ch 17

The effect of parathyroid hormone is to ______ blood ______ levels.

increase, calcium

Somatostatin diffuses to and interacts only with nearby tissues. Thus, somatostatin would be classified as a(n) ______ messenger.

paracrine

How does type 1 diabetes mellitus differ from type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Type 1 diabetes mellitus results from a lack of insulin, and type 2 diabetes mellitus results from an inability to respond to insulin.

Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to ______ when it interacts with ______.

cAMP, a G-protein

The coordination of body cells to maintain homeostasis is mostly achieved by ______.

chemical messengers

True or False: The brain structure involved in both the nervous and endocrine systems is the pineal gland.

False

Hormone secretion can be described as a amplitude-modulated signal. This means that the strength of the signal and the magnitude of the response is determined by the _____ of the hormone.

concentration

Which of the following hormones use nuclear receptors? Select all that apply.

Testosterone Cortisol Thyroid hormone Estrogen

True or false: Both neurotransmitters and hormones require receptors.

True

True or false: The principal method the body uses to coordinate cellular activity and maintain homeostasis is through the secretion of chemical messengers..

True

Place the events of a lipid soluble hormone binding with a nuclear receptor in chronological order.

1. Lipid-soluble hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane. 2. Lipid-soluble hormone binds to a receptor forming a transcription factor. 3. Transcription factor binds to a hormone response element on DNA. 4. Specific mRNA is produced and then leaves the nucleus. 5. mRNA binds to ribosomes. 6. A new protein is produced.

Describe antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

A hormone released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland that promotes water retention by the kidneys

Which of the following chemical messengers is an example of a neurotransmitter?

Acetylcholine

Describe acini cells.

Acini cells are exocrine cells of the pancreas that produce digestive enzymes.

Name the two functional parts of the pituitary.

Adenohypophysis Posterior pituitary

What enzyme catalyzes the formation of cAMP?

Adenylate cyclase

Identify the pancreatic cells that secrete glucagon.

Alpha cells

Correctly pair the pituitary hormones with their correct functions.

Antidiuretic hormone = Promotes reabsorption of water from the kidney tubules and vasoconstriction TSH = Stimulates production and secretion of thyroid hormones Prolactin = Stimulates milk production Oxytocin = Stimulates secretion of milk ACTH = Increases secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex

Match each class of chemical messengers with the most accurate description.

Autocrine = Secreted into interstitial fluid; influences the same cell that secreted it Paracrine = Secreted into interstitial fluid; influences cells in close proximity to the secreting cell Neurotransmitter = Produced by neurons; influences post-synaptic cells Hormone = Secreted into the bloodstream and carried to target cells, which may be far away from secreting cell

What class of chemical messengers activates the same cell that secreted them?

Autocrines

Which of the following is an example of a tropic hormone?

TSH causing release of thyroid hormones from thyroid gland

What is the overall purpose of chemical messengers in the body?

Communication between cells

Identify the correct statements regarding nervous and endocrine system communication methods. Select all that apply.

Cells of the nervous system communicate using chemical signals Cells of the endocrine system communicate using chemical signals Cells of the nervous system communicate predominantly via electrical signals

Which of the following assist in the transport of some hormones?

Binding proteins

Water-soluble hormones tend to have a _________ onset and a ________ duration of action because of their half-lives.

Blank 1: rapid, quick, acute, fast, or faster Blank 2: short or shorter

What processes are increased when glucagon acts on the liver? Select all that apply.

Breakdown of glycogen Formation of glucose from amino acids and fats

______ glands secrete their products into ducts and the surface of the body, whereas ______ glands secrete their products into the blood.

Exocrine, endocrine

Which of the following are endocrine functions of the hypothalamus? Select all that apply.

Control of pituitary secretions Production and secretion of hormones

Correctly pair the hormones of the adrenal cortex with the correct function.

Cortisol = Increases breakdown of proteins and lipids, increases gluconeogenesis and decreases inflammation Aldosterone = Promotes sodium and water reabsorption along with excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions Androgens = Promotes development of secondary sexual characteristics in females

Which system uses chemicals released into the blood as a means of communication?

Endocrine system

Identify the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla. Select all that apply.

Epinephrine Norepinephrine

How does cortisol affect the immune system?

Decreases inflammatory response

Identify the chemical messengers that may be listed in multiple functional classes. Select all that apply.

Eicosanoids Prostaglandins Epinephrine

Which signaling systems has the longest lived effects?

Endocrine

Which of the following could result from excess GH production? Select all that apply.

Gigantism Acromegaly

When insulin acts on a target cell, what effects are seen in that cell? Select all that apply.

Glucose is converted to glycogen Increased glucose uptake

Which of the following chemical messengers is an example of a paracrine?

Histamine

Place the following second-messenger system actions in the order they occur.

Hormone receptor binding activates G-protein G protein activates adenylate cyclase Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP cAMP activates protein kinases

Which of the following statements about hormones and neurotransmitters is not true?

Hormones and neurotransmitters share the same receptor on target cells.

Define neurohormones.

Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland

Which of the following would cause a decrease in blood calcium and an increase in muscle cramping?

Hypoparathyroidism

Which brain structure is involved in both the nervous and the endocrine system?

Hypothalamus

Identify the metabolic effect of cortisol. Select all that apply.

Increase breakdown of fat Increase breakdown of protein Increase conversion of amino acids to glucose

When insulin acts on a target cell, what effects are seen in that cell? Select all that apply.

Increased glucose uptake Glucose is converted to glycogen

What effects does PTH have on the bones? Select all that apply.

Increased osteoclast activity Increased bone reabsorption

An acute secretion pattern is exemplified by which hormone(s)? Select all that apply.

Insulin Epinephrine

Which of the following chemical messengers are examples of hormones? Select all that apply.

Insulin Progesterone Estrogen

Match the hormones of the pancreas with the correct function.

Insulin = Increases cellular uptake of glucose and amino acids Glucagon = Increases breakdown of glycogen Somatostatin = Inhibits secretion of pancreatic hormones

Identify the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Select all that apply.

Luteinizing hormone Prolactin Follicle-stimulating hormone

Identify regulatory functions of the endocrine system. Select all that apply.

Metabolic rate Labor contractions Immune functions Development of tissues Water and electrolyte balance

When stimulated, which system responds more quickly?

Nervous

Depending on its mechanism of secretion and action, epinephrine can be which of the following? Select all that apply.

Neurotransmitter Hormone

What class of chemical messengers is secreted by neurons to activate or inhibit adjacent neurons, muscle cells or glands?

Neurotransmitters

Which of the following are characteristics of the pituitary gland? Select all that apply.

Secretes several major hormones Rests in the sphenoid bone Influences the secretion of other endocrine glands

Identify the hormones that use membrane-bound receptors. Select all that apply.

Parathyroid hormone FSH Insulin Growth hormone ADH

What do kinases attach to enzymes?

Phosphates

What enzyme catalyzes the breakdown of cAMP?

Phosphodiesterase

Match the pituitary hormone to its response.

Prolactin = Milk production Oxytocin = Uterine contraction LH = Ovulation GH = Increased lipid breakdown

Which of the following is a neural function of the hypothalamus?

Regulation of body temperature

Which of the following are exocrine glands? Select all that apply.

Salivary glands Sweat glands Mammary glands

An episodic secretion pattern is exemplified by which hormone(s)?

Sex hormones

Which of the following might be due to hyposecretion of thyroid hormones? Select all that apply.

Sluggishness Myxedema Low body temperature

Which of the following would be the result of hypothyroidism? Select all that apply.

Weight gain Mental retardation (neonatal)

Identify the effects due to the hypersecretion of thyroid hormones. Select all that apply.

Weight loss Extreme nervousness Elevated body temperature

Hormones that change dramatically and irregularly in concentration exemplify a(n) ______ pattern of secretion.

acute

Because hormone levels fluctuate in the blood, they are examples of ______ -modulated signals.

amplitude

The signaling system that occurs as a result of alterations in the amount of the secretion of hormones is referred to as _____________-modulated signals.

amplitude

The satiety center of the hypothalamus controls ______.

appetite

Chemical messengers that stimulate the same cell that secreted them are called

autocrine

The chemical released by a white blood cell that stimulates that same white blood cell to replicate would be classified as a(n) ______.

autocrine

The major target tissues of insulin include all of the following EXCEPT ______.

brain

A ductless gland that secretes hormones is called a(n) ______ gland.

endocrine

Chemical messengers secreted into the blood to activate cells distant from the source cell are categorized as

endocrine

Ductless glands that release their secretions into the bloodstream are ______ glands.

