Ch. 20

During the seventeenth century, all but one of the following European nations largely supplanted Iberian influence in the region:

Italy

________ turned the running of his empire over to his wife, the striking Persian princess Nur Jahan, on several occasions, and she mediated the succession wars after his death.

Jahangir

The end of the fourteenth century marked the stunning rise of Temur Gurgan, who was widely known from the Persian rendering of his name as Timur the _____.

Lame

The chief duties of the Mughals' zamindars were to:

Channel small-scale competitive energies into productive activities.

Indian _________ calicoes (named for the Indian port of Calicut) proved immensely popular in Europe for underwear and summer clothing.

Cotton

As Mughal power was sapped by the revolts of the Marathas and others in the eighteenth century, the armed forces of the ___________ became important players in regional politics.

European trading companies

After 1600, Akbar was faced with a domestic insurrection led by his own son Salim which nearly brought an untimely end to the latter's claims as heir apparent. In the end, however, Salim was able to prevail and ascended the throne as _________.

Jahangir

The Mughals appointed members of the new _________ elite to positions in the provincial governments and state ministries.

Mansabdar

Mughal relations with Safavid Persia, where _________ was the official state religion, meant a certain influence on the Mughal court was unavoidable.

Shia Islam

Akbar's four principal ministries included all of the following except:

Diplomatic relations with European trading companies

The memory of Humayun's __________ was galling to the Mughals.

Forced conversion to Shiism.

After he had launched a coup against his father, Akbar, Salim:

Suffered a revolt led by his own son Khusrau.

As distasteful as it was for a _________ to curry favor from the Safavid ruler Shah Tahmasp, Humayun received his support and reclaimed his throne in 1555.

Sunni Muslim

Akbar's religious policies were viewed, by his fellow Muslims:

As proof that he had actually become a non-believer.

Aurangzeb's long rule renewed the Mughal trend of expanding into the Northeastern areas controlled by the Ahoms, whom he ultimately succeeded in converting into _________ after a military standstill.

Mughal clients

Zahir ud-Din Muhammad was better known by his nickname, Babur, which means "leopard" or "tiger" in __________.

Persian

Like his model Genghis Khan, Timur:

Proved surprisingly liberal in the treatment of at least some cities that surrendered

The Golden Temple in the city of ________ became the religious center of the Sikhs, and they defended their faith against the repressive policies of Aurangzeb.

Amritsar

Great mosque projects also represent highlights of Mughal artistic sophistication and monumental scope. Among them are the Friday Delhi Mosque in Shahjahanabad and Aurangzeb's huge _________.

Badshahi Mosque in Lahore

Shah Jahan did away with the _________ of former Mughal rulers and established a more legalistic and exclusively pro-Muslim environment more aligned with Sunni theology, a trend which would reach its pinnacle of power under the reign of Shah Jahan's own son, Aurangzeb.

religious pluralism

Aurangzeb spent much of the last two decades of his life campaigning against the _________.

Hindu Marathas

In the 1550s, Mughal forces secured the eastern, southern, and western flanks of their lands, anchoring Islam with the territory they called "__________".

Hindustan

Jahangir's son Khusrau was forced to watch as his comrades were put to death by ____________.

Impalement

Aided by the ease of travel within the Mongol Empire, _________ had, by the fourteenth century, become the dominant religion among the Central Asian Turkic peoples.

Islam

The astronomers of the Kerala school had calculated elliptical orbits for the visible planets a century in advance of __________.

Johannes Kepler

In the wake of the collapse of the Mongol Empire, the largest in world history, the Central Asian heartland of the Turkic peoples evolved into a _________, many of whose rulers claimed descent from Genghis Khan.

patchwork of smaller states

Under Aurangzeb, there were two major trends: the start of an ongoing decades-long war with the Marathas, a federation of fiercely independent Central Indian clans; and his controversial bid for a more robust and legalistically effective _________ of Mughal India.

"Islamification"

A four-way struggle broke out among the sons of Shah Jahan when he became ill in ________.

1657

In addition to being a monument to his beloved wife, the Taj Mahal is also an architectural allegory for:

Allah's judgment in paradise on the day of the resurrection

The Mughals gave India one of its most prolific eras in terms of profusion and synthesis of literary genres, with _________ remaining the chief languages of literature.

Arabic and Persian

Akbar had a sudden intense mystical experience in 1578, gradually developing a personal philosophy he called "sulh-i kull", meaning "_________".

At peace with all.

__________ reimposed the hated jizya tax on non-Muslims, which had been abolished by Akbar.

Aurangzeb

For the English, the acquisition of Bombay (Mumbai) from the _________ in the 1660s gave the British East India Company a superb harbor.

Portuguese

Akbar married the Rajput princess Manmati, despite her adherence to:

Hinduism

A particular problem for the long term health of Humayun's dynasty was the _________, or the creation of a regular system for previously improvised or ad hoc activities or things, of traditional nomadic succession practices among the House of Timur's rulers.

institutionalization

The familiar term "pajamas" comes from the __________ word pajama, the lightweight summer garments worn in India and popularized as sleepwear in Europe.

Hindi

In order to defend Hindustan, the Mughals built a series of fortresses throughout their inner domains and along the frontier. Which of the following is not the site of one such fortress?

Hyderabad

_________ writers, painters, and poets followed Humayun to India, where their talents enlivened the arts and helped develop Urdu verse forms.

Persian

Akbar wore his hair long under his turban like the __________.

Sikhs

Fathullah Shirazi, a gifted Indian engineer, astronomer and philosopher:

came up with the concept for a multibarreled gun, similar in design to that of Leonardo da Vinci

The Mughals' primary challenge for control over Hindustan and the crucial Silk Road trade came from the _________ princes and their Persian allies.

Afghan

Inconsolable after the loss of his wife Mumtaz Mahal, Shah Jahan built a magnificent tomb complex in her honor near _________.

Agra

At the battle of Panipat in 1526, Babur's army had the advantage of:

The new military technologies of matchlock muskets and field cannon.

Women could, and often did, exercise a greater degree of power and influence among the ___________ than among most other groups in India.

Turkic peoples

The Persian tradition of miniature painting flourished in Mughal India, as did larger works on a variety of surfaces, while charcoal sketches and the _________ painting technique were the artistic media of choice.

gouache

Under Mughal rule, an elaborate, graded system of official ranks was created in which the recipients, called _________, were awarded grants of land along with the revenues those working the land generated.

mansabdars

The Mughals built fortresses at strategic points throughout their inner domains as well as along the frontier, and the largest was the Red Fort in _______.

Delhi

Muhammad Ghauth Gwaliori's ___________ tapped sources from Hindu and Muslim astrology, Jewish Kabbala traditions, and Sufi mysticism.

The Five Jewels

The Gunpowder empires, named for their reliance on cannons and small arms in their military campaigns, included all of the following except:

The Habsburgs

Akbar's Sufi mystical training had increasingly predisposed him toward tolerance and eclecticism, which gradually developed into a personal philosophy he called _________, or "at peace with all."

sulh-i kull

Which of the following is not a long-term consequence of the creation of a world trading system by the European maritime powers:

the Dutch and the British saw a sharp decline in their supremacy in India