Ch. 21 - Blood

The category of plasma component LEAST likely, under normal conditions, to be present in the same amount in interstitial fluid is ______.

protein

Formed elements are constantly produced in ______ because ______.

red bone marrow, with the exception of some lymphocytes, all formed elements have a short life span.

*When the proteins are removed from plasma, the remaining fluid is called _____________.

serum

Leukocytes are classified according to ______.

whether or not cytoplasmic granules are visible when the cells in a blood smear are stained

If a person with Rh+ erythrocytes receives a transfusion with Rh- blood, anti-D antibodies ______; if a person with Rh- erythrocytes receives a transfusion with Rh+ blood, anti-D antibodies ______.

will not form, will be formed

Gamma globulins to antigens of the ABO antigens may be present ______.

without prior exposure to an antigen the individual does not posses

*Which is going to result in significant agglutination?

wrong blood type

An average of about ______ of erythrocytes are removed from circulation per day.

1%

*The life span of an erythrocyte is about _________ days.

120

The normal count for platelets in whole blood is ______/mm3.

150,000 - 400,000

In a healthy adult, lymphocytes constitute about ______% of total leukocytes.

20-40

*The globulins make up about ________ percent of all plasma proteins.

37%

*How many globin molecules are found in a single hemoglobin molecule?

4

*How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin?

4

The normal range or the density or average number per cubic millimeter (mm3) of whole blood for leukocytes is ______ uL/mm3.

4,500 - 11,000

*Plasma makes up about ______ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood.

55

*Oxygen is bubbled into a solution containing 200 hemoglobin molecules. What is the maximum number of oxygen molecules that will end up bound to hemoglobin in this experiment?

800

*A cell is found in low abundance in the blood. It contains granules with histamine that it releases during inflammation and allergic reactions. The cell being described is the

Basophils

*Usually the least numerous of the leukocytes are the

Basophils

Which of the following best describes the nucleus of a basophil?

Bilobed, obscured by dark-staining cytoplasmic granules

*Which type of leukocyte increases in number because of the presence of an allergen?

Eosinophils

*The reason it is more appropriate to call an erythrocyte a "formed element" rather than a "cell" is that erythrocytes

Erythrocytes are not true cells because they lack nucleus and organelles

*Fibrin, which is produced from the plasma protein _______________, helps form blood clots.

Fibrinogen

*The formed elements of blood include all of the following EXCEPT

Formed elements consist of: •Erythrocytes that transport respiratory gases -Make up vast majority of formed elements •Leukocytes that help mount an immune response against pathogens •Platelets that help with blood clotting

*An individual's hematocrit is dependent on all EXCEPT

Hematocrit varies with age (children more variable) and sex (males slightly higher on average) Those that live in high altitude tend to have higher hematocrit

Which of the following lists the formed elements in order from largest to smallest in size?

Leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets

*The leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection is the

Neutrophils

*Usually the most numerous of the leukocytes are the

Neutrophils

How can you remember the leukocytes in order of their relative abundance?

Never = Neutrophil Let = Lymphocyte Monkeys = Monocyte Eat = Eosinophil Bananas = Basophil

Which component of whole blood is responsible for the transport of hormones?

Plasma

*Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies?

Protection Leukocytes guard against infection by triggering immune response to antigens (substances perceived as foreign)

Identify components of plasma that will be found in interstitial fluid but NOT in the same concentrations as in plasma.

Proteins Oxygen Carbon dioxide

Which of the following poses the greatest risk for severe illness and even death of an unborn fetus?

Second pregnancy, Rh- mother with second Rh+ fetus

*Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones?

Transportation Blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, wastes

*A student viewing a blood smear observes a cell with a lobed nucleus and obvious granules. Which of the following cell types may she be observing? a: Neutrophils b: Eosinophils c: Lymphocytes d: Monocytes e: Basophils f: Erythrocytes

a,b,e a: Neutrophils b: Eosinophils e: Basophils

The four classes of plasma proteins are

albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, and regulatory proteins.

The biconcave disc shape of a mature erythrocyte ______.

allows for rapid diffusion of respiratory gases

*Why is the name "thrombocyte" inappropriate for platelets?

because they are cell fragments that never had a nucleus, whereas the suffix -cyte implies a complete, nucleated cell.

*Two of the four globin chains in the hemoglobin molecule are called alpha chains and the other two are called ________________ chains.

beta (β) chains

*The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to

both oxygen and carbon dioxide.

*Which depicts the order of cell formation in erythropoiesis? a: Proerythroblast b: Normoblast c: Myeloid stem cell d: Reticulocyte e: Erythroblast f: Mature erythrocytec

c - Myeloid stem cell a - Proerythroblast e - Erythroblast b - Normoblast d - Reticulocyte f - Mature erythrocytec

* ____________ is the attraction of leukocytes to a site of infection due to the presence of molecules released by damaged cells, dead cells, or invading pathogens.

chemotaxis

*The difference in concentration of oxygen in the plasma and interstitial fluid ensures that oxygen will

continue to diffuse from blood into the interstitial fluid

When leukocytes arrive at the source of signaling molecules that attracted them to the site of tissue injury or invasion, they squeeze between cells forming the lining of small blood vessels: the name of this process, which translates as "a leaping through", is

diapedesis

*Among the constituents of plasma, sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate ions are classified as

electrolytes

*Which leukocytes are derived from the myeloid line?

erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, and all leukocytes except lymphocytes

*Blood is correctly classified as a(n)

fluid connective tissue

*The agglutinogens that determine the ABO and Rh blood types are

found on the surface of erythrocytes.

*The carbon dioxide molecules that bind to the hemoglobin molecule are attached to the __________ units.

globin

*Which are characteristic of type O blood?

has anti A antibodies has anti B antibodies has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes

*Which are characteristic of type A blood?

has anti B antibodies has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes will agglutinate with blood type B

*The concentration of dissolved oxygen is _______ in plasma than in interstitial fluid.

higher

The concentration of carbon dioxide is ______ in the tissues than in the blood in small vessels around the tissues; here, carbon dioxide will ______ hemoglobin.

higher; bind to

When transported by hemoglobin, oxygen binds weakly with the ______.

iron ions

Which answer(s) describe hemoglobin? Hemoglobin ______.

is a pigment is suspended in the cytosol of erythrocytes is a protein transports both oxygen and carbon dioxide

When some oxygen has been delivered to tissues and some carbon dioxide has been picked up, blood ______.

is deep red in color appears blue through the skin

When an erythrocyte is removed from circulation, the iron ion of hemoglobin ______.

is transported by transferrin to the liver

*The "buffy" coat of the middle layer of a centrifuged blood sample is composed of

leukocytes and platelets

*Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the

liver and spleen

The cells in the organs that remove old and/or damaged erythrocytes are called ______.

macrophages

The precursor cell from which platelets are derived or formed is called a ______.

megakaryocyte

*Platelets are continually produced in the red bone marrow by cells called _____________.

megakaryocytes

*The leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as macrophages is the A. eosinophil. B. basophil. C. monocyte. D. lymphocyte. E. neutrophil.

monocyte

The leukocytes that develop from the myeloid stem cell are the ______ and all three types of ______, which then develop along separate pathways.

monocytes, granulocytes

An individual with Rh- erythrocytes can safely receive a transfusion with Rh+ blood _______; the next transfusion will result in _______.

once, an agglutination reaction occurring

Whole blood consists of ______.

plasma and formed elements

*A _______________ (singular) is the name for the cylinder shape that erythrocytes form as they line up in single file for passage through the smallest blood vessels.

rouleau

Oxygen dissociates or detaches from hemoglobin as blood passes through small blