CH 16 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

161) What effect would increased cortisol levels have on blood glucose level?

Increased cortisol levels would increase blood glucose levels.

147) Define endocrine system. (Module 16.3A)

The endocrine system includes organs whose primary role is the production of hormones or paracrines.

158) Describe the locations of the parathyroid glands.

They are embedded in the posterior surfaces of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland.

154) What effects would increased circulating levels of glucocorticoids have on the pituitary secretion of ACTH?

They would inhibit the release of CRH which would reduce the secretion of ACTH.

145) What is the common goal of the nervous and endocrine systems? (Module 16.1A)

To coordinate and regulate the activities of other cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.

136) If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry?

both an increase of insulin and an increase of blood glucose

148) Define hormone receptor. (Module 16.4A)

A hormone receptor is a protein located outside or inside the cell that binds with a specific hormone.

150) Define regulatory hormone. (Module 16.5A)

A regulatory hormone is a hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that controls endocrine cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

170) Define synergistic effect.

A synergistic effect is when two hormones have an effect where the net result is greater than the sum of the hormonesʹ individual effects.

140) Too little secretion of cortisol causes

Addisonʹs disease

178) What condition is characterized by increased body weight due to Na + and water retention and a low blood K+ concentration?

Aldosteronism

162) Identify the types of cells in the pancreatic islets and the hormones produced by each.

Alpha cells produce glucagon, beta cells produce insulin, delta cells produce a peptide hormone like GH-IH, and pancreatic polypeptide cells produce pancreatic polypeptide hormone.

174) Name the hormone and enzyme secreted by the kidneys.

The kidneys secrete the hormone erythropoietin and the enzyme renin.

160) Name the regions and zones of an adrenal gland from superficial to deep.

The regions are adrenal capsule, adrenal cortex, and adrenal medulla. The zones are zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis.

146) Describe the structural classification of hormones. (Module 16.2A)

The structural classification of hormones divides them into amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones (built from amino acids as prohormones), and lipid derivatives (built from fatty acids or cholesterol).

169) Describe the two types of diabetes mellitus

The two types of diabetes mellitus are type 1, characterized by inadequate insulin production; and type 2, characterized by insulin resistance.

175) List the three phases of the stress response.

alarm phase, resistance phase, and exhaustion phase

124) The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of

angiotensin I

126) In general, the effects of natriuretic peptides are ________ to those of the renin-angiotensin system.

antagonistic

171) Which of the four hormonal effects are involved in a negative feedback response?

antagonistic effects

119) Two hormones that have opposing effects are called

antagonists

151) Name the two lobes of the pituitary gland

anterior lobe and posterior lobe

118) When hormones interact they can produce any of the following kinds of effects except

apoptosis.

155) What thyroid hormone aids in calcium regulation?

calcitonin

125) The endocrine system works most closely with the ________ system to maintain homeostasis.

cardiovascular

130) The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is

epinephrine.

123) Which of the following hormones increases production of red blood cells?

erythropoietin

176) During which phase of the general adaptation syndrome is there a collapse of vital systems?

exhaustion phase

139) Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause

gigantism

117) If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting

glucagon

133) Hormones that dominate during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are the

glucocorticoids

143) Cushingʹs disease results from an excess of

glucocorticoids

144) Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?

growth hormone

153) The release of which pituitary hormone would lead to an increased level of somatomedins in the blood?

growth hormone

116) A person with untreated diabetes mellitus may exhibit all of the following symptoms except A) hyperglycemia. B) excessive thirst. C) glucosuria. D) polyuhypoglycemia.ria. E) hypoglycemia.

hypoglycemia.

135) The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by all of the following except

increase sweat gland secretions.

128) Decreased blood flow to the kidneys would not lead to which of the following?

increased release of natriuretic peptide

127) Activation of the renin-angiotensin system would result in all of the following except

increased urine production.

163) The secretion of which hormone lowers blood glucose concentration?

insulin

122) Hormones that produce different but complementary results are called

integrative

172) What kind of effect do hormones have if they produce different but complementary effects?

integrative effects

134) During the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

lipid reserves are mobilized.

141) The condition known as goiter can result from too

little iodine in the diet.

115) Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin?

low blood glucose

167) List three functions suggested for melatonin in humans

maintain circadian rhythms, control the timing of sexual maturation, protect against damage by free radicals

166) Increased amounts of light would inhibit the production of which hormone? (Module 16.12B) A) oxytocin B) ADH C) growth hormone D) insulin E) melatoninmelatonin

melatonin

131) During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), there is

mobilization of energy reserves

173) Name the hormones secreted by the heart.

natriuretic peptides

159) Decreased blood calcium level would result in increased secretion of which hormone?

parathyroid hormone

121) When one hormone is needed for a second hormone to produce an effect, it is called

permissive

111) Melatonin is produced by the

pineal gland

165) Identify the hormone-secreting cells of the pineal gland.

pinealocytes

114) The term used to describe excess production of urine is

polyuria.

132) If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).

resistance

137) The consistent pattern of hormonal and physiological responses to stresses of different kinds called general adaptation syndrome has all the following phases except

restorative

149) Which type of hormone diffuses across the plasma membrane and binds to receptors in the cytoplasm? (Module 16.4C)

steroid hormones

120) Two hormones that have additive effects are called

synergists

156) Name the hormones of the thyroid gland.

thyroxine (T4)

138) An excess of which hormone can lead to acromegaly?

6

168) Define diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels.

112) Which of these statements about melatonin is false?

Exposure to light stimulates production.

142) Inadequate iodine in the diet would not lead to A) hypothyroidism. B) cretinism. C) goiter. D) high blood levels of TSH.Graveʹs disease. E) Graveʹs disease.

Graveʹs disease.

177) Define the prefixes hyper- and hypo- in the context of endocrine disorders.

Hyper refers to excessive hormone production. Hypo refers to inadequate hormone production.

164) What is the effect of increased glucagon levels on the amount of glycogen stored in the liver?

Increased glucagon will decrease the amount of glycogen stored in the liver.

152) In a dehydrated person, how would the amount of ADH released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary change?

It would increase

129) Proper growth does not require which of the following hormones?

MSH

157) Why do signs and symptoms of decreased thyroxine concentration not appear until about a week after a thyroidectomy (surgical removal of the thyroid gland)?

Most of the thyroxine is bound to proteins in the bloodstream and the hormones are released gradually.

113) Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in

diabetes mellitus.