Ch 2

What is a small embedded line graph that illustrates a single trend and is often used in reports, presentations, dashboards and scoreboards and do not include axes or labels?

a sparkline

What encompasses all organizational information, and its primary purpose is to support the performing of managerial analysis or semi-structured decisions?

analytical information

What are the managerial support systems?

analytical information, online analytical processing, decision support system

What are managerial decision making challenges ?

analyze large amounts of info, apply sophisticated analysis techniques, make decisions quickly

The goal of classification is to create a set of rules that?

answer a question, make a decision or predict behavior

What stimulates human intelligence such as the ability to reason and learn?

artificial intelligence (AI)

What represents the current state of the operation that has been mapped, without any specific improvements or changes to existing processes?

as-is process model

What finds interesting relationships between variables and is also known as market basket analysis?

association rule mining

What is the viewing of the physical world with computer-generated layers of information added to it?

augmented reality

What is the process of computerizing manual tasks?

automation

What are examples of artificial intelligence?

automation, complex analytics, fraud detection, resource scheduling

What are the baseline values the information systems seek to attain?

benchmark

What is a process of continuously measuring system results, comparing those results to optimal system performance and identifying steps and procedures to improve system performance?

benchmarking

What occurs when resources reach full capacity and cannot handle any additional demands?

bottleneck

What attempts to understand and measure the current process and make performance improvements accordingly?

business process improvement

What is a graphic description of a process, showing the sequence of process tasks, which is developed for a specific model?

business process model

What is a graphical notation that depicts the steps in a business and provides businesses with a graphical view of the end-to-end flow of their business processes?

business process model and notation (BPMN_

What is the activity of creating a detailed flow chart or process map of a work process showing its inputs, tasks and activities in a structured sequence?

business process modeling (or mapping)

What is the analysis and redesign of workflow with and between enterprises?

business process reengineering (BPR)

What are the 6 steps in the business process model?

business understanding, data understanding, data preparation, data modeling, evaluation and deployment

What is invisible to the external customer but essential to the effective management of the business?

busing facing process

What do models help managers do?

calculate risks, understand uncertainty, change variables, manipulate time to make decisions

What is a method whereby new problems are solved based on the solutions from similar cases solved in the past?

case-based reasoning

What type of roles deal with operational decision making and problem solving?

cashier, customer service representative, inventory stocker, janitor

What assigns records to one of a predefined set of classes?

classification

What is the most frequently used data mining method?

classification

The job of the _________ is to discover how that set of attributes reaches its conclusion

classification algorithm

What is used for automatic identification of natural groupings of things and is also known as segmentation?

cluster analytics

What segments a heterogeneous population of records into several more homogeneous subgroups?

clustering

What involves the aggregation of information and features simple roll ups to complex groupings of interrelated information?

consolidation

Most EISs offer which capabilities?

consolidation, drill-down, slice and dice, pivot

What are some examples of critical success factors?

create high quality products, retain competitive advantages, reduce product costs, increase customer satisfaction, hire and retain the best professionals

How do decision making information systems help people analyze large amounts of information?

creates a dramatic increase in the alternatives and dimensions people need to consider when deciding or appraising an opportunity

What are the crucial steps companies make to perform to achieve their goals and objectives and implement strategies ?

critical success factors (CSFs)

What results in a product or service that is received by an organizations external costumer?

customer facing process

What element of data mining is the foundation for data-directed decision making?

data

What occurs when adding additional training examples by transforming existing examples?

data augmentation

What is the process of analyzing data to extract information not offered by the raw data alone?

data mining

What is the process of collecting statistics and information about data in an existing source?

data profiling

What are data mining analysis techniques?

data profiling, data replication, recommendation engine, classification, estimation, affinity grouping and clustering

What is the process of sharing information to ensure consistency between multiple data sources?

data replication

What are the three elements of data mining?

data, discovery, deployment

What decision making MIS system models information to support managers and business professionals during the decision-making process?

decision support system (DSS)

What is the process that employs specialized algorithms to model and study complex datasets and is also used to establish relationships among data and datasets?

deep learning

What element of data mining is the process of implementing discoveries to drive success?

deployment

Which characteristic of EIS provides visual displays of important information that is consolidated and arranged on a single screen so that information can be digested at a single glance and easily drilled in and further explored?

digital dashboard

What is the automation of existing manual and paper-based processes and workflows to a digital format?

digitization

What element of data mining is the process of identifying new patterns, trends and insights?

discovery

Most cluster analysis methods involve the use of a ______ to calculate the closeness between pairs of items

distance measure

What enables users to get details, and details of details, of information?

drill-down

What measures the impact MIS has on business processes and activities, including the customer satisfaction and customer conversation rates and focuses on how well a firm is achieving its goals?

effectiveness MIS metrics

What measures the performance of MIS itself, such as throughput, transaction speed and system availability and focuses on doing things right ?

efficiency MIS metrics

How do decision making information help people make decisions quickly?

eliminates people having to sift through information manually

What are the different types of operational decision making?

employee type, focus, time frame, decision types, MIS type, metrics

What is operational decision making?

employees develop, control and maintain core business activities required to run the day-to-day operations

What determines values for an unknown continuous variable behavior or estimated future value, ex: regression, moving average?

estimation

What decision making MIS system uses a specialized DSS that supports senior level executives within the organization?

executive information system (EIS)

What are computerized advisory programs that imitate the reasoning processes of experts in solving difficult problems?

expert systems

What are the different branches of artificial intelligence?

expert systems, genetic algorithm, case-based reasoning and mutation

What is a mathematical method of handling imprecise or subjective information?

fuzzy logic

What is an artificial intelligent system that mics the evolutionary, survival of the fittest process to generate increasingly better solutions to a problem?

genetic algorithm

What quantitative model of DSS finds the inputs necessary to achieve a goal such as a desired level of output?

goal seeking analysis

What is a wearable computer with an optical head-mounted display?

google glass

Which characteristic of EIS shows the level of detail in presentation and uses roll up/drill down capabilities?

granularity

What are characteristics of EIS systems?

granularity, visualization, digital dashboard

What uses technology allowing humans to interact with a computer through bodily sensations and movements?

haptic interface

What are the quantifiable metrics a company uses to evaluate progress toward critical success factors?

key performance indicators (KPIs)

What is a type of artificial intelligence that enables computers to both understand concepts in the environment and also to learn?

machine learning

What is the ability of a computer to "see" by digitizing an image, processing the data it contains, and taking some kind of action?

machine vision

What is the extent to which a machine can differentiate between objects and in general the better the resolution, the more confined the field of vision is?

machine vision resolution

What is the ability of a machine to see in dim lights or to detect weak impulses at invisible wavelengths ?

machine vision sensitivity

What type of decision making is where employees evaluate company operations to identify, adapt to and leverage change?

managerial decision making

The DSS summarizes and aggregates the information from the many different TPS systems which assists?

managers in making informed decisions

What is an external KPI?

market share

What is the portion of the market that a firm captures (external)?

market share

What occurs when there is a problem with the data collected that skews the data in one direction?

measurement bias

What are the measurements that evaluate results to determine whether a project is meeting its goals?

metrics

What is a simplified representation or abstraction of reality?

model

What is the process within a genetic algorithm of randomly trying combinations and evaluating the success (or failure) of the outcome?

mutation

What attempts to emulate the way the human brain works?

neural network

What is the manipulation of information to create business intelligence in support of strategic decision making?

online analytical processing

What is the capturing of transaction and event information using technology to process, store and update?

online transaction processing (OLTP)

What is static, routine, daily business processes such as stocking inventory, checking out customers, or daily opening and closing processes?

operational business processes

What makes analytics part of a business process by incorporating analytics right into the business process you can ensure that the company is gathering constant data on the business process allowing it to automatically monitor and measure how the business process is performing?

operationalized analytics

What quantitative model of DSS uses an extension of goal-seeking analysis, finds the optimum value for a target variable by repeatedly changing other variables, subject to specified constraints?

optimization analysis

Prediction modeling techniques include?

optimization modeling, forecasting modeling, regression modeling

What occurs when a machine learning model matches the training data so closely that the model fails to make correct predictions on new data?

overfitting

What are different types of visualizations?

pie chart, bar chart, histogram, sparkline, time series chart

What rotates data to display alternative presentations of the data?

pivot

What is a statement about what will happen or might happen in the future, for example, predicting future sales or employee turnover?

prediction

What occurs as a result of training data that is influenced by cultural or other stereotypes?

prejudice bias

What is a temporary activity of a company undertakes to create a unique product, service or result?

project

What indicates the earning power of a project?

return on investment (ROI)

What quantitative model of DSS uses the study of the impact that changes in one (or more) parts of the model have on other parts of the model?

sensitivity analysis

What are examples of structured decision making?

situations where established processes offer potential solutions

What looks at information from different perspectives?

slice-and-dice

What is the original transaction record?

source document

What type of decision making involves managers developing overall strategies, goals and objectives?

strategic decision making

What improves business process efficiencies by simplifying or eliminating unnecessary steps?

streamlining

The field of artificial intelligence that works toward providing brain like powers to AI machines is?

strong artificial intelligence

What are the two decision processes?

structured and unstructured

What decision process is one for which there is an understood and accepted method for making the decision?

structured decision process

How do decision making information help people apply sophisticated analysis techniques, such as modeling and forecasting to make good decisions?

substantially reduce the time required to perform these sophisticated analysis techniques

What are the different types of machine learning?

supervised machine learning, unsupervised machine learning, transfer machine learning

What is a graphical representation showing change of a variable over time and are used for data that changes continuously such as stock prices?

time series chart

What shows the results of applying change improvement opportunities to the current (as-is) process model?

to-be process model

What decision making MIS system uses a basic business system that serves the operational level and assists in making structured decisions?

transaction processing system (TPs)

What are the types of decision-making MIS systems?

transaction processing system (TPs), decision support systems (DSS), executive information system (EIS)

What is a basic business system that serves the operational level and assists in making structured decisions with common processes that create, read, update and delete?

transaction processing systems (TPs)

What are some examples of key performance indicators (KPIs)?

turnover rates of employees, number of product returns, number of new customers, average customer spending

What occurs when a machine learning model has poor predictive abilities because it did not learn the complexity in the training data?

underfitting

What decision process is one for which there is no agreed on decision making process?

unstructured decision process

What type of decision making occurs in situations in which no procedures or rules exist to guide decision makers toward the correct choice?

unstructured decisions

What is a mathematical property of an algorithm and is the only bias not associated with the input or training data?

variance bias

What is a computer-stimulated environment that can be a simulation of the real world or an imaginary world?

virtual reality

What is a work environment that is not located in any one physical space?

virtual workplace

Which characteristic of EIS uses graphical displays to easily monitor key performance indicators?

visualization

Machines that can still make their own decisions based on reasoning and past sets of data is an example of?

weak artificial intelligence

Most of the AI systems on the market today are?

weak artificial intelligence

What quantitative model of DSS checks the impact of a change in an assumption on the proposed solution?

what if analysis

What are the 4 quantitative models used by DSSs?

what if analysis, sensitivity analysis, goal-seeking analysis, optimization analysis

What includes the tasks, activities and responsibilities required to execute each step in a business process?

workflow

What monitors processes to ensure tasks, activities, and responsibilities are executed as specified?

workflow control systems

The TPS supplies transaction-based date to the _____

DSS

What determines which things go together, ex: market basket analysis?

affinity grouping

What is a data mining algorithm that analyzes a customers purchases and actions on a website and then uses the data to recommend complementary products?

recommendation engine

What occurs when a task or activity is unnecessarily repeated ?

redundancy

What type of roles deal with managerial decision making and problem solving?

regional district manager, store manager

What is the training of machine learning models to make a sequence of decisions?

reinforcement learning

What is an internal KPI?

return on investment (ROI)

What is the use of software with artificial intelligence and machine learning capabilities to handle high-volume, repeatable tasks that previously require a human to perform?

robotic process automation

What occurs when using incorrect training data to train the machine?

sample bias

What are the four types of bias in machines learning?

sample bias, prejudice bias, measurement bias, variance bias

What type of decision making occurs in situations in which a few established processes help to evaluate potential solutions, but not enough to lead to a definite recommended decision?

semistructured decisions

What are the 6 steps in the decision making process of information systems?

1. problem identification, 2. data collection, 3.solution generation 4. solution test 5.solution selection 6. solution implementation

Getting a well formed data set account for _____ of total project time

60-80%

What type of roles deal with strategic decision making and problem solving?

CIO, CFO, CEO