DNA pol III then adds nucleotides to the primer, complementary to the template strand. Each of the four images below shows a strand of template DNA (dark blue) with an RNA primer (red) to which DNA pol III will add nucleotides. In which image will adenine (A) be the next nucleotide to be added to the primer? PART C: Drag the arrows onto the diagram below to indicate the direction that DNA polymerase III moves along the parental (template) DNA strands at each of the two replication forks. Arrows can be used once, more than once, or not at all.

PART A: a) 5' endb) hydrogen bondc) 3' endd) deoxyribose sugare)nitrogenous basef)phosphate groupg)3' endh)5' end PART B:A (First image is answer) PART C: https://o.quizlet.com/BUypi0DiKY1tLPIOKx6dOg.png (Shows you answer)

Part A In the accompanying image, a nucleotide is indicated by the letter _____. https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100552/9/DNA_and_RNA_structure.jpg Part B: Which of these is a difference between a DNA and an RNA molecule? PART C: This is an image of a(n) _____. https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100552/9/1608q.jpg PART D: The letter A indicates a _____. https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100552/9/1609q.jpg PART E: A nitrogenous base is indicated by the letter _____. https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100552/9/1610q.jpg PART F: You can tell that this is an image of a DNA nucleotide and not an RNA nucleotide because you see a _____. https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100552/9/1611q.jpg PART G: Which of these nitrogenous bases is found in DNA but not in RNA? Part H: Which of these is(are) pyrimidines? https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100552/9/1613q.jpg PART I: In a nucleotide, the nitrogenous base is attached to the sugar's _____ carbon and the phosphate group is attached to the sugar's _____ carbon. PART J: Nucleic acids are assembled in the ____ direction PART K: In a DNA double helix an adenine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand, and a guanine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand

PART A: B PART B:DNA is usually double-stranded, whereas RNA is usually single stranded. PART C: Nucleotide PART D: Phosphate Group PART E: C PART F: sugar with two, and not three, oxygen atoms PART G: Thymine PART H: C,D and E PART I: 1'...5' PART J: 5' TO 3' PART K: thymine and cytosine

PART A: On this model of a DNA nucleotide what color is deoxyribose? (Video Question) PART B: If I wanted to join this nucleotide to another one to form a polynucleotide, the sugar of the first would bind to which part of the second nucleotide? PART C: This polynucleotide has the sequence G,C,A, C running along one strand. What must be the sequence of the other strand? PART D:This model shows one particular kind of nucleotide. If I want it to be complete how many different models would I need to show all the kinds of nucleotides? PART E: This model is of one particular kind of nucleotide. If I had another model of a different kind of nucleotide which parts would be identical between the two?

PART A: BLUE PART B: Phosphate PART C: 3'-CGTG-5' PART D: 4 PART E: Sugar and Phosphate only

PART A: What is the role of DNA polymerase during DNA synthesis? PART B: A hydroxyl is present at the 3' end of the growing DNA strand. What is at the 5' end? PART C: Addition of a nucleotide onto a DNA strand is an endergonic reaction. What provides the energy to drive the reaction? PART D: Given a template strand of 3'-ATGCTTGGACA-5' and a partially-made complementary strand containing only 5'-TAC-3', what would be the sequence of the new strand of DNA (including the 5'-TAC-3') if the only additional nucleotides available to DNA polymerase were those containing the bases G, A, and C? PART E: What materials does DNA polymerase require in order to synthesize a complete strand of DNA? Select all that apply.

PART A: DNA polymerase is the enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a nucleotide onto the 3' end of a growing DNA strand. PART B: A phosphate Group PART C: The release of pyrophosphate from the incoming nucleotide, and then hydrolysis of the pyrophosphate to inorganic phosphate. PART D: 5'-TACGAACC-3' PART E: single-stranded DNA template3'-OH end of the new DNA strandall four deoxyribonucleotides triphosphates (containing A, C, T, or G)

PART A: Short segments of newly synthesized DNA are joined into a continuous strand by _____. PART B:After DNA replication is completed, _____. PART C: The action of helicase creates _____. PART D: Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3' to 5' strands assembled in short segments? PART E: An old DNA strand is used as a _____ for the assembly of a new DNA strand.

PART A: Ligase PART B: each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand PART C:replication forks and replication bubbles PART D: DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction PART E:Template

PART A:Short segments of newly synthesized DNA are joined into a continuous strand by _____. PART B:After DNA replication is completed, _____. PART C: The first step in the replication of DNA is catalyzed by _____. PART D:The action of helicase creates _____.

PART A: Ligase PART B:each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand PART C: Helicase PART D:replication forks and replication bubbles

PART A: This is an image of _____ https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100551/7/1601q.jpg PART B: Who demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material of the T2 phage? PART C: The radioactive isotope 32P labels the T2 phage's _____. PART D: Hershey and Chase used _____ to radioactively label the T2 phage's proteins. PART E: After allowing phages grown with bacteria in a medium that contained 32P and 35S, Hershey and Chase used a centrifuge to separate the phage ghosts from the infected cell. They then examined the infected cells and found that they contained _____, which demonstrated that _____ is the phage's genetic material.

PART A: Phage PART B: Hershey and Chase PART C: DNA PART D: 35S PART E: Labeled DNA... DNA

PART A: .Drag the description of each DNA sample to the appropriate location to identify the expected appearance of the DNA band(s) after density-gradient centrifugation. PART B: Drag the test tubes to the appropriate locations in the table to show the banding patterns that each model predicts. Test tubes may be used once, more than once, or not at all. PART C: Drag the test tubes to the appropriate locations in the table to show the banding patterns that each model predicts. Test tubes may be used once or not at all. PART D: Drag each microdensitometer graph to the appropriate bin.

