CH 2 Anatomy & Physiology

How many cells are in the human body? (P.N.)

- Trillions

How many bone does the face consist of? which include what two things?

-14 bones -including the maxilla (upper jaw) and mandible (lower jaw).

How many bone does the human head contain? What two groups is it divided into?

-22 bones -cranium and facial bones

The human body has over _____ muscles, which are responsible for approximately ____ percent of the body's weight. Out of the over ____ muscles, ____ are facial muscles.

-630 -40% -630 -30

Why should estheticians study and have a thorough understanding of anatomy & physiology ?

-Estheticians need to understand how the human body functions as an integrated whole. Body systems are interdependent on each other and if one system is not functioning optimally, it affects the entire body and can be evident on the skin. -As a service provider, you must be able to recognize skin changes from earlier visits, and you may need to change a treatment plan or refer the client to a medical provider for evaluation. -Estheticians must understand the effect that services will have on tis-sues, organs, and body systems. -Recommendations for treatment plans and protocols for a client are based on the decisions made during a skin analysis and consultation and review of the client intake form. -Understanding the complexity of the human body and how body systems are interrelated will help you take the information into consideration when advising a treatment plan, recommending skin care products, or performing a service.

What are the primary functions of the skeletal system?

-Give shape and support to the body -Protect various internal structures and organs - Serve as attachments for muscles and act as levers to produce body movement -Help produce both white and red blood cells (one of the functions of bone marrow) -Store most of the body's calcium supply as well as phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium.

What are the cells of all living things composed of ?

-Protoplasm

What does the web give the bone? What does fiber give the bone?

-The web gives the bone strength -the fibers give the bone flexibility.

The blood returning to the heart from the head, face, and neck flows on each side of the neck in two principal veins These veins run parallel to the carotid arteries.

-internal jugular vein -external jugular vein

As an esthetician, why is an understanding of the skeletal system important?

-it is important when you are performing makeup applications. -Additionally, to understand how to protect your own body by using proper body mechanics when you work.

What are some other additions that most cells include? (P.N.)

-nucleus -organelles -cell membrane

how can you visualize the protoplasm of a cell?

-similar to the clear gel of a raw egg.

In what ways do cells vary? (P.N.)

-size -shape -purpose

What does adipose tissue do, what main tissue is is apart of?

-stores energy and gives smoothness and contour to the body. -it is apart of connective tissue

What will Clients' response to treatment and response to the active ingredients in skin care products be influenced by ?

-the efficiency and speed of their metabolism.

There are three types of muscle tissue, name and explain each

1.Skeletal, or voluntary muscles contract with conscious thought. 2.Smooth, or involuntary muscles are not under conscious control. 3.Cardiac muscles are specific to heart function and are not under conscious control.

How many bones does the adult skeleton have that form a rigid framework to which the softer tissues and organs of the body are encased and acts as anchor points for muscles and ligaments to provide support for movement?

206

Why is the digestive system important to an esthetician?

A thorough knowledge of the processes of the digestive system helps the esthetician perform better be-cause what we eat affects the condition of the skin. An unbalanced diet leaves cells without the nutrients they need to function well. For example, the thyroid gland requires a dietary intake of iodine to function properly. Our bodies do not make iodine and rely on a diet with iodine-rich foods.

muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, away from the midline of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, abduction separates the fingers

Abduction

of the digested food into the circulatory systems for transportation to the tissues and cells

Absorption

muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, inward toward the median axis of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, adduction draws the fingers together.

Adduction

How Is This Important to an esthetician?

An esthetician will need familiarity with muscles for a number of reasons. Esthetic massage involves manipulating the muscles of the face, neck, shoulders, arms, and hands. Many treatments using electrical modalities involve an understand-ing of the muscle's movements in order to achieve the desired result.

is the study of the structures of the human body and the substances these structures are made of. It is the science of the interconnected detail of organisms, or of their parts.

Anatomy

thick-walled, muscular, flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the arterioles. The largest artery in the body is the aorta

Arteries

are groups of organs acting together for one or more functions.

Body Systems

the seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column located in the neck region

Cervical vertebrae

Function: Controls the steady delivery of the blood through the body; works with the lymphatic channels Organs: Heart with blood vessels Importance: Health of the circulatory system affects skin tissue health; circulatory issues are often contra-indications and precautions to treatments; when performing body wraps, for example, under-standing which direction to wrap is essential for a good outcome, or an adverse event can occur

Circulatory System

also known as collarbone ,the bone that joins the sternum and scapula

Clavicle

-supports, protects, and binds together other tissues of the body. -Ex: bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, fascia (which separates muscles), blood, and fat, which is also called adipose tissue -Collagen and elastin are protein fibers, and also a part of this tissue

Connective tissue

Function: Breaks down food into smaller and smaller particles to absorb nutrients or for excretion Organs: Esophagus, stomach, gall bladder, liver, small and large intestines Importance: Good nutrition allows optimum functioning of all body systems

Digestive System

are chemicals that break down food into a form that can be used by the body.

Digestive enzymes

Function:Affects growth, development, sexual activities, and normal regulatory process-es of the body; consists of specialized glands Organs: Adrenal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas Importance: Hormones excreted by the endocrine system have a significant effect on the skin, and an understanding of that functioning will help when recognizing the need to refer a client for a medical evaluation; acne breakouts, hair growth, and skin oiliness or dryness are a few

Endocrine System

is a protective lining on cavities of the body and surfaces of organs. Examples are skin, mucous membranes, the lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs, and the glands.

Epithelial tissue

Function: Refers to elimination of waste matter Organs: Kidneys, bladder Importance: Functions to eliminate toxic substances that can affect other body system functions

Excretory System

These conditions include an adequate supply of nutrients, oxygen, and water; suitable temperatures; and the ability to eliminate waste products.

Favorable conditions

How Is the respiratory system Important to an esthetician?

Healthy skin needs oxygen. A strong respiratory system will help keep the skin oxygenated for maximum benefits. Skin that is poorly oxygenated will be sallow and gray. It will take longer to respond to treatments or may not respond at all.

also known as microscopic anatomy, is the study of the structure and composition of tissue.

Histology

such as insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen stimulate functional activity or secretion in other parts of the body.

Hormones

a U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscles

Hyoid bone

Function: Protects the body from disease by developing resistances and destroying disease-causing toxins, foreign material, and bacteria Organs: Spleen, lymph Importance: Many treatments require action from the lymphatic system, including performing lymphatic massage

Immune/Lymphatic System

Function: Largest organ of the body, first line of defense against infection and water loss; regulates temperature, perceives sensation, produces vitamin D; and has absorption capabilities Organs: Skin and accessory organs such as oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails Importance: As skin is the largest organ in the body, learning its functions and the work of the accessory organs is a critical component in a skin care therapist's success

Integumentary System

is a muscle associated with smiling.

Levator anguli oris

is a muscle associated with lifting the wings of the nose and upper lip. It is sometimes called the quadratus labii superioris

Levator labii superioris

is a liquid composed of changing components in the interstitial fluid as the fluid is circulating throughout the body, dispersing white blood cells and cell nutrients, such as sugars, fats, and salts, as well as absorbing toxins and waste.

Lymph

The esthetician needs to know the location of these muscles when performing facial massage and electrical modality treatments.

Masseter Temporalis

-is a chemical process that takes place in living organisms. -converts nutrients to energy so the cell can function. -also eliminates waste. -These functions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, respond to their environments, and maintain their structures.

Metabolism

-take in nutrients, break them down, and create energy for the cell -work to keep the cell full of energy. -are small organelles floating freely throughout the cell. (P.N.)

Mitochondria

-is the normal process of cell reproduction in human tissues that occurs when the cell divides into two identical cells called daughter cells.

Mitosis

carry impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands. These transmitted impulses produce movement.

Motor nerves

contracts and moves the various parts of the body

Muscle tissue

Function: Covers, shapes, and sup-ports the skeletal tissue; also contracts and moves various parts of the body; consists of muscles Organ: Muscles Importance: Important when doing massage and per-forming electrical treatments such as micro-current; also important to understand muscle movement to prevent repetitive motion fa-tigue when you are performing treatments

Muscular System

-carries messages through the central nervous system to control and coordinate all bodily functions. -this tissue is composed of special cells known as neurons, which make up the nerves, brain, and spinal cord

Nerve tissue

Function: Carries messages through the central nervous system, controlling and coordinating all bodily functions Organ: Brain, spinal cord, nerves Importance: Need to know the location of the facial nerves and their actions when performing treatments; nerves control the muscle movements of the face

Nervous System

-Functions in the body are carried out by these. -are a collection of tissues that have an identifiable structure and that perform specific functions . -Ex: the heart has muscle tissue that pumps blood, fibrous tissue that comprise the heart valves, and special tissue that maintains the rhythm of the heart beating.

Organs

A skeletal or voluntary muscle has three parts. Name them

Origin-----Tendon Belly -----Belly Insertion----- Tendon

is the study of the functions and activities performed by the body structures, including physical and chem-ical processes.

Physiology

is the fluid part of the blood. It is about 90 percent water and contains proteins, sugars, and minerals.

Plasma

contribute to the blood-clotting process, which stops bleeding.

Platelets

is when muscles turn inward. For example, when the palm faces downward.

Pronate

carries the blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated.

Pulmonary circulation

carry oxygen to the body cells.

Red blood cells

Function: Performs the function of producing children and passing on our genetics from one generation to another; differentiates be-tween the sexes Organs: Uterus, ovaries, penis, testes Importance :The reproductive system and hormonal influences accompanying puberty, pregnan-cy, perimenopause, and menopause make significant demands on the skin that require knowledge in order to provide a skin-care treatment

Reproductive System

Function: Enables breathing, supplies the body with oxygen, and eliminates carbon dioxide as a waste product Organs: Lungs, trachea, bronchi Importance: Adequate oxygenation of the tissue allows optimum cell functioning; possibility of the respiratory spread of infection affects safety and cleanliness

Respiratory System

twelve pairs of bones forming the wall of the thorax

Ribs

also known as shoulder blade , the large, flat, triangular bone of the shoulder; there are two scapulae

Scapula

Function: Forms the physical foundation of the body; consists of the bones and movable and immovable joints Organs: Bones Importance: Important for protecting your own body mechanics when working, as well as knowing physical landmarks when providing treatments, including makeup applications

Skeletal System

also known as breastbone the flat bone that forms the ventral (front) support of the ribs

Sternum

is when muscles rotate. For example, in the forearm, the radius turns outward and the palm upward

Supinate

also known as general circulation, carries the oxygenated blood from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart again.

Systemic circulation

How Is the circulatory system important to esthetician?

The circulatory system and the role it plays in nourishing and oxygenating the cells is important to the esthetician's ability to interpret skin reactions to treatments. Im-paired circulatory function can create a sallowness in the skin, as the tissue is not being oxygenated. Impaired circulatory function can also delay healing times. Recognizing the fragility of couperose skin (redness; distended capillaries from weakening of the capillary walls) and revising a treatment plan to benefit the client is a skill that comes from a knowledge of the circulatory system. Impaired circulatory conditions are often a contraindication to treatment.

Why is the endocrine system important to an esthetician ?

The esthetician's treatment plan can be great-ly impacted by the functioning of the client's endocrine system. Hormonal imbalances can cause hair growth, affect oil production, and increase acne breakouts, melanin production, and skin sensitivity. Uncontrolled diabe-tes, which is a disease influenced by the production of insulin, affects the nerves, vision, and immune system to name a few. A person with diabetes may have neuropathy and sensation loss in the extremities, for example. If you were to do a paraffin wax treatment and the wax was too hot, the cli-ent with diabetes may be unable to sense the burn and alert you.

Why is the reproductive system important to an esthetician?

