CH 20

What did James Watt gain from his partnership with Matthew Boulton?

Capital and skills in salesmanship.

Owing to the Industrial Revolution, living and working conditions for the poor

improved only after 1820.

How did industry grow in continental Europe?

Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production.

Who were the Luddites?

British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work

What was the key development in the eighteenth century that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature?

Establishment of limited liability investment

Why were cottage workers, accustomed to the putting-out system, reluctant to work in the new factories even when they received good wages?

In a factory, workers had to keep up with the machine and follow its relentless tempo.

How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed?

It became harder to form new firms, and instead industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth.

What was an effect of the Factory Act of 1833?

It limited the work of children and thereby broke the pattern of families working together in factories.

What was the function of the Crystal Palace?

It was the location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London.

What was the major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution?

James Watt's development of the steam engine between the 1760s and the 1780s.

How did railroads affect the nature of production?

Markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.

What did Henry Cort develop?

The puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined with coke

As the business world grew increasingly complex, what did the wives and daughters of successful businessmen discover in eighteenth-century Europe?

There were few job opportunities for women, as most businessmen assumed that middle-class wives and daughters should avoid work in offices and factories.

In his 1835 study of the cotton industry, what did Andrew Ure conclude about conditions in most factories?

They were not harsh and even quite good.

in the nineteenth century, Friedrich List believed that industrial development should be pursued

as part of a project of economic nationalism led by the state.

The Great Exhibition of 1851 commemorated the

industrial dominance of Britain.

Thomas Malthus argued in his Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) that

population tends to increase beyond the means of subsistence.

In nineteenth-century Germany, Fritz Harkort sought

to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense.

What was the result of the development of the British economy between 1780 and 1851?

Much of the growth in the gross national product was eaten up by population growth.

The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was

usually a response to the wishes of the families.