Ch. 16 Therapy

Also effective in calming anxious people and energizing depressed people is ______, which has positive side effects. Even better is to use antidepressant drugs, which work _____ on the limbic system, in conjunction with ______ therapy which works ______, starting with the frontal lobes

aerobic exercise; bottom-up; cognitive-behavioral; top-down

Among the common ingredients of the psychotherapies is

all of these are common ingredients

The lobotomy procedure is not widely used today because

all of these reasons

The results of outcome research on the effectiveness of different psychotherapies reveal that

all of these statements are true

Cognitive- behavioral therapy (CBT) aims to

alter the way people think and act

Today many forms of ______ are touted as effective treatments for a variety of complaint

alternative therapy

The type of drugs criticized for reducing symptoms without resolving underlying problems are the _____ drugs

antianxiety

Xanax and Ativan are classified as ______ drugs

antianxiety

Which of the following is NOT a common criticism of behavior therapy?

All of these are criticisms of behavior therapy

The debate over the effectiveness of psychotherapy began with a study by ______; it showed that the rate of improvement for those who received therapy ______ higher than the rate of those who did not

Hans Eysenck; was not

Light exposure therapy has proven useful as a form of treatment for people suffering from

a seasonal pattern in depression symptoms

The operant conditioning in which desired behaviors are rewarded with points or poker chips that can later be exchanged for various rewards is called

a token economy

The technique in which therapist echoes and restates what a person says in a nondirective manner is called

active listening

is a nondirective technique of Rogers' client centered therapy, in which the listener echoes, restates, and seeks clarification of, clients remarks

active listening

Roger's technique of echoing, restating, and seeking clarification of what a person is saying is called ______. Given a nonjudgmental environment that provides _______, patients are better able to accept themselves as they are and to feel valued and whole

active listening; unconditional positive regard

An integrative therapy that combines an attack on negative thinking with efforts to modify behavior is known as _____ therapy

cognitive- behavioral

popular integrative therapy that focuses on changing self-defeating thinking and unwanted behaviors

cognitive- behavioral theory (CBT)

One variety of _____ therapy is based on the finding that depressed people often attribute their failures to ______

cognitive; themselves

In this type of group, therapists focus on improving _____ within the family

communication

_____ psychologists aim to enhance peoples competence, health, and well-being

community

Some forms of therapy are best for particular problems, though there is often an overlapping or _______ of disorders. With phobias, compulsions, and other specific behaviors problems, _______ therapies have been the most effective. Other studies have demonstrated that anxiety, PTSD, and depression may be effectively treated with _____ or _____ therapy

comorbidity; behavioral conditioning; cognitive; cognitive- behavioral

The technique of systematic desensitization is based on the premise that maladaptive symtpoms are

conditioned responses

In hopes of better assessing psychotherapy's effectiveness, psychologists have turned to ______ research studies

controlled

A behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

counterconditioning

Another treatment being investigated for treatment of patients with depression is _____ stimulation of a neural hub that bridges the frontal lobes to the limbic system

deep-brain

Another effective drug in the control of mania was originally used to treat epilespy; it is _____

depakote

A brief alternative to psychodynamic therapy that has proven effective with _____ patients is ______

depressed; interpersonal psychotherapy

ECT is most often used with patients suffering from severe _____. Research evidence confirms ECT's effectiveness with patients who have not responded to drug therapy

depression

Electroconvulsive therapy is most useful in the treatment of

depression

The antipsychotic drugs appear to produce their effects by blocking the receptor sites for

dopamine

The antipsychotic druhs work by blocking the receptor rites for the neurotransmitter ______

dopamine

Which biomedical therapy is MOST likely to be practiced today?

drug therapy

The therapeutic technique in which the patient receives an electric chock to the brain is referred to as ______ therapy

electoconvulsive (ECT)

This type of therapy is an effective treatment program for anxiety, depressive disorders, and bipolar disorder, because they share a common problem: _______. It is also useful for ______ ; people are taught to relabel their problem behaviors

emotion regulation; obsessive compulsive disorder

Therapies with no scientific support, such as ____ therapies, recovered- ______ therapies, and _____ therapies that involve reenacting the trauma of birth, should be avoided

energy; memory; rebirthing

Clinical decision making that integrates research with clinical expertise and patient preferences and characteristics is called ______

evidence- based practice

is clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics are preferences

evidence- based practice

Drugs that are prescribed to alleviate depression are called ______ drugs. Because the most common prescribed drugs in this group are increasingly being used to treat strokes and other disorders, including _____ disorders, ______ disorder, and ______ they are more commonly called _____ inhibitors

antidepressant; anixety; obsessive compulsive; PTSD; selective serotonin reuptake

