Ch. 16

In the case of United States v. Virginia, Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg viewed the case using _____ when assessing official acts that deny individuals rights or responsibilities based on their sex. a. "skeptical scrutiny" b. "de jure segregation" c. "amicus brief" d. "equal-but-separate" e. "vetting"

a. "skeptical scrutiny"

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) extended the protections granted in which law, to people with physical and mental disabilities? a. Civil Rights Act of 1964 b. Fifteenth Amendment c. Nineteenth Amendment d. Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 e. PATRIOT Act

a. Civil Rights Act of 1964

In a challenge to the Civil Rights Act before the Supreme Court in the case involving Ollie McClung who refused to serve blacks in his restaurant, the Court based its decision upholding the act on which constitutional principle? a. Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce b. Fifth Amendment's equal protection clause c. Thirteenth Amendment's protection against slavery clause d. federal government's duty to ensure domestic tranquility e. Bill of Rights

a. Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce

What legislation did President Obama sign after becoming president that undid the 2007 Supreme Court decision making it more difficult for plaintiffs to bring lawsuits over pay discrimination? a. Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act b. Equal Pay Act c. EEOC Pay Reform Act d. Ruth Bader Ginsburg Act e. Civil Rights Act of 1991

a. Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act

How did "white flight" affect the inner-city schools? a. Most of the inner-city schools were predominantly black. b. Most of the inner-city schools were predominantly white. c. The inner-city and suburban schools became more balanced in white and black populations. d. The inner-city schools were closed down because of a lack of students. e. Most of the suburban schools were predominantly black.

a. Most of the inner-city schools were predominantly black.

The separate-but-equal doctrine was first instituted in which court case? a. Plessy v. Ferguson b. Brown v. Board of Education c. Roe v. Wade d. Sweatt v. Painter e. Sullivan v. New York Times

a. Plessy v. Ferguson

The Equal Pay Act was introduced after _____ when women had joined the workforce in significant numbers. a. WWII b. the Vietnam War c. the Civil War d. the Great Depression e. the New Deal

a. WWII

In an early NAACP challenge to segregation, Lloyd Gaines sued the state of Missouri after it... a. attempted to pay his tuition to another school outside of the state. b. rented a few rooms in an office building and hired two black lawyers and called this its state law school for blacks. c. required him to sit in the hallway and listen while white students attended lectures. d. called out the Missouri National Guard to forcibly evict him from its law school campus. e. banned him from the University of Missouri law school cafeteria and required him to use its library facilities only after hours.

a. attempted to pay his tuition to another school outside of the state.

The Twenty-fourth Amendment, ratified in 1964,... a. banned poll taxes in primary and general elections for national office. b. empowered the attorney general to register potential voters. c. gave women the right to vote. d. banned racial discrimination in the rental and sale of most housing. e. gave state courts the lawful refusal to follow a Supreme Court order

a. banned poll taxes in primary and general elections for national office.

President Lyndon Johnson considered civil rights legislation... a. his top priority. b. something he must work on in remembrance of John Kennedy, who introduced civil rights legislation. c. unrealistic. d. unimportant compared to his other legislative initiatives. e. something that the legislature should work on but not the president.

a. his top priority.

In response to the firestorm that erupted in Ferguson, Missouri, after police officer Darren Wilson shot and killed Michael Brown, the Justice Department... a. investigated and exonerated Darren Wilson, but found invidious discrimination in the police department and municipal court, reaching an agreement with city officials to reform the police force. b. reinvestigated officer Darren Wilson and, unlike the grand jury, found him guilty of manslaughter. c. investigated the city of Ferguson, and arrested many policy officers and municipal court officials, citing violations of the Civil War amendments and various federal laws. d. did nothing. e. established a series of required reforms for the police department so that officers, including Darren Wilson, would avoid prosecution for hate crimes.

a. investigated and exonerated Darren Wilson, but found invidious discrimination in the police department and municipal court, reaching an agreement with city officials to reform the police force.

Discrimination against persons or groups that is harmful and is based on animus is called __________ discrimination. a. invidious b. reverse c. benign d. civil e. criminal

a. invidious

At the heart of laws that "sheltered women from life's harsh realities", such as voting, was the notion of... a. protectionism. b. pure democracy. c. nationalism. d. deprivation. e. isolationism.

a. protectionism.

A(n) ___________ requires that a specified proportional share of some benefit go to a given group. a. quota b. goal c. equality of opportunity d. equality of outcome e. anti-discrimination law

a. quota

Homer Plessy attempted to challenge Louisiana's racial segregation policies by... a. refusing to move from a "whites-only" Louisiana train car. b. sitting in at a "whites-only" restaurant. c. refusing to sit at the back of a New Orleans streetcar. d. sitting on the ground floor of a public theater, instead of in the balcony. e. sending his daughter for treatment to a superior "whites-only" hospital.

a. refusing to move from a "whites-only" Louisiana train car.

Today, versions of protectionism are most evident in... a. state laws that are meant to deter women from having abortions even though the procedure is legal. b. laws that limit the number of hours a week women can work. c. state laws that prohibit women from working in "toxic" environments. d. laws that limit the number of pounds women can lift in their jobs. e. wage-equality laws.

a. state laws that are meant to deter women from having abortions even though the procedure is legal.

All of the following events are examples of positive steps in the difficult relationship between the U.S. government and Native Americans EXCEPT... a. the 1969 militant action in which American Indians seized Alcatraz Island. b. the 1946 establishment of an Indian claims commission by Congress. c. the 1980 Supreme Court order for the national government to pay the Sioux for the Black Hills of North Dakota. d. the special status of American Indians which allows them to institute casino gambling on tribal lands, as long as profits are used to benefit Indian assistance programs. e. the 1973 government reexamination of the treaty rights of the Oglala Sioux.

a. the 1969 militant action in which American Indians seized Alcatraz Island.

According to the text, in addition to the courts, what else has been instrumental in advancing the civil rights of African Americans? a. the legislature b. U.S. voters c. big business d. political activists e. PACs

a. the legislature

Given current demographic trends, which groups will become increasingly important in the nation's political system? a. African Americans b. Hispanics c. Native Americans d. Asians e. Whites

b. Hispanics

What is the historical timeframe of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)? a. It became law in 1923. b. It was proposed in 1923, came out of Congress in 1972, and died in 1982 just three states short of adoption. c. It came out of Congress in 1945 and, after an unprecedented action by Congress, which extended the ratification deadline, became law in 1972. d. It was proposed in 1923, but never made it out of Congress. e. It became law in 2012.

b. It was proposed in 1923, came out of Congress in 1972, and died in 1982 just three states short of adoption.

Until 1965, all of the following groups were discriminated against in U.S. immigration law EXCEPT... a. Southern and Eastern Europeans. b. Northern and Western Europeans. c. Asians. d. Africans. e. Jews.

b. Northern and Western Europeans.

Why did the women's suffrage movement aim at a constitutional amendment? a. State legislatures consistently opposed efforts to grant the right to vote to women. b. The Supreme Court ruled against efforts to apply the Fourteenth Amendment to women. c. Ordinary legislation that Congress had passed had proved ineffective. d. The experience of African Americans showed that only a constitutional amendment could quickly and effectively guarantee the right to vote. e. An amendment was perceived as the easiest path to equal rights.

b. The Supreme Court ruled against efforts to apply the Fourteenth Amendment to women.

The __________ Amendment abolished slavery. a. Fourteenth b. Thirteenth c. Eleventh d. Fifteenth e. Third

b. Thirteenth

Government efforts to expand opportunities for women, minorities, and veterans are called... a. strict scrutiny. b. affirmative action. c. No Child Left Behind. d. the New Deal. e. social services.

b. affirmative action.

Racial segregation that is not the result of government action is called __________ segregation. a. de jure b. de facto c. uncoordinated d. res mensa e. geographic

b. de facto

Federal law that _____________ was struck down by the 2013 Supreme Court decision in United States v. Windsor. a. prohibited gays and lesbians from serving in the armed forces b. denied federal benefits to same-sex couples c. protected gays and lesbians against employment discrimination d. allowed gays to take leadership roles in the Boy Scouts e. permitted housing discrimination against gays and lesbians

b. denied federal benefits to same-sex couples

In 1988, Congress exercised its lawmaking power to check the law-interpreting power of the judiciary. In response to the 1984 case, Grove City College v. Bell, they passed legislation that made it crystal clear... a. if an institution gets federal money, it can only discriminate with moneys given from private individuals. b. if any part of an institution gets federal money, no part of it can discriminate. c. poll taxes are illegal. d. civil disobedience was unconstitutional. e. discrimination in housing rental and sales is illegal

b. if any part of an institution gets federal money, no part of it can discriminate.

In the early 1900s, both Supreme Court cases and Congressional legislation was based on assumptions about the nature and role of women, which led to a series of ________ policies, which had the impact of locking women out of jobs that called for substantial overtime (and overtime pay). a. isolationist b. protectionist c. sexist d. misogynist e. residential

b. protectionist

Abigail Fisher sued the University of Texas-Austin because she argued that using _____ in university admissions violates the equal protection clause. The Supreme Court heard her case in 2012. a. gender b. race c. GPA d. wealth e. religion

b. race

Benign discrimination is based on... a. hatred. b. reason. c. differences. d. loyalty. e. partisanship.

b. reason.

Prior to the 1964 act, the civil rights laws that Congress enacted in 1957 and 1960 dealt mainly with... a. work laws. b. voting rights. c. taxation. d. education. e. property rights.

b. voting rights.

In what year did the Supreme Court extend the Constitution's equal protection guarantee by forbidding the exclusion of a potential juror on the basis of their sex or race? a. 1920 b. 2014 c. 1994 d. 1979

c. 1994

The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution are collectively known as the _____ amendments. a. Reconstruction b. suffrage c. Civil War d. prohibition e. Bill of Rights

c. Civil War

Which amendment to the Constitution guaranteed women the right to vote? a. Fifteenth Amendment in 1870 b. Eighteenth Amendment in 1918 c. Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 d. Twenty-fourth Amendment in 1964 e. Twenty-sixth Amendment in 1971

c. Nineteenth Amendment in 1920

Recent state policies designed to address voter fraud are typically criticized by Democrats as... a. ineffective. b. unnecessary. c. attempts to deny potential voters their civil rights. d. undemocratic. e. measures that decrease turnout of working professionals.

c. attempts to deny potential voters their civil rights.

If a school has all black students because only black families live in the neighborhoods that feed into the school, it is an example of _____ segregation. a. de jure b. civil c. de facto d. partisan e. Jim Crow

c. de facto

Which form of equality recognizes that real disparities exist between groups that require attention? a. formal b. general c. dynamic d. limited e. partisan

c. dynamic

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 bans... a. only governmental acts of discrimination. b. only discrimination by educational institutions. c. private and governmental acts of discrimination. d. only discrimination against women and African Americans. e. only private discrimination.

c. private and governmental acts of discrimination.

The Civil Rights Act was one part of President Johnson's plan known as... a. the "New Deal." b. "Fireside Chats." c. the "Great Society." d. "Make America Great Again." e. "Just Say No."

c. the "Great Society."

The event that served as the catalyst for the gay liberation movement in the United States was... a. the Montgomery bus boycott. b. the New York City St. Patrick's Day Parade of 1984. c. the Stonewall Riots. d. the Watts Riot. e. the Gay Pride March of 1971.

c. the Stonewall Riots.

The majority in the 2015 Obergefell v. Hodges case held that... a. gay marriage laws were the purview of the states. b. the court had gone too far in the United States v. Windsor case, usurping the power of state legislatures, who possessed the right to define marriage. c. the right to marry was fundamental, protected by the Fourteenth Amendment, and essential to liberty regardless of whether the couple was same-sex or opposite sex. d. the Defense of Marriage Ace (DOMA) was constitutional. e. parts of DOMA were unconstitutional.

c. the right to marry was fundamental, protected by the Fourteenth Amendment, and essential to liberty regardless of whether the couple was same-sex or opposite sex.

Plessy v. Ferguson, which involved segregated public accommodations, is noteworthy because it... a. upheld the principles of the Fourteenth Amendment. b. applied the national supremacy clause to such cases. c. upheld state-imposed racial segregation and endorsed the separate-but-equal doctrine. d. stated that Congress had no power to pass legislation requiring open public accommodations. e. removed the barrier that denied blacks the right to enter public accommodations.

c. upheld state-imposed racial segregation and endorsed the separate-but-equal doctrine.

In Brown v. Board of Education II, the Supreme Court ordered that public school systems must desegregate... a. "at the discretion of the local school district." b. "without further ado." c. "immediately." d. "with all deliberate speed." e. "or face closure."

d. "with all deliberate speed."

When did American Indians receive U.S. citizenship? a. They have always had it. b. 1776 c. 1848 d. 1924 e. 1969

d. 1924

While the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was proposed in 1923, it did not get through Congress until... a. 1925. b. 1945. c. 1953. d. 1972. e. 2012.

d. 1972

One recent case that illustrates the continuing legal struggles of gay and lesbians for civil rights, in which the Supreme Court did not agree with their point of view, was... a. Bush v. Louganis. b. United States v. DOMA. c. United States v. Windsor. d. Boy Scouts of America v. Dale. e. Obergefell v. Hodges.

d. Boy Scouts of America v. Dale.

The civil rights guarantee of "equal protection of the laws" is located in the... a. Civil Rights Act of 1875. b. Preamble to the Constitution. c. Declaration of Independence. d. Fourteenth Amendment. e. Sixth Amendment.

d. Fourteenth Amendment.

