CH 2 - Theories and Causes

The process of attachment typically begins between ___ of age

6 to 12 months

What is an underlying assumption with regard to abnormal child behavior?

Abnormal development involves continuities and discontinuities

Which attachment pattern has been linked to conduct problems and aggressive behavior?

Anxious-avoidant

Which attachment pattern has been linked to phobias and anxiety problems?

Anxious-resistant

Which statement about neural development is false?

Brain connections are relatively pre-determined and cannot be changed by the environment

___ explain the acquisition of problem behavior on the basis of paired associations between previously neural stimuli (i.e. homework), and unconditioned stimuli (i.e. parental anger)

Classical conditioning models

___ acts like a "switch" in the brain, turning on various circuits associated with certain types of behavior

Dopamine

___ models portray the child's environment as a series of nested and interconnected structures

Ecological

___ serve(s) as a filter for organizing large amounts of new information and avoiding potential harm

Emotions

___ theorists argue that a child's behavior can only be understood in terms of relationships with others

Family systems

Which phrase describes the "slow-to-warm-up child", who is cautious in approaching novel or challenging situations?

Fearful or inhibited

Which statement about our genetic makeup is false?

Genes determine behavior

Which theoretical orientation best explains the various behaviors or disorders in childhood?

Integrative

Which term describes a child's model of relationships in terms of what the child expects from others and how the child relates to others?

Internal working model

Which part of the brain is most responsible for regulating our emotional experiences, expressions, and impulses?

Limbic system

___ problems refer to weak or absent control structures, whereas ___ problems indicate that existing control structures operate in a maladaptive way

Regulation; dysregulation

___ relates to how children think about themselves and others, resulting in mental representations of themselves, relationships, and their social world

Social cognition

___ theorists emphasize attributional biases, modeling, and cognitions in their explanation of abnormal behavior

Social learning

___ has been implicated in several psychological disorders, especially those connected to a person's response to stress and ability to regulate emotions

The HPA axis

Which statement about neural development is true?

The prefrontal cortex and the cerebellum are not wired until a person is 5 to 7 years old

The failure to master of progress in accomplishing developmental milestones is referred to as a(n) ___

adaptational failure

The ___ gland produces epinephrine in response to stress

adrenal

Epinpehrine is also known as ___

adrenaline

Infants that explore the environment with little affective interaction with the caregiver are likely to have an ___ attachment pattern

anxious-avoidant

Infants that are wary of new situations and strangers and who often cannot be comforted by the caregiver are likely to have an ___ attachment pattern

anxious-resistant

Which part of the brain is implicated in disorders affecting motor behavior?

basal ganglia

ABA involves the examination of ___

behavior, antecedents, and consequences

What is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces overall arousal and levels of anger, hostility, and aggression?

benzodiazepine-GABA

Victor is fearful in approaching new situations and often appears inhibited.Victor's mother reports that she struggles with similar difficulties and he may have inherited it from her. This is an example of ___

biological influences

Behavioral geneticists have concluded that ___

both genetic and environmental influences affect behavior

Etiology refers to the ___ of childhood disorder

causation

The ___ gives us the distinct qualities that make us human and allows us to think about the future, to be playful, and to be creative

cerebral cortex

Bronfenbrenner's (1977) model includes a consideration of the ___

child, family members, and society in which the child lives

Isabella is 3 years old, and frequently demands attention, overreacts, and refuses to go to bed. These behaviors are considered ___

common because of her age

ACTH causes the adrenal glands to release ___

cortisol

The problem with family aggregation studies is that they ___

do not control for environmental variables

An organizational view of development implies a ___ process

dynamic

Children's early caretaking experiences play an important role in designing parts of the brain that involve ___

emotion, personality, and behavior

The glands located on top of the kidneys are important because they produce hormones that ___

energize us and prepare for possible threats in the environment

Attachment theory considers crying (in an infant) to be a behavior that ___

enhances relationships with the caregiver

The ___ lobes contain the functions underlying much of our thinking and reasoning abilities

frontal

The ___ view of child development recognizes the importance of balancing the abilities of individuals with the challenges and risks of their environments

health promotion

A child's problems must be considered in relation to the influence of the ___

individual, family, community/culture

James often appears to be in a bad mood and he is easily frustrated when given challenging tasks. His temperament would be described as ___

negative affect or irritability

Most often, adaptational failure is due to a(n) ___

ongoing interaction between the individual and the environment

Because development is ___, sensitive periods play a meaningful role in any discussion of normal and abnormal behavior

organized

Brain maturity occurs in an ___ fashion

organized and hierarchical

Children's development occurs in an ___ manner

organized and hierarchical

The ___ gland oversees the body's regulatory functions by producing several hormones, including estrogen and testosterone

pituitary

The developmental psychopathology approach to studying childhood disorders emphasizes the importance of developmental ___

processes and tasks

Individual differences in emotion ___ account for differing responses to a stressful environment

reactivity

A child who cannot control his temper has problems in emotion ___

regulation

The windows of time during which environmental influences on development are enhanced are called ___

sensitive periods

The neurotransmitter implicated in regulatory problems, such as eating and sleep disorders, is ___

serotonin

Temperament ___

shapes a child's approach to the environment and vice versa

Today's research and thinking accepts the notion that many childhood disorders ___

share many clinical features and causes

The ___ gland plays a role in energy metabolism and growth, and is implicated in certain eating disorders

thyroid

Emotions serve ___

to provide motivation for action

The dynamic interaction of child and environment is referred to as ___

transaction

A central tenet of developmental psychopathology is that to understand maladaptive behavior, we must consider ___

what is normative for a given period of development