Are used to treat schizophrenia and other severe thought disorders

antipsychotic drugs

A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).

aversive conditioning

Using techniques of classical conditioning to develop an association between unwanted behavior and an unpleasant experience is known as

aversive conditioning

Reinforcing desired behaviors and withholding reinforcement for undesired behaviors are key aspects of _____

behavior modification

Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

behavior therapy

Which type of psychotherapy focuses on changing unwanted behaviors rather than on discovering their underlying causes?

behavior therapy

Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid

exposure therapies

In the 1930s, Moniz developed an operation called the _______. In this procedure, the _____ lobe of the brain is disconnected from the rest of the brain.

lobotomy; frontal

The most widely used types of behavior therapies are the _______. the first attempt at this type of therapy was made by _______; her technique was later refined by _______. In systematic desensitization, he assumed that one cannot simultaneously be _____ and relaxed

exposure therapies; Mary Cover Jones; Joseph Wolpe; anxious

The type of group interaction that focuses on the fact that we live and grow in relation to others is ____

family therapy

All forms of psychotherapy offer three benefits: ______ for demoralized people; a new ______ on oneself; and a relationship that is _____, ____, and ______

hope; perspective; caring; trusting; empathetic

The American Psychological Association suggests that a person should seek help when he or she has feelings of ______, a deep and lasting ______, _____ behavior, disruptive ______, sudden ______ shifts, and ______ rituals, for example

hopelessness; depression; self- destructive; fears; mood; compulsive

Family therapy differs from other forms of psychotherapy because it focuses on

how family tensions may cause individual problems

Of the following categories of psychotherapy, which is known for its nondirective nature?

humanistic therapy

Which type of psychotherapy emphasizes the individuals inherent potential for self-fulfillment?

humanistic therapy

Carl Rogers was a _____ therapist who was the creator of ______

humanistic; client- centered therapy

The goal of Freud's psychoanalysis is to help the patient gain _____

insight

A variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

insight therapies

While this approach aims to help people gain ______ into the roots of their difficulties, it focuses on ______ rather than on past hurts

insight; current relationships

In psychoanalysis, the analyst's helping the patient to understand resistances and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

interpretation

Which of the following is NOT a common criticism of psychanalysis?

it gives therapists too much control over patients

Behavior therapy applies principles of ______ to eliminate troubling behaviors

learning

Which of the following is the mood-stabilizing drug most commonly used to treat bipolar disorder?

lithium

A statistical technique that makes it possible t combine the results of many different psychotherapy outcome studies is called _______. Overall, the results of such analysis indicate that psychotherapy is ______

meta-analysis; somewhat effective

In aversive conditioning, the therapist attempts to substitute a _____ response for one that is currently _____ to a harmful stimulus. In this technique, a person's unwanted behaviors become associated with ______ feelings. In the long run, aversive conditioning _____

negative; positive; unpleasant; does not work

Three tips for listening more actively in your own relationships are to ______, ______, and ______

paraphrase; invite clarification; reflect feelings

One reason that aversive conditioning may only be temporarily effective is that

patients know that outside the therapist's office they can engage in the undesirable behavior without fear of aversive consequences

To guard against the ______ effect and normal _____, neither the patients nor the staff involved in a study may be aware of which condition a given individual is in; this is called a _____ procedure

placebo; recovery; double-blind

Is positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

posttraumatic growth

One advocate of ______ mental health, George Albee, believes that many social stresses undermine people's sense of _____, ______ and ______. These stresses include ______, work that is ______, constant ______, ______, _____, and _____.

preventive; competence; personal control; self- esteem; poverty; meaningliess; criticism; unemployment; racism; sexism