Which of the following is NOT a recent success of the gay and lesbian rights movement in America? a. Barack Obama became the first sitting president to say he supported same-sex marriage. b. Gays and lesbians may now serve openly in the U.S. military. c. Five openly gay members serve in the U. S. House of Representatives and one in the U. S. Senate (113th Congress). d. In 2008 California voters became the first in the nation to reject a ballot initiative that banned same-sex marriage. e. In 2003 the highest court in Massachusetts ruled that same-sex couples in that state had a state constitutional right to wed.

d. In 2008 California voters became the first in the nation to reject a ballot initiative that banned same-sex marriage.

What women's rights activist first persuaded a U. S. California senator to introduce a constitutional amendment calling for the right of women to vote? a. Elizabeth Blackwell b. Betty Friedan c. Carrie Nation d. Susan B. Anthony e. Eleanor Roosevelt

d. Susan B. Anthony

In the years after the Civil War, former slave states enacted ____________, attempting to restrict the freedoms of blacks. a. constitutional amendments b. civil rights legislation c. set-asides d. black codes e. jurisdiction laws

d. black codes

The poll tax that was first imposed in Georgia in 1877 was a way to prohibit _____ from voting. a. farmers b. suffragette women c. white men d. disenfranchised blacks e. immigrants

d. disenfranchised blacks

Title IX is an aspect of an amendment that prohibits sex discrimination in federally aided programs for... a. social security. b. healthcare. c. employee benefits. d. education. e. food stamps.

d. education.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 provided for all of the following except... a. equal access to public accommodations regardless of race, religion, or national origin. b. equal employment opportunities regardless of race. c. withholding federal grants-in-aid from state programs that discriminated on the basis of race. d. elimination of the poll tax as a requirement for voting. e. strengthened voting rights legislation.

d. elimination of the poll tax as a requirement for voting.

What was the main reason the Brown family brought a lawsuit against the Board of Education in Topeka, Kansas? a. Linda Brown was not allowed to get a drink of water out of the only drinking fountain at the school because she was not white. b. Linda Brown allowed a black student to sit next to her in the school lunchroom. c. Linda Brown boarded a bus that was for black students only. d. Linda Brown was not allowed to ride the same bus as the white children even though they all went to the same school. e. Linda Brown was refused admittance to a white-only school because she was black.

e. Linda Brown was refused admittance to a white-only school because she was black.

All of the following tactics were used by white southerners to keep blacks from voting in the years after the Civil War EXCEPT... a. poll taxes b. literacy tests c. grandfather clauses d. intimidation and violence e. black codes

e. black codes

Migration through which entire extended families established themselves in the U.S. is known as... a. familial migration. b. migration at large. c. mass migration. d. migration quotas. e. chain migration.

e. chain migration.

President Harry S. Truman issues an executive order in 1948 that ordered the dismantling of authorized racial segregation of the armed forces. This is an example of... a. the separate-but-equal doctrine. b. gerrymandering. c. racial profiling. d. disenfranchisement. e. desegregation.

e. desegregation.

The original wording of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act prohibited employment discrimination based on all of the following except... a. color. b. religion. c. national origin. d. race. e. gender.

e. gender.

De jure segregation is segregation that is.. a. regional but not national. b. local but not regional. c. pending review by an administrator. d. upheld by the courts. e. government-imposed.

e. government-imposed.

One unintended result of the immigration legislation signed by President Johnson in 1965 was "chain migration," under which... a. more persons than anticipated from Africa and Asia with specified technical skills or education applied to immigrate. b. some immigrants would reapply for residence repeatedly, making it hard to send them back to their home countries when their visas expired. c. people from certain regions of foreign countries uncovered loopholes in the law allowing many more people than expected from certain villages, for example, to immigrate. d. people repeatedly applied for immigration from different countries until they were successful, using fraudulent documentation that the U.S. immigration system was ill-prepared to evaluate. e. immigrants would petition for their relatives to come to the United States.

e. immigrants would petition for their relatives to come to the United States.

In broad terms, to discriminate means to... a. espouse hatred of one particular group. b. to treat people differently based on hostility to members of that particular group. c. to require certain groups to be second-class citizens. d. threaten the civil rights of an individual. e. make or recognize differences.

e. make or recognize differences.

Despite coming into the labor force in large numbers during the 1940s, women were paid lower wages than the men they replaced because... a. of the economic burden that most industries were facing during that time. b. of the large number of workers that entered into the workforce (supply and demand). c. corporations faced large tax burdens during the wars. d. of the Women's Working Wages legislation. e. men were expected to be the principal financial providers.

e. men were expected to be the principal financial providers.

Which of the following best describes the concept of civil rights? a. rights generally accorded all citizens b. political rights of speech and assembly c. rights extended to citizens from legislative action d. guarantees of life, liberty, and property granted to all citizens e. powers and privileges guaranteed to individuals and protected against arbitrary withdrawal by the government or individuals

e. powers and privileges guaranteed to individuals and protected against arbitrary withdrawal by the government or individuals