endocrine

The hormonal regulation of pituitary secretions is a(n) ______ function of the hypothalamus.

endocrine

When epinephrine is released into the blood and influences a distant target cell, it is functioning as a(n) ______ messenger.

endocrine

A ductless gland that secretes hormones into blood describes a(n)

endocrine gland

The study of the glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones and of the diagnosis and treatment of their disorders is called

endocrinology

Glands that secrete their products by way of a duct onto an epithelial surface such as the skin or the mucosa of the digestive tract are categorized as ______________ glands.

exocrine

Glands that secrete their products through ducts onto body surfaces or into the lumens of hollow organs are categorized as _______ glands.

exocrine

Lipid-soluble hormones are small and nonpolar; therefore, they are transported through the blood as ______ hormones.

free

Only _____ hormones can bind to receptors at the target cells.

free

Signals that do not vary in size but change in how often they occur are referred to as ______-modulated signals.

frequency

The hormone secreted by pancreatic islet cells that raises glucose concentrations in the blood is called ______.

glucagon

Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus act as ______ stimuli on the anterior pituitary gland.

hormonal

Thyroid hormone controlling its own levels by affecting its pituitary tropic hormone is an example of inhibition by ______ stimuli.

hormonal

When a hormone inhibits its tropic hormone's release from the anterior pituitary, this is an example of inhibition of hormone release by ______ stimuli.

hormonal

The specific sequence of DNA that is recognized and bound to by a hormone-nuclear receptor complex is called the ______.

hormone response element

Compounds produced in one cell or tissue that are transported in the blood and affect cells in distant locations are called ______.

hormones

Blood chemistry changes are examples of ______ stimuli, whereas sympathetic nervous system impulses are examples of ______ stimuli for hormone release.

humoral, neural

Lipid-soluble hormones are ______ in nature, therefore, they can easily cross the target cell membrane to bind to intracellular receptors.

hydrophobic

Steroid hormones and thyroid hormone are which of the following?

hydrophobic

This system consists of a network of primary capillaries in the hypothalamus, a group of small vessels that travel down the stalk, and a complex of secondary capillaries in the anterior pituitary. It is the ______ portal system.

hypothalamohypophyseal

An effect of cortisol is to ______ fat and protein breakdown, which leads to a(n) ______ in blood glucose.

increase, increase

The pancreatic hormone that stimulates cellular uptake of glucose and amino acids as well as the production of glycogen is

insulin

Hormones regulate cellular pathways when they ______.

interact with a target cell receptor

Cortisol is a lipid-soluble hormone, which means it will have a _____ half-life.

long

After consuming a large carbohydrate rich meal insulin is released by the pancreas to lower serum glucose levels. When serum glucose levels have returned to normal the secretion of insulin is inhibited. This is an example of ______.

negative feedback inhibition

The two major mechanisms for maintaining hormone levels in the blood are ______ and ______ feedback.

negative, positive

In order to elicit quick contraction of a skeletal muscle, the body would use the __________ system to coordinate this activity.

nervous

The regulation of homeostasis, such as body temperature and feeding behaviors is a(n) ______ function of the hypothalamus.

neural

Neurotransmitters are chemicals released by _____.

neurons

When epinephrine is released from a neuron into a synaptic cleft, it is functioning as a(n) ______ messenger.

neurotransmitter

The tissue of the anterior pituitary arises from the embryonic ______ while the tissues of the posterior pituitary are composed of ______.

oral cavity, neurons

A target cell is best described as a cell ______.

possessing a hormone receptor

Aldosterone is secreted when _____ levels increase or blood pressure _______.

potassium; decreases

Compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system responds more ______ but has ______ lasting effects.

quickly, shorter

Hormones with short half-lives tend to have a _____ onset and ______ duration of action.

rapid, short

Hyperglycemia ______ insulin secretion.

stimulates

A cell acted upon by a nerve fiber, hormone, or other chemical messenger is called a(n) _____ cell.

target

The first step in a second messenger system is _____.

the hormone binding to a membrane-bound receptor

TSH secretion can be controlled by ______.

thyroid hormones hypothalamic releasing hormones

TSH is released from the anterior pituitary and acts on the thyroid gland, causing it to release thyroid hormone. This pattern of action makes TSH a(n) ___________ hormone.

tropic