Psychologists who advocate a _____ approach to mental health contend that many psychological disorders could be prevented by changing the disturbed individuals

preventive; environment

Before 1950, the main mental health providers were

psychiatrists

therapy developed by Freud, attempts to give clients self insight by bringing into awareness and interpreting previously repressed feelings

psychoanalysis

Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition, seeks to enhance patients self-insight into their symptoms by focusing on childhood experiences and important relationships in addition to unconscious forces

psychodynamic therapy

Antidepressant drugs are believed to work by affecting serotonin or

norepinephrine

Therapies that influence behavior by controlling its consequences are based on principles of _____ conditioning. One application of this form on therapy to institutional settings is the ______, in which desired behaviors are rewarded

operant; token economy

Clinicians tend to ______ the effectiveness of psychotherapy

overestimate

Therapists who are influenced by Freud's psychoanalysis but who talk to the patient face to face are _____ therapists. In addition, they work with the patient only _______ and for only a few weeks or months. These therapists focus on _____ across important relationships

psychodynamic; once or twice a week; themes

When used in combination with _______ , these drugs can help people cope with frightening situations

psychological therapy

Modern Western therapies are classified as either ____ therapies or _____ therapies. Some therapists blend several psychotherapy techniques and so are said to take an ____ approach

psychological; biomedical; eclectic

The field that studies the effects of drugs on mind and behavior is ______

psychopharmacology

The revolution in drug therapy began with the discovery that some drugs, used for other purposes, calmed patients with ______. One effect of _____ drugs such as _____ is to help those experiencing _____ symptoms of schizophrenia by decreasing their responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli

psychoses; antipsychotic; chlorpromazine (Thorazine); positive

The biomedical therapy in which a portion of brain tissue is removed or destroyed is called ______

psychosurgery

is an interaction between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

psychotherapy

As a rule, psychotherapy is most effective with problems that are ______

specific

Although people with depression often improve after one month on antidepressants, studies demonstrate that a large percentage of the effectiveness is due to _____ or a ______

spontaneous recovery; placebo effect

Training people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations is the goal of _______ training. Depression prone children, teens, and college students trained to ______ their negative thoughts are less likely to experience further depression

stress inoculation; dispute

Antianxiety drugs have been criticized for merely reducing _______, rather than resolving underlying _______. These drugs can also be _____

symptoms; problems; addicting

In which of the following does the client learn to associate a relaxed state with a hierarchy of anxiety- arousing stimuli?

systematic desensitization

is a type of exposure therapy in which a state of relaxation is classically conditioned to a hierarchy of gradually increasing anxiety- provoking stimuli

systematic desensitization

After many years of taking antipsychotic drugs, Greg's facial muscles sometimes twitch involuntarily. This behavior is called

tardive dyskinesia

Long-term use of antipsychotic drugs can produce _____, which involves involuntary movements of the muscles of the ______, _____, and _____. Many of the newer antipsychotics such as risperidone have ______ of these effects

tardive dyskinesia; face; tongue; limbs; fewer

A person can derive benefits from psychotherapy simply by believing in it. This illustrates the importance of

the placebo effect

Principles of operant conditioning underlie which of the following techniques?

the token economy

The emotional bond between therapist and client- the ______- is a key aspect of effective therapy. In one study of depression treatment, the most effective therapists were those who were perceived as most ____ and _____

therapeutic alliance; empathetic; caring

A recent approach to therapy promotes ______ change, which includes regular aerobic exercise, adequate sleep, light exposure, social connection, anti-rummination, and nutritional supplementation

therapeutic lifestyle

Which of the following is NOT necessarily an advantage of group therapies over individual therapies?

they are more effective

In psychoanalysis, the patient's redirecting to the analyst of emotions from other relationships

transference

When strong feelings, similar to those experienced in other important relationships, are developed toward the therapist, ______ has occured

transference

The effectiveness of psychotherapy has been assessed both through clients perspectives and through controlled research studies. What have such assessments found?

whereas clients perceptions strongly affirm the effectiveness of psychotherapy, studies point to more modest results

The vicious cycle of depression is maintained by _______ and ____ explanations of bad events. Therapists who teach people new, more constructive ways of thinking are using _____ therapy

self-blaming; overgeneralized; cognitive

Humanistic therapies attempt to help people meet their potential for _____. Like psychodynamic therapies, humanistic therapies attempt to reduce inner conflicts by providing clients with new _____

self-fulfillment; insights

Many people also participate in _____ and _____ groups. One such group is ______

self-help; support; Alcoholics Anonymous

Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and out emotional reactions

cognitive therapy

Which form of therapy is MOST likely to be successful in treating depression?

cognitive therapy

Which type of therapy focuses on eliminating irrational thinking?

cognitive therapy

The treatment of people with psychological disorders has been harsh. Reformers ____ and _____ pushed for more humane treatments and for constructing mental hospitals

