Ch. 2 Nutrition

The host of a radio program makes a "red flag" claim about a nutrition-related product, because the claim is generally an indication that the information about the product is unreliable. The radio program host said, ________. "According to the FDA, this product is classified a dietary supplement, because it contains vitamins" "All ingredients in this product have been scientifically tested and clinically proven" "This product contains sugar and certain artificial color and flavor additives" "The ingredients in this product are listed on the label"

"All ingredients in this product have been scientifically tested and clinically proven"

Which of the following practices is an example of integrative health care? A physician who treats a patient's back pain with cortisone injections and massage therapy. A physician who has a patient take prescription medications to reduce chronic heartburn. A surgeon who removes a cancerous tumor from a patient's stomach. A physician who applies evening primrose oil to the skin of a person to treat a rash.

A physician who treats a patient's back pain with cortisone injections and massage therapy.

The government agency that enforces consumer protection laws by investigating false or misleading health-related claims is the ________. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Federal Trade Commission

Zack takes 500 mg of vitamin C daily. He advises his friends to take vitamin C supplements because, he claims, the vitamin protects him from cold viruses. His claim about the usefulness of the vitamin is an ________. in-vivo report in-vitro assumption introspection anecdote

anecdote

Generally, epidemiological studies ________. establish causation without observations prove positive correlations cannot determine cause-and-effect relationships involve in-vitro experimentation

can't determine cause-and-effect relationships

A team of scientists extracts a chemical that they call "Zombia" from the leaves of a common houseplant. One of the scientists would like to market Zombia as a dietary supplement because it makes people sleepy, when it is injected into them. Based on this information, Zombia ________. cannot be marketed as a dietary supplement can be marketed as a dietary supplement because it is from a plant cannot be marketed as a dietary supplement because its source is widespread in nature can be marketed as a dietary supplement, but only if it is promoted as a conventional food item

cannot be marketed as a dietary supplement

Scientists study 200 adults who have type 2 diabetes and 200 adults who have similar characteristics but do not have the disease. For 18 months, the researchers collect lifestyle information on all the study participants. According to the study's findings, the adults with type 2 diabetes were 25% less physically active than their counterparts who did not have type 2 diabetes. This is an example of a(n) _____ study. inverse relationship anecdotal prospective case-control

case-control

Having a control group enables researchers to ________. provide specific treatments to participants of the group compare findings of the control group with those of the experimental group avoid using harmful interventions when testing control subjects' responses explore possible hypotheses for future research efforts

compare findings of the control group with those of the experimental group

A group of scientists would like to determine lifestyle factors that are associated with the development of asthma among American children. Based on this information, the researchers should design a (an) _____ study. conventional in-vivo double-blind epidemiological

epidemiological

A group of registered dietitian nutritionists is planning to conduct a scientific study to investigate the effects of eating honey on school-age children's behavior. At first, the researchers will ________. analyze the hypothesis make observations identify relationships between variables gather data

make observations

A group of nutrition researchers interviews 100 adults who have chronic high blood pressure to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets low in calcium during adolescence and developing high blood pressure in adulthood. This study is an example of a ____ study. case-control retrospective prospective macrosomatic

retrospective

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use to identify lifestyle factors that may be related to the development of liver cancer in an adult population? Single-blind study Experimental study Retrospective study Double-blind study

retrospective study

During a television interview, Dr. Ima Quack provides the following statement. "Most Americans suffer from nutritional deficiency diseases and will develop cancer within the next 10 years because they are not taking my megavitamin formula therapy." Dr. Quack's statement is an example of a(n) ________. medical hypothesis scare tactic intuitive deduction personal observation

scare tactic

Actress Lotta Talent appears in commercials endorsing a dietary supplement containing a substance from dandelions for weight loss. Her endorsement is an example of a(n) ________. purport testimonial anecdote factoid

testimonial

The ____ is responsible for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medications. EPA FDA NRC FTC

FDA

_____ can be classified as a dietary supplement. Chewing tobacco Ginkgo biloba Cherry jelly Orange drink

Ginkgo biloba

Which of the following practices is an example of integrative health care? Taking an aspirin and resting quietly to relieve a headache Having surgery and physical therapy to treat a torn tendon Having psychological counseling and taking St. John's wort to improve mood Applying a prescription antibiotic to a wound and wrapping the affected area with sterile gauze to prevent infection

Having psychological counseling and taking St. John's wort to improve mood

A physician who hosts a popular TV show makes several nutrition-related claims during one of the programs. Which of the doctor's claims is a "red flag" of unreliable information? Kava cures migraine headaches. The "placebo effect" often occurs in controlled studies involving human subjects. Niacin cures pellagra. Not all doctors are nutrition experts.

kava cures migraine headaches

Researchers at a major American university plan a 10-year study involving 25,000 adults who will follow their usual lifestyles while they participate in the study. One of the main goals of this particular scientific investigation is to determine lifestyle factors that contribute to stomach cancer. Which of the following activities is likely to be a component of their research efforts? Contacting the local news station to report their findings Submitting an article describing the results of the study to a peer-reviewed journal Posting significant findings at the main researcher's Internet website Establishing a place for the subjects to live for the duration of the study

Submitting an article describing the results of the study to a peer-reviewed journal

Which of the following observations is an example of a positive correlation? When members of a population consume fewer fruits and vegetables, their risk of high blood pressure increases. When a group of children increases their physical activity levels, the percentage of the children who contract cold infections decreases. When women gain less weight than average during pregnancy, the birthweights of their babies tend to be lower than average. When a population's intake of green tea increases, the percentage of lung cancer cases in that population decreases.

When women gain less weight than average during pregnancy, the birthweights of their babies tend to be lower than average.

Which of the following observations is an example of an inverse correlation? When population increases its daily consumption of whole grain products, the population's frequency of daily bowel movements increases. Children who consume 3 cups of vitamin D milk daily develop stronger bones than children who drink fewer than 3 cups of vitamin D milk each day. Women who smoke 5 or more cigarettes each day during pregnancy are more likely to give birth to underweight babies than women who smoke fewer than 5 cigarettes a day during pregnancy. As a population's intake of foods that contain beta-carotene increases, the population's tissue levels of vitamin A increase.

Women who smoke 5 or more cigarettes each day during pregnancy are more likely to give birth to underweight babies than women who smoke fewer than 5 cigarettes a day during pregnancy.