CH 18

characteristic of Hinduism

-Sikhs accept reincarnation -Early on, Sikhs embraced pacificism

Renaissance

A growing fascination and re-engagement with ancient Greek and Roman wisdom, literature, philosophy, history, and art that began in the 1300s and accelerated in the 1400s.

Protestant Reformation

A movement led most forcefully by Martin Luther that challenged the authority of the Catholic Church to reform its corrupt practices. It led to political, cultural, and social ruptures that transformed Europe.

Scientific Revolution

A transformation in systematic observation and experimentation that sought to find the true essence of things through careful study.

Because the Scientific Revolution's ideas challenged and defied so much of traditional religious beliefs and the Church's institutional authority, it would be safe to describe it as anti-religion.

F

Elites and rulers committed to existing beliefs or philosophies usually embraced the new religious and intellectual movements between 1500 and 1750.

F

One result of the competition between Catholics and Protestants in Europe was that it fueled a witch-hunting craze. An accusation of witchcraft and an execution were likely to happen in areas where either Catholic or Protestant leaders had won the allegiance of most inhabitants.

F

What evidence supports the claim that the invention of the Johannes Gutenberg's printing press was revolutionary?

Incorrect Answer(s) The most popular printed items for sale included religious texts such as the Bible and catechisms.

What about Japan allowed Christianity to spread more widely there than in China?

Japan's political divisions kept any single powerful entity from banning them from the country.

What is the foundational idea under both these perspectives?

Spiritual and intellectual achievement is not the exclusive right or ability of only the most educated, powerful, or important. Instead, it was open to anyone.

Two factors in Europe during the 1500s that were behind the Scientific Revolution include political fragmentation throughout Europe and the fact that there wasn't an authoritative body of learning and wisdom that would stand in the way of new ideas.

T

oceanic voyaging and quickening of commerce

Ideas and information moved farther and faster than ever before.oceanic voyaging and quickening of commerce

political authorities

This group believed Luther's ideas on their own terms, but they also turned to Protestantism because they thought it might boost their standing or allow them to seize property belonging to the Church.

village peasants

This group embraced Luther's emphasis on the primacy of God's law, which they took as justification for revolting against taxes and laws of local princes and the church.

literate urbanites

This group would have had better access to Luther's ideas and the ability to read them.

development of the Gutenberg printing press

This lowered the cost of information, improved its accuracy, sped up its flow, and made controlling ideas much harder.

Fill in the blanks to complete the following passage about the permanence of the Scientific Revolution.

institutionalization--academies--journals

From the late Song through the Ming dynasties, the intellectual elite in China embraced a coherent ideology we call---. It relied on the wisdom of Confucius and Mencius, but it also included a major emphasis on----and disciplined study in the pursuit of an ethical and upright life. Wang Yangming, a neo-Confucian himself, disrupted that ideology by arguing that true knowledge could only come from---, which left a lasting influence on China's intellectual traditions.

non-confucianism----self-cultivation--experience

While reactionary movements may have taken place here, they tended to be ineffective.

regions with a lot of political or religious divisions and no clear central leader

most welcoming of new ideas and diverse religions

regions with rulers who were the most secure

least welcoming of new ideas and often organized clampdowns or persecutions in response

regions with successors who were less secure

While the Reformation and Renaissance disrupted Europe's social and cultural atmosphere, the-----had much larger consequences over the long term. It was a movement rooted in systematic-----and experimentation that rested on two guiding principles. First, there was more to know in the world than just what scriptures and ancient texts contained. For example, those sources say nothing about manatees or the many insects and plants found in the Americas, but those were worth understanding. Second, those participating in the movement embraced------and a quantitative culture. Galileo once remarked that the book of nature was written in mathematical language.

scientific revolution-observation-mathematics

japan

-Christian missionaries targeted the daimyo, the land-owning elites with the most power. -Missionaries here doubled as importers of exotic goods, giving them an added reason to interact with those they hoped to convert.

china

-Missionaries here used map making or cannon casting skills to gain an audience with influential leaders. -Jesuit missionaries focused their efforts on the educated elite, who were already devoted to a strong philosophical-religious tradition.

Place the following events in order to demonstrate how the Safavids enabled Shi'a Islam to triumph in Iran.

-The leaders of the Safavis embraced Shi'a Islam. -Ismail established the Safavid dynasty in northwest Iran and took over the rest of Iran and some of Iraq. -Tahmasp enforced Shi'ism by closing institutions that didn't reflect Shi'a values and required men to keep their beards. -Safavids established a religiously uniform and politically secure theocracy by even exiling or executing Muslims and others who resisted the religious program.

Correct label: Humanism

A belief that human matters were worthy of careful study and the basis for artistic and literary expression.

rejection of caste

All moral codes apply equally to everyone regardless of social status

English physician William Harvey famously developed the principle of the circulation of the blood, a new concept in the seventeenth century. Which aspects of his contribution to the field of medicine reflect changes happening to most other fields of science in the same period?

Correct Answer(s) - He built on the theories of thirteenth-century Egyptian medical expert Ibn al-Nafis, showing the connection between Islamic and Christian worlds. -Harvey published his book on the circulation of the blood, which included detailed diagrams of his observations of heart pumping blood through arteries into capillaries and from veins back to the heart. - To understand the subtleties of human anatomy, Harvey performed dissections on human cadavers and live animals.