Philippe Pinel; Dorothea Dix

is the use of prescribed medications or medical procedures that act on a persons physiology to treat psychological disorders

biomedical therapy

Therapy involving changing the brains functioning is referred to as ______ therapy. The most widely used biomedical treatments are the _____ therapies. Thanks to these treatments, the number of residents in mental hospitals has ______ sharply

biomedical; drug; decreased

To treat the emotional highs and lows of ______ disorder, a ______ drugs such as the simple salt _____ is often prescribed

bipolar; mood- stabalizing; lithium

One variety of cognitive therapy attempts to reverse the _____ beliefs often associated with _____ by helping clients see their irrationalities. This therapy was developed by ______

catastrophizing; depression; Aaron Beck

These drugs depress activity in the ______

central nervous system

The techniques of counterconditioning are based on principles of

classical conditioning

One cluster of behavior therapies is based on the principles of _______, as developed in Pavlov's experiments. This technique, in which a new, incompatible response is substituted for a maladaptive one, is called _______. Two examples of this technique are ______ and ______

classical conditioning; counterconditioning; exposure therapy, aversive conditioning`

The humanistic therapy based on Roger's theory is called _____ therapy, which is described as ______ therapy because the therapist ______ the person's problem

client- centered; nondirective; does not interpret

A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients' growth

client-centered therapy

One example of this type of drug is _____, which works by blocking the reabsorption and removal of _____ from synapses. Increased serotonin promotes ______, the development of new brain cells. Drugs that work by blocking the reabsorption or breakdown of norepinephrine and serotonin are called _____ drugs. These drugs have _____ side effects

fluoxetine (Prozac); serotonin; neurogenesis; dual action; more

Unlike traditional psychoanalytic therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy

focuses on current relationships

Freud's technique in which a patient says whatever comes to mind is called _____

free association

The technique in which a person is asked to report everything that comes to his or her mind is called ______; it is favored by _____ therapists

free association; psychoanalytic

To promote growth in clients, Rogerian therapists exhibit _____, _____, and ____

genuineness; acceptance; empathy

Although _____ therapy does not provide the same degree of therapist involvement with each client, it does save time and money and permits therapeutic benefits from ______ interaction

group; social

The first step in systematic desensitization is the construction of a ______ of anxiety- arousing stimuli. The second step involves training in _______. In the final step, the person is trained to associate the _____ state with the _____-arousing stimuli

hierarchy; progressive relaxation; relaxed; anxiety;

A gentler procedure called _______ aims to treat depression by presenting pulses through a magnetic coil help close to a persons skull above the right eyebrow. Unlike ECT, this procedure produces no _____, _____ loss, or other side effects. Although how it works is unclear, one explanation is that it energizes the brains left ______, which is relatively inactive in depressed patients. Repeated stimulation may cause nerve cells to form new functioning circuits through ______

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS); seizures; memory; frontal lobe; long-term potentiation

Is the delivery of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to stimulate or suppress brain activity

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulaton (RTMS

Freud assumed that many psychological problems originate in childhood impulses and conflicts that have been _____

repressed

Psychoanalysts attempt to bring _____ feelings into _____ awareness where they can be dealt with

repressed; conscious

is a persons ability to cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

resilience

Lifestyle changes may also help prevent some disorders by building an individuals ______. In some cases, struggling with challenging crises can lead to ______

resilience; posttraumatic growth

In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

resistance

When, in the course of therapy, a person omits shameful or embarrassing material, ____ is occuring. Insight is facilitated by the analyst's _______ of the meaning of such omissions, of dreams, and of other information revealed during therapy sessions

resistance; interpretation

For people with a ______ of depression symptoms, timed ______ therapy may be beneficial

seasonal pattern; light exposure

In one popular alternative therapy, a therapist triggers eye movement in patients while they imagine ______. This therapy is called _______, has proven ______ as a treatment for nonmilitary _______. However, skeptics point to evidence that _____ is just as effective as triggered eye movement in producing beneficial results. The key seems to be in the persons ______ traumatic memories and in a _____ effect

traumatic events; eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR); somewhat effective; posttraumatic stress disorder; finger tapping; reliving; placebo

A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

unconditional positive regard

One reason clinicians perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy are inaccurate is that clients justify entering therapy by emphasizing their ______ and justify leaving therapy by emphasizing their ______

unhappiness; well-being

An eclectic psychotherapist is one who

used a variety of techniques depending on the client and the problem

For those who are unable to visually imagine an anxiety- arousing situation, or too afraid or embarrassed to do so, ______ therapy offers a promising alternative

virtual reality exposure

An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic stimulations of feared situations to treat their anxiety

virtual reality exposure therapy