Ch. 17 Classification of Organisms Bio

The Linnaean System

Domain Kingdom Phylum/Division Class Order Family Genus Species ***THINK: Dumb Kings Play Chess On Fat Girls' Stomach***

John Ray

English naturalist who wrote Historia Plantarum; organized thousands of plants based on visual similarities and differences

Species names generally come from...

Latin roots, which are intended to be the same for all countries and in every language

How does the classification process used by modern taxonomists differ from that used by Linnaeus?

MT consider evolutionary history of an organism when classifying the organism; L considered mainly the organism's morphology

The oldest known fossils of cells appear to be _______

bacterial cells

domain

categories above the kingdom level

Early naturalists found that common names, such as robin or fir tree, weren't useful to identify organisms because...

common names vary from place to place and many don't accurately define a species.

Archaea

consists of prokaryotes; have distinctive cell membranes and other unique biochemical and genetic properties; some are autotrophic and are able to produce food by chemosynthesis; some produce flammable gas as waste products; many inhabit harsh environments; ex:

Conrad Gessner

Swiss naturalist who published Historia Animalium, categorizing thousands of animals into quadrupeds, birds, fish, and snakes

analogous features

features that have a similar function rather than similar lineage

Linnaeus gave an organism a species name, or scientific name, with 2 parts: the _______ followed by the _______.

genus name; species identifier

clade

group of organisms that includes an ancestor plus all of its descendants

Carl Woese

microbiologist of the University of Illinois who proposed a major revision of the system that had classified Earth's diversity into 6 kingdoms; compared rRNA sequences from many different organisms and then grouping these organisms according to their similarities

Use phylum when talking about...

non-plants

Linneaus grouped organisms according to similarities that he could...

readily see

Theophrastus

student of Aristotle who lived from 370 bce to 285 bce and recorded 500 plant types, classified into herbs, shrubs, "pre-shrubs", and trees

phyla/division

subsets below the kingdom level

phylogenetics

the analysis of the evolutionary or ancestral relationships among taxa

phylogeny

the evolutionary history of a species or taxon

systematics

the goal is to classify organisms in terms of their natural relationships

The molecular clock hypothesis suggests that...

the grater the differences between a pair of sequences, the longer ago those two sequences diverged from a common ancestor

kingdom

the largest category for Linnaeus; 2nd largest in modern day's version

Eukarya

the most familiar group of organisms; consists of eukaryotic organisms; have cells that are large and have a true nucleus and complex organelles; includes plants, animals, fungi, and a variety of single-celled organisms

If 2 species have the same banding pattern in regions of similar chromosomes...

the regions are likely to have been inherited from a single chromosome in the last common ancestor of the 2 species

taxonomy

the science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms

species

the smallest grouping, which contains only a single kind of organism

binomial nomenclature

the system of 2-part names

Advances in ________, ________, and _______ in the Middle Ages greatly expanded people's lists of observed organisms.

transportation, navigation, and exploration

subspecies

variations of a species that live in different geographic areas

The definition for Protista is troubling because it defines organisms based on...

what they aren't rather than what they are

protists

members of the kingdom Protista

3 of the most important insights about the relationships between major groups

1. all organisms are related by one ancient organism 2. Living things are related by ancestry to 1 of 3 domains 3. Archaea was separated from Bacteria, due to major differences

the 3 types of evidence systematics use to hypothesize about phylogenetics

1. they compare the visible similarities among currently living species or fossils from extinct organisms 2. comparing patterns of embryonic development and the ways in which the embryos of different species express similar genes 3. comparing similar chromosomes and macromolecules

The three domains

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

Cladist taxonomists have grouped crocodiles and birds together in a clade named _______

Archosauria

_______ classified organisms into only 2 taxa.

Aristotle

Explain how Earth's biodiversity relates to classification.

Biological classification is a way of organizing the variety of organism on Earth into meaningful groups

How were the classification systems of Aristotle and Linnaeus similar and different?

Both divided all living things into 2 main groups, plants and animals, but Aristotle's system had 3 sublevels each for animals and plants, whereas Linnaeus' system had 6 sublevels. Aristotle also divided animals on the basis of habitat and plants on the basis of stem differences, whereas Linneaus divided all organisms on the basis of morphology. Aristotle used common names, whereas Linnaeus used binomial nomenclature

Willi Hennig

German biologist that developed cladistics

Aristotle

Greek philosopher who observed and recorded nature in a scholarly way

What criteria did Linnaeus use to classify organisms?

He used an organism's form and structure as the basis for classification

The species name for humans is

Homo sapiens

molecular clock

a tool for estimating the sequence of past evolutionary events

How do researchers catalog insect species?

Researchers may fog the treetops with insecticide and then catch the falling insects in a net. They then will count and classify the insects.

C. J. Temminck

a 19th-century Dutch naturalist who first collected a specimen of the pangolin' species; the identifier for the pangolin's species, temminckii, commemortes him

Carlous Linnaeus

a Swedish naturalist who devised a system of grouping organisms into hierarchical categories according to their form and structure----morphology

biodiversity

a branch of biology that considers a variety of organisms at all levels from populations to ecosystems

Cladists assume that organisms that share one or more derived characters probably inherited those characters from _______

a common ancestor

shared character

a feature that all members of a group have in common

derived character

a feature that evolved only within the group under consideration

Chromosomes can be stained to reveal...

a pattern of bands

genus

a smaller grouping, under family

family

a smaller grouping, under order

What is the pangolin?

a species that is covered with scales and catches ants with its sticky tongue

cladistics

a system of phylogenetic analysis that uses shared and derived characters as the only criteria for grouping taxa

A subspecies name goes where in the scientific name?

after the species identifier

Archaebacteria

aligns with the domain Archaea; "ancient bacteria"

a fluid filled sac called a(n) _______ surrounds the embryos of reptiles, birds, and mammals

amnion

last universal common ancestor

an ancient organism or form of life from which all organisms inherited their rRNA genes

Terry Erwin

an ecologist who has been working to catalog insect species in plots of tropical rain forest

out-group

an organism that is only distantly related to the other organisms; a starting point for comparisons with the other organisms being evaluated

phylogenetic tree

another name for a phylogenetic diagram

taxon

any particular group within a taxonomic system

Archaea are so different from bacteria that many biologists now prefer to use only the name _______ for Archaebacteria

archaea

Aristotle grouped plants based on what?

differences in stem

orders

each class contains these

classes

each phylum consists of these

Modern biologists consider not only visible similarities but also similarities in...

embryos, chromosomes, proteins, and DNA

the theory of endosymbiosis

eukaryotic cells arose when ancient prokaryotic cells began to live together as one cell

The fossil record may lack...

evidence about many kinds of organisms, especially small and soft-bodied organisms

Phylogenetic diagrams may change whenever new discoveries and investigators cause scientists to revise their _______

hypothesis

The species name is written how?

in italics/underlined with the genus name capitlaized

homologous features

items that share a common ancestry

Fungi

kingdom of eukaryotes; consists of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that are unicellular or multicellular, and that gain nutrients in a unique way; absorb rather than ingest nutrients

Plantae

kingdom of eukaryotes; consists of eukaryotic, multicelluar plants; except for a few parasitic species, most are autotrophic, use photosynthesis as a source of energy, and develop from embryos; most live on land

Animalia

kingdom of eukaryotes; eukaryotic, multicellular, and hetertrophic organisms that develop from embryos; most have symmetrical body organization and move around their environment to find and capture food

Eubacteria

kingdom that aligns with the domain bacteria; "true bacteria"

Aristotle grouped animals according to whether they lived on _______, in _______, or in _______.

land; water; air

phylogenetic diagram

looks like a family tree and has a branching pattern that indicates how closely related a subset of taxa are thought to be

Bacteria

made up of small, single-celled prokaryotic organism that reproduce by cellular fission; each has a cell wall, plasma membrane, a cytoplasm that lacks complex organelles, and at least one circular chromosome; don't have membrane-bound DNA and thus lacks a true nucleus; ex:

domains

major lineages

On a molecular cladogram, branch lengths are proportional to the...

number of amino acid changes

Protista

one of the 4 kingdoms of eukaryotes; those eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi

amniotes

organisms having an amnion

prokaryotes

organisms whose cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells and have neither a nucleus nor membrane-enclosed organelles

eukaryotes

organisms whose cells posses a membrane-enclosed nucleus and many other cell organelles

Why don't biologists classify the pangolin with other mammals that use sticky tongues to eat ants?

pangolins share more similarities with dogs and cats than with the other ant-eating mammal species

Why don't biologists classify the pangolin with other scaly animals, such as lizards and crocodiles?

pangolins share more similarities with mammals such as dogs and cats than with lizards or crocodiles

cladograms

phylogenetic diagrams cladists create

Systematic taxonomists agree that an organism's classification should reflect _______

phylogeny

Use division when talking about...

plants

Into what 2 taxa did Aristotle classify organisms?

plants and animals