PART A: https://o.quizlet.com/VM5U5WT9..ZJzcWwoQRE2Q.png (ANSWER) PART B:https://o.quizlet.com/DFDVBDZPlg0FyPgQjIkcsg.png PART C: https://o.quizlet.com/oUuV66nnO-6zqHRBv0Gn.Q.png PART D:https://o.quizlet.com/KfzzktjXqYTCYdBdWtQKzA.png

PART A: The diagram below shows a double-stranded DNA molecule (parental DNA). Drag the correct labels to the appropriate locations in the diagram to show the composition of the daughter DNA molecules after one and two cycles of DNA replication. In the labels, the original parental DNA is blue and the DNA synthesized during replication is red. PART B: Drag the labels to their appropriate locations in the diagram to describe the name or function of each structure.

PART A: https://rhshwhelp.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/screen-shot-2017-02-20-at-9-22-02-pm.png?w=640 (SHOWS YOU ANSWER) PART B: a. Breaks hydrogen bonds, unwinding DNA double helix. b. Synthesizes RNA primers on leading and lagging strands. c. Replaces RNA primers with DNA nucleotides. d. Catalyzes phosphodiester bond formation, joining DNA fragments. e. Lagging strand f. Leading strandg. Relaxes supercoiled DNA. h. Coats single-stranded DNA. i. Synthesizes DNA 5' to 3' on leading and lagging strands.

PART A:What catalyzes DNA synthesis? PART B:Which of the following statements about DNA synthesis is true? PART C:Which part of a deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) molecule provides the energy for DNA synthesis? PART D:Which of the following enzymes creates a primer for DNA polymerase?

PART A:DNA polymerase PART B:Primers are short sequences that allow the initiation of DNA synthesis PART C: Phosphate groups PART D: Primase

PART A: In a DNA double helix an adenine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand, and a guanine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand. PART B: After DNA replication is completed, _____. PART C: The first step in the replication of DNA is catalyzed by _____. PART D: The action of helicase creates _____. PART E: Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3' to 5' strands assembled in short segments? PART F:The synthesis of a new strand begins with the synthesis of a(n) _____. PART G: An old DNA strand is used as a _____ for the assembly of a new DNA strand.

PART A:Thymine, cytosine PART B:each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand PART C:helicase PART D: DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction PART E: DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction PART F: RNA primer complementary to a preexisting DNA strand PART G: Template

PART A:The letter A indicates _____. https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100557/8/1625q.jpg PART B:Where would RNA polymerase attach? https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100557/8/1626q.jpg PART C:The letter C indicates _____. https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100557/8/1627q.jpg PART D:What is this an image of? https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100557/8/1628q.jpg PART E:What is this an image of? https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1100557/8/1629q.jpg

PART A:a DNA double helix PART B: A PART C: Histones PART D: Supercoils PART E: Loops

PART E:Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3' to 5' strands assembled in short segments PART F: The synthesis of a new strand begins with the synthesis of a(n) _____. PART G:Which of these is responsible for catalyzing the formation of an RNA primer? PART H: An old DNA strand is used as a _____ for the assembly of a new DNA strand.

PART E:DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction PART F:RNA primer complementary to a preexisting DNA strand PART G: D PART H: Template

PART E:Which of the following statements about Okazaki fragments in E. coli is true? PART F: Which of the following enzymes is important for relieving the tension in a helix as it unwinds during DNA synthesis? PART G:True or false? Single-stranded DNA molecules are said to be antiparallel when they are lined up next to each other but oriented in opposite directions.

PART E:Formed on the lagging strand of DNA PART F: Topoisomerase PART G: true

In the Hershey and Chase experiment that helped confirm that DNA, not protein, was the hereditary material, what was the key finding?

Radioactively labeled phosphorus was present inside the infected bacteria.

In his work with pneumonia-causing bacteria and mice, Griffith found that

Some substance from pathogenic cells were transferred to nonpathogenic cells, making them pathogenic.

DNA is a self-replicating molecule. What accounts for this important property of DNA?

The nitrogenous bases of the double helix are paired in specific combinations: A with T and G with C.

Griffith's experiments with S. pneumoniae were significant because they showed that traits could be transferred from one organism to another. What else did he find that was significant?

The transferred traits were heritable.

In a DNA double helix an adenine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand, and a guanine of one strand always pairs with a(n) _____ of the complementary strand.

Thymine.. Cytosine

The elongation of the leading strand during DNA synthesis

depends on the action of DNA polymerase.

The spontaneous loss of amino groups from adenine in DNA results in hypoxanthine, an uncommon base, opposite thymine. What combination of proteins could repair such damage?

nuclease, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase

What process repairs damage to a preexisting double helix?

nucleotide excision repair

E. coli cells grown on 15N15N medium are transferred to 14N14N medium and allowed to grow for two more generations (two rounds of DNA replication). DNA extracted from these cells is centrifuged. What density distribution of DNA would you expect in this experiment?

one low-density and one intermediate-density band

PART C: In contrast to the leading strand, the lagging strand is synthesized as a series of segments called Okazaki fragments. The diagram below illustrates a lagging strand with the replication fork off-screen to the right. Fragment A is the most recently synthesized Okazaki fragment. Fragment B will be synthesized next in the space between primers A and B. Drag the labels to their appropriate locations in the flowchart below, indicating the sequence of events in the production of fragment B. (Note that pol I stands for DNA polymerase I, and pol III stands for DNA polymerase III.) https://session.masteringbiology.com/problemAsset/1108498/34/1108498_008.jpg

pol III moves 5' to 3', adding DNA nucleotides to primer B-> pol I binds to 5' end of primer A-> pol I replaces primer A with DNA-> DNA ligase links fragments A and B

What are the repetitive DNA sequences present at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes called?

telomeres