ch 2 psych

Low level of dopamine implicate what disease

Parkinson's

In terms of genetics in psychopathology development and behavior is often _________________

Polygenetic

The relationship between child maltreatment and the result of adult violence is moderated by what genetic predisposition (diathesis)

Presence of MAO-A

Who studied the interactions between genes and their enviroment

Erik Kandel

Define phenotype as a genetic contribution to psychopathology

Observable characteristics

What are the 3 types of roles roles you can play in your environment according to the gene environment correlation

1) Passive 2) Evocative 3) Proactive

What 2 things are in the peripheral nervous system

1) Somatic branch 2) Autonomic branch

What 2 things make up the behavioral factors of the multidimensional model

1) Anxiety 2) Negative Reinforcement (phobias)

What 5 factors are considered in the multidimensional model for abnormal behavior

1) Biological factors 2) Behavioral factors 3) Emotional influences 4) Social factors 5) Developmental factos

What 2 things are in the central nervous system

1) Brain 2) Spinal chord

What are the 2 branches of the nervous system

1) Central nervous system 2) Peripheral nervous system

What are two real life examples of the diathesis-stress model

1) College binge drinking resulting in alcoholism 2) The stress of going off to college resulting in depression

What 4 factors determine epigenetics (how the environment changes the expression of genes)

1) Diet 2) Stressors 3) Behaviors 4) Experiences

What 3 things make up the biological factors of the multidimensional model

1) Genetics 2) Physiology 3) Neurobiology

What 3 words describe the multidimensional model

1) Interdisciplinary 2) Eclectic 3) Integrative

The genetic contribution to psychopathology is generally less than ____________________

50%

_____________ of genetic variance in genes contributes to schizophrenia

81%

GABA neurotransmitter is responsible for

A borad influence over mood and behavior, inhabiting postsynaptic activity resulting in the reduction of anxiety, emotional reactivity, anger, and aggression

Describe the Diathesis-Stress model

A genetic vulnerability or predisposition (diathesis) interacts with the environment and life events (stressors) to trigger behaviors and psychological disorders

Define Diathesis in the diathesis-stress model

A genetic vulnerability or predisposition (moderates the relationship between the stressor and the resulting behavior or psychological disorder)

Genes ____________ and ___________ the impact of our enviroments

Affect Constrain

Some ______________ may have little effect on a person unless there is a _________________ predisposition there

Environments Genetic

Serotonin regultes

Behavior, mood, cognition

_____________ are believed to increase GABA

Benzodiazepines (Valium)

What are beta blockers

Block beta receptors that are activated by norepinephrine and are used for hypertension and to reduce anxiety (mostly target physical syptoms)

How did Erik Kandel propose learning could affect genes

By turning them on/off or activating them

Define Antagonist

Decrease or block neurotransmitters

What makes up the emotional influences of the multidimensional model

Dysregulated emotional state

Environmental influences overriding genetic influences may be particularly true for very __________ ____________ experiences

Early developmental

What is the main idea behind Non-genomic inheritance of behavior

Environmental influences may override genetic influences

Neurotransmitters can manipulate level and ......

Examine impact on psychological function

Glutamate neurotransmitter is responsible for

Excitatory transmission (causing action)

Define One Dimension model of psychopathology

Explaining behavior in terms of a single cause

_________ and ______________ of social interactions are important as the effect health and behavior

Frequency Quality

Some ____________ will never express themselves unless they are put in a certain ____________

Genes Enviroment

Epigenetics states that

Genes are tuned off and on depending on life experiences and the enviroment

Define genotype as a genetic contribution to psychopathology

Genetic makeup

The ___________ of genes is moderated by the ____________ in which they are found

Goodness Context

What is a real life example of epigentics

Identical twins expressing differently

The difference between the Diathesis-Stress Model and Gene environment correlations

In the diathesis stress model, stressful life events happen to a person and the size of a genetic predisposition in relationship to the size of the stressor determines a threshold that if reached results in psychopathology. In the environment correlation things do not happen to us but rather our genetic predisposition determines the likelihood of experiencing certain events or creating certain life environments that in themselves are more indicative of stress which often leads to psychopathology.

Define Agonist

Increase the activity of neurotransmitters by mimicking its effect

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) neurotransmitter is responsible for

Increasing heart rate and blood pressure in fight or flight

Describe evocative gene environment correlation

Individual's genes may lead to behavior that evokes a response from the environment Ex: Antisocial child (noncompliant/ aggressive) may evoke certain responses from the environment such as harsh punitive parents

Describe proactive gene environment correlation

Individuals genes make the selection of certain environments more likely Ex: It is not random who decides to get into extreme sports (your choices in life are not random)

Why is a One Dimensional Model of psychopathology often a problem

It often ignores other information

What did Erik Kandel propose could affect Gene environment interactions

Learning

The relationship between life stress and the disorder of depression is moderated by what genetic predisposition (diathesis)

Levels of serotonin

According to Erik Kandel's gene-enviroment interactions GENETIC STRUCTURE is ____________ and ___________ to the enviroment

Malleable Receptive

Describe the monkies and mice studies with non-genomic inheritance behavior

Monkeys and mice are genetically fearful, but when raised with calm mothers later display characteristics of calmness

Cultural factors in psychopathology effect the __________ and __________ of behavior

Mood Expression

Under the multidimensional model abnormal behavior is considered ______________ deterred

Multiply

Related to psychopathology: Currently almost all current psychiatric drugs impact one or more _________________________

Neurotransmitters

Inverse agonist

Produce effects opposite to those produced by neurotransmitters

Social Relationships have a ______________ quality against both physical and psychological disorders

Protective

According to neuroscience ________________ influences can change _____________ function

Psychosocial Brain

Serotonin issues are treated by

SSRI's (Prozac, zolof)

________________ and ___________________ disorders contribute the highest precentage of genetic predictability

Schizophrenia Bipolar Disorder

What is the biggest sign of psychopathology according to the social factors of the multidimensional model

Social stressors (socially awkward)

Psychosocial factors interact with brain ___________ & ____________

Structure Function

The multidimensional model looks at a ____________ of influences that cause and maintain suffering

System

The relationship of adolescent marijuana use and adult psychosis is moderated by what genetic predisposition (diathesis)

The COMT gene

Describe the gene-environment correlation

The Diathesis (predosposition) and the stress (life events) may not be independent. Genetic predispositions may make us more likely to experience certain stressful situations ( and experiencing these events might increase the likelihood of experiencing psychological problems)

Define polygenetic

The contribution of many genes

Define a stress in the diathesis-stress model

The environment or life event

The implications of neuroscience for psychopathology is...

The relationship between the BRAIN and ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

Describe the field of neuroscience

The role of the nervous system in disease behavior

Describe passive gene environment correlation

The types of genes a child inherit may be correlated to the type of environment one is raised in Ex: Someone born with low IQ genes could be raised in a non-intellectually rich enviroment

__________ changes brain function according to neroscience

Therapy

Describe the Multidimensional Model of Psychopathology

Uses information from other sources

When do problems arise with norepinephrine neurotransmitters

When beta blockers are overactive and fight or flight response in activated when there is no real danger

Dopamine neurotransmitter is reponsible for

Working as a switch that impacts the effects of other neurotransmitters, implicit in exploratory reward seeing behaviors

Low levels of serotonin are related to....

agression, suicide, depression, impulsivity

Psychosocial influences particularly effect __________ experiences in regard to feelings of control, safety, and attachment

early