The hormonal changes that occur with the reproductive system affect the skin in many ways. Understand-ing that you cannot cure acne because of the hormonal changes of puberty or perimenopause will help you create skin care options that will help your clients treat the symptoms. Loss of collagen and elastin related to hormonal changes with aging, assisting your client with hair removal options due to fluctuations in hormones, or spending time treating your client's melasma will be rewarding because you have a solid understanding of the cycles of the repro-ductive system.

the chest or pulmonary trunk consisting of the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae; it is an elastic, bony cage that serves as a protective framework for the heart, lungs, and other internal organs

Thorax

-is a collection of similar cells that perform a particular function. -There are four types in the body. -Each has a specific function and can be recognized by its characteristic appearance.

Tissue

As long as conditions are favorable, the cell will grow and reproduce. (T/F)

True

Certain treatments may require you treat the ocular ridge. It is essential that you know that location on the anatomy. (T/F)

True

The bone tissue is composed of several types of bone cells embedded in a web of inorganic salts (mostly calcium and phosphorus) and collagenous fibers. (T/F)

True

Why is the study of the nervous system important?

Understanding the sensory nerve functions of the skin and the power of touch will enhance your career. An understanding of how nerves work will help you perform massage more proficiently and understand the effects of treatments on the body as a whole.

thin-walled blood ves-sels that are less elastic than arteries. They contain cuplike valves that keep blood flowing in one direction to the heart and prevent the blood from flowing backward.

Veins

small vessels that connect the capillaries to the veins. They collect blood from the capillaries and drain it into the veins.

Venules

perform the function of destroying disease-causing microorganisms.

White blood cells

As an esthetician, is cell metabolism something you will consider when working with your clients?

Yes

major and minor are muscles extend-ing from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth that elevates the lip, as in laughing.

Zygomaticus

chemical energy used within cells for metabolism (P.N.)

adenosine triphosphate ATP

are located at the top of the kidneys assisting in the regulation of metabolism, stress response and blood pressure, and support of immune system health through the generation of specific hormones. This function affects skin melanization.

adrenal glands

small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries.

arterioles

This is what The three muscles of the ear are called They work together to move the ear upward, forward or backward

auricularis muscles

affects the external ear and skin above the temple, up to the top of the skull.

auriculotemporal nerve

is the part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles; it regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, heart, and breathing.

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

is the middle part of the muscle.

belly

muscles produce the con-tour of the front and inner side of the upper arm; they lift the forearm, flex the elbow, and turn the palms outward.

biceps

is a nutritive fluid circulating through the circulatory sys-tem and is considered connective tissue because it connects body sys-tems together, bringing oxygen, nutrients, and hormones and removing waste products.

blood

are tubelike structures that include the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. The function of these are to transport blood to and from the heart and then on to various tissues of the body.

blood vessels

is the largest and most complex mass of nerve tissue in the body. is contained in the cranium and controls sensation, muscles, and glandular activity It sends and receives messages through 12 pairs of cranial nerves that reach various parts of the head, face, and neck

brain

connects the spinal cord to the brain. is involved in regulating such vital functions as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure.

brain stem

affects the muscles of the mouth.

buccal nerve

is the thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips, as in when blowing a whistle.

buccinator

tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to venules. They bring nutrients to the cells and carry away waste materials.

capillaries

also known as wrist is a flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligaments.

carpus

-is the part of the cell that en-closes the protoplasm and permits soluble, (substances to enter and leave) -protects the cell from its surroundings. -It also communicates with other cells, linking like cells together to form tissues.

cell membrane

-are the basic unit of all living things—from bacteria to plants to animals to human beings. - Without this, life doesnt exist -As a basic functional unit, this is responsible for carrying on all life processes.

cells

consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves. It controls consciousness and many mental activities, involuntary functions of the five senses (seeing, hearing, feeling, smelling, and tasting), and voluntary muscle actions, including all body movements and facial expressions.

central nervous system (CNS)

located at the side of the neck, affects the front and sides of the neck as far down as the breastbone.

cervical cutaneous nerve

(branches of the facial nerve) affect the side of the neck and the platysma muscle.

cervical nerves

also known as cardiovascular system, controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels (veins and arteries). consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries for the distribution of blood throughout the body.

circulatory system

are the main source of blood supply to the head, face, and neck

common carotid arteries

is the muscle located beneath the frontalis and orbicularis oculi. It draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically.

corrugator

is an oval, bony case that protects the brain, and it is formed by eight bones.

cranium

is a large, triangular mus-cle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body.

deltoid

-is what determines our genetic makeup, including the color of our eyes, skin, and hair. -contains all the information that controls the function of every living cell

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

is a muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region and helps control breathing

diaphragm

Breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical means, with the use of enzymes

digestion

also called the gastrointestinal system, is responsible for changing food into nutrients and waste

digestive system

is a sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies the fingers.

digital nerve

also known as accessory nerve , is a type of motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles. This nerve is important to estheticians because it is affected during facials, primarily with massage.

eleventh cranial nerve

also known as ductless glands , release secretions called hormones directly into the bloodstream, which in turn influences the welfare of the entire body.

endocrine glands

is a group of specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual activities, and state of health in the entire body

endocrine system

also known as the occipitofrontalis is a broad muscle that covers the top of the skull. It has two parts, occipitalis and frontalis.

epicranius

is the light, spongy bone between the eye sockets that forms part of the nasal cavities.

ethmoid bone

is responsible for purifying the body by eliminating waste matter

excretory system

breathing out, carbon dioxide is expelled from the lungs.

exhalation

The largest of the cranial nerves aka the trifacial or trigeminal nerve. It is the chief sensory nerve of the face, and it serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing. It consists of three branches:

fifth cranial nerve

forms the forehead.

frontal bone

-The esthetician is most concerned with this muscle -the scalp muscle that raises the eyebrows, draws the scalp forward, and causes wrinkles in the forehead.

frontalis

-The corrugator and the procerus are called this -These are the muscles that are often injected with the neuromodulator, Botox®, to stop frowning. A neuromodulator inhibits a mus-cle's movements.

glabella

are spe-cialized organs that produce chemicals, including hormones, necessary for various body systems to function optimally.

glands

located at the side of the neck, affects the face, ears, neck, and parotid gland.

greater auricular nerve

is often referred to as the body's pump ; it is a muscular, cone-shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system. It is regulated by the vagus (tenth cranial) nerve and other nerves in the autonomic nervous system. In a normal resting state, it beats 72 to 80 times per minute.

heart

is the uppermost and largest bone of the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder.

humerus

affects the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, upper lip, and mouth.

infraorbital nerve

affects the membrane and skin of the nose.

infratrochlear nerve

Eating or taking food into the body

ingestion

breathing in, oxygen is absorbed into the blood.

inhalation

is the part of the muscle that is the movable attachment and farthest from the skeleton.

insertion

Pressure in massage is usually directed from the _____ to the _____.

insertion to origin

is made up of the skin and its various accessory organs, such as sensory receptors, hair, nails, and the oil and sweat glands, also called exocrine glands.

integumentary system

-The place where bones meet one another -the connection between two or more bones of the skeleton -Two types: movable (elbows, knees, hips) immovable (the pelvis and skull, which allow little or no movement)

joints

excrete urine; eliminating water and waste products.

kidneys

These 2 bones are the smallest and most fragile bones of the face, are situated at the front inside part of the eye socket.

lacrimal bones

is a large, flat, triangular muscle that covers the lower back. It comes up from the lower half of the vertebral column and iliac crest (hip bone) and narrows to a rounded ten-don attached to the front of the upper part of the humerus

latissimus dorsi

controls the eyelid and can be easily damaged during makeup application.

levator palpebrae superioris muscle

What are bones connected to each other by?

ligaments

is a gland located in the abdominal cavity. It secretes enzymes necessary for digestion, synthesizes proteins, and detoxifies the blood. It also regulates sugar levels in the blood, helps with the decomposition of red blood cells, and produces hormones needed for body functions.

liver

are spongy tissues composed of micro-scopic cells in which inhaled air is exchanged for carbon dioxide during one breath.

lungs

The spleen is large; (gland-like structures found inside lymphatic vessels) that fights infection and detoxifies the blood.

lymph node

is a vital factor to the circulatory and immune systems and is made up of the liver, lymph, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen, and lymph vessels that act as an aid to the circulatory system. These systems are closely connected in that they protect the body from disease by developing resistance to pathogens and destroying disease-causing microorganisms.

lymphatic/immune system

coordinate to open and close the mouth and bring the jaw forward or backward.

main muscles of mastication

forms the lower jawbone, the largest and strongest bone of the face.

mandible

affects the muscles of the chin and lower lip.

mandible nerve

These 2 bones form the upper jaw.

maxillae bones

affects the upper part of the face.

maxillary nerve

is a smaller sen-sory-motor nerve than the ulnar and radial nerves; with its branches, it supplies the arm and hand.

median nerve

affects the skin of the lower lip and chin.

mental nerve

is the muscle that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin.

mentalis

also known as palm , consists of five long, slender bones called metacarpal bones.

metacarpus

covers, shapes, and supports the skeletal tissue. Muscles are fibrous tissues with the ability to stretch and contract according to the demands of the body's movements.

muscular system

back of the neck

nape

These two bones form the bridge of the nose

nasal bones

affects the point and lower side of the nose.

nasal nerve

is a two-part muscle that covers the nose and includes the transverse part and the alar part, which flair the nostrils.

nasalis

What does the word integument mean?

natural covering

What is the purpose of the nutrients in the protoplasm?

necessary for: -cell growth, -reproduction -self-repair.

are whitish cords, made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue, through which impulses are transmitted. originate in the brain and spinal cord, and their branches extend to all parts of the body.

nerves

is an exceptionally well-organized system that is responsible for coordinating all the many activities that are performed by the body.

nervous system

The scientific study of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system

neurology

also known as nerve cell; cells that make up the nerves, brain, and spinal cord and transmit nerve impulses

neurons

-located within the nucleus of the cell, -is a fluid that contains proteins, and a very important acid known as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

nucleoplasm

is the dense, active protoplasm found in the center of the cell. It plays an important part in cell reproduction and metabolism. You can visualize it as the yolk of a raw egg.

nucleus

This one bone forms the back of the skull above the nape

occipital bone

the back of the epicranius , is the muscle that draws the scalp back-ward.

occipitalis

affects the skin of the forehead, upper eyelids, and interior portion of the scalp, orbit, eye-ball, and nasal passage.

opthalmic nerve

is the ring muscle of the eye socket; it closes the eyes.

orbicularis oculi

is the flat band around the upper and lower lips that compresses, contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips.

orbicularis oris

small structures or miniature organs within a cell that have their own function (P.N.)

organelles

is the more fixed part of the muscle closest to the skeleton, which flexes but remains stationary (does not move).

origin

function in sexual reproduction as well as determining male and female sexual characteristics.

ovaries & testes

secretes enzyme-producing cells that are responsible for digesting carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The islet of Langerhans cells within the pancreas control insulin and glucagon production.

pancreas

regulate blood calcium and phosphorus levels so that the nervous and muscular systems can function properly.

parathyroid glands

These two bones form the sides and crown (top) of the cranium.

parietal bones

are muscles of the chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm

pectoralis major and pectoralis minor

is a system of nerves that connects the peripheral (outer) parts of the body to the central nervous system; it has both sensory and motor nerves. Its function is to carry impulses,or messages, to and from the central nervous system.

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Moving food along the digestive tract

peristalsis

also known as digits , are the bones in the fingers, three in each finger and two in each thumb, totaling 14 bones.

phalanges

plays a major role in sexual de-velopment, sleep, and metabolism.

pineal gland

is the most complex organ of the endocrine system. It affects almost every physiologic process of the body: growth, blood pressure, contractions during childbirth, breast-milk production, sexual organ functions in both women and men, thyroid gland function, and the conversion of food into energy (metabolism).

pituitary gland

is a broad muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin. It is responsible for lowering the lower jaw and lip.

platysma

affects the muscles behind the ear at the base of the skull.

posterior auricular nerve

lowers the eyebrows and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose.

procerus

what are the 2 Muscles of the Nose?

procerus nasalis

colorless, jellylike substance in cells; contains nutrients such as protein, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and water

protoplasm

is a watery gel-like fluid containing the nutrient material necessary for cell growth, reproduction, and self-repair.

protoplasm

is a sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand.

radial nerve

is the smaller bone in the forearm on the same side as the thumb.

radius

Sensory nerve endings are located close to the surface of the skin.

receptors

is an automatic nerve reaction to a stimulus that involves the movement of an impulse from a sensory receptor along the sensory nerve to the spinal cord and a responsive impulse back along a motor neuron to a muscle, causing a reaction (e.g., the quick removal of the hand from a hot object).

reflex

includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina in the female and the testes, prostate gland, penis, and the urethra in the male

reproductive system

enables breath-ing (respiration ) and consists of the lungs and air passages.

respiratory system

is the muscle that draws the corners of the mouth out and back when grinning.

risorius

carry impulses or messages from the sense organs to the brain, where sensations such as touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain, and pressure are experienced.

sensory nerves

also known as the facial nerve , is the chief motor nerve of the face. It emerges near the lower part of the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck.

seventh cranial nerve

forms the physical foundation of the body.

skeletal system

a protective overcoat for your body against the outside elements that you encounter every day such as germs, chemicals, and sun exposure.

skin

also known as the lesser occipital nerve , located at the base of the skull, affects the scalp and muscles behind the ear.

smaller occipital nerve

forms the sides of the eye socket.

sphenoid bone

is a continuation of the brain stem and originates in the brain, extends down to the lower extremity of the trunk, and is protected by the spinal column.

spinal cord

is the muscle extending alongside of the neck from the ear to the collarbone. It acts to rotate the head from side to side and up and down.

sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

affects the skin of the forehead, scalp, eyebrow, and upper eyelid.

supraorbital nerve

affects the skin between the eyes and upper side of the nose.

supratrochlear nerve

These two bones form the sides of the head in the ear region.

temporal bones

affects the muscles of the temple, side of the forehead, eyebrow, eyelid, and upper part of the cheek.

temporal nerve

what are muscles connected to bones by?

tendons

Some states do not allow estheticians to perform treatments beyond what area?

the seventh cervical vertebrae

is a gland located in the neck that secretes hormones that regulate the body's metabolism, heart and digestive functions, muscle control, brain development, and maintenance of bone mass. It needs iodine from the diet to function properly.

thyroid gland

muscle covers the back of the neck, shoulders, and upper and middle region of the back; shrugs shoulders; and stabilizes the scapula.

trapezius

also known as the depressor anguli oris is the muscle extend-ing alongside the chin that pulls down the corners of the mouth.

triangularis

is a large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and ex-tends the forearm.

triceps

is the inner and larger bone of the forearm (lower arm), attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger.

ulna

is a sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, affects the little-finger side of the arm and palm of the hand.

ulnar nerve

These conditions include toxins (poisons), disease, and injury, where the cell will become impaired or may be destroyed.

unfavorable conditions

These two bones also known as malar bones or cheekbones , form the prominence of the cheeks.

zygomatic bones,

affects the muscles of the upper part of the cheek.

zygomatic nerve

Muscle tissue can be positively influenced during an esthetic treatment by?

· Massage (hand or mechanical vibrations) · Electrical therapy current , Facial Devices and Tech-nology, for additional information on high-frequency current, galvanic current, or microcurrent.) · Light rays (infrared light, light-emitting diode [LED]) · Dry heat (heating lamps or heating caps) · Moist heat (steamers or moderately warm steam towels).

what are 3 facts about blood?

✓ There are 8 to 10 pints (3.8 to 4.7 liters) of blood in the human body ✓ Sticky and salty ✓ Normally 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (36 degrees Celsius)