What are some conclusions we can make about women in the age of intellectual upheaval during the 1600s and 1700s based on the experiences of women such as Martine Berterau, Eva Ekeblad, or Elena Cornaro?

Correct Answer(s) - While Berterau, Cornaro, and Ekeblad all experienced pushback for venturing into intellectual circles dominated by men, they nevertheless made important contributions to science and the production of knowledge. -These women were from the most elite segments of society, making it easier for them to gain access to education and influence.

How did the Renaissance disrupt European society and culture?

Correct Answer(s) -It disrupted prevailing European thought by focusing on human affairs and achievements. -Renaissance thinkers used their knowledge to challenge existing structures of authority.

This Japanese illustration from around the turn of the seventeenth century features the newly unified country's reaction to Christianity and other outside influences. Taken as primary source evidence, which of the following conclusions can be supported by this image?

Correct Answer(s) -Mulla Sadra, a Sufi and Shi'a theologian, shaped a new theology that reconciled the emotional and personal elements of Sufism with writings of early Muslim thinkers like Ibn Sina. -State power drove the reorientation, and it was led by one of the most effective Safavid rulers. -Shi'a theologians, encouraged by Abbas, established a new religious orthodoxy.

How was the Catholic Church able to check the spread of Protestantism after 1550?

Correct Answer(s) -Protestant infighting and disunity made it easier for the Pope's armies and his allies to beat them in battle. -The Catholic Church carried its beliefs and traditions across the world to places like the Americas, Africa, India, China, and Japan. The Catholic Church turned inward and addressed some of the problems that caused the Protestant Reformation.

From 1500 to 1750, converging human webs of interaction produced a period of cultural upheaval led by religious and intellectual movements. Which of the following events contributed to this swirl of activity throughout the Old World web?

Correct Answer(s) -The emergence of Safavid Iran allowed Shi'a Islam to triumph. -Cultural upheaval led to several reactionary movements such as witch burning, the Catholic -Counter-Reformation, and the purge of foreign influences in Japan. -The discovery and spread of new information challenged long-held assumptions in religious and philosophical traditions.

The intellectual and religious turbulence that gripped Eurasia between 1500 and 1750 had local causes, but it also had much larger causes connected to the evolution of a Global web as well. Which of the following were some of those larger causes?

Correct Answer(s) -The flow of ideas and information got faster. -New information from the Americas, from outer space, or even from behind a microscope often clashed with old systems of thought.

What made chemistry central to the Scientific Revolution?

Correct Answer(s) -The most important outcome of Paracelsus's many experiments was his contribution to establishing a scientific methodology of experimentation. -Experiments with alchemy, the attempt to transform worthless metals into gold, drove experimentation and theory in chemistry.

In the early 1500s, a Chinese philosopher named Wang Yangming challenged the reigning ideology in China. How did Wang disrupt China's Confucian tradition?

Correct Answer(s) -Wang's ideas were especially revolutionary for aspiring individuals of humble origins since, in -Wang's thinking, anyone had innate knowledge and could achieve moral perfection. -He rejected the idea that knowledge was only attainable through focused study. -He argued that true wisdom and understanding could only be reached through action and experience.

Based on your knowledge of the Safavid dynasty and your analysis of this text, what messages is Ismail attempting to convey with this declaration?

Correct Answer(s) He is a direct descendent of Muhammad. He is the rightful leader of all Muslims. He is the greatest conqueror of his era.

In what ways was the intellectual upheaval from 1500 to 1750 uneven across Eurasia?

Correct Answer(s) It affected Europe more than anywhere else in Eurasia. Cities experienced greater effects and experienced them sooner than the countryside. The intellectual upheaval affected the elite the most.

What factors led to the rise of Sikhism in India?

Correct Answer(s) the rise of Sufism in Iran Nanak's vision and ability to attract followers the emergence of the singh, a class of warriors that could protect Sikhs from outside attack

Following Nanak's vision from God at the age of 27, he shared a message about a new religion: "There is no Muslim, there is no Hindu." What did he mean?

Correct choiceThat Islam and Hinduism were essentially two different expressions of the same ultimate idea rather than completely different religions.

Martine Berterau

French aristocrat; published book on mining engineering; charged with witchcraft

Analyze the following verses and select the answer choice that best captures Kabir's main point.

Kabir believed that external rituals of Hinduism and Islam, such as fasting, praying, and bathing, were not essential for genuine worship in and of themselves.

If Korea had already developed moveable metal type around the time that Gutenberg did, why didn't Korea experience the same kind of revolution in reading, publishing, and the flow of information that Europe did?

Literacy rates were far lower in Korea and some elites resisted the 24-letter alphabet on which their moveable metal type was based.

gender equality

Men and women are equal before God.

Fill in the blanks to complete the following passage about the origins of one of the most important intellectual shifts in the Islamic world between 1450 and 1700.

Sgi'ism---sunni--sufism--safavis

accessibility

The language of religious texts was Punjabi, understandable to most literate people in Nanak's region of India.

invention of telescopes and microscopes

These new tools brought new and disruptive information that challenged traditional beliefs and assumptions.

Correct label: faster urbanization

This aided widespread intellectual growth by bringing more people together and creating the environment for exchanges.

diversity

Trade in the Indian Ocean world had exposed urbanites and merchants to a variety of religions, and Sikhism reflected that.

Elena Cornaro

Venetian noblewoman; earned a PhD in 1678; University of Padua promptly responded by barring any woman from seeking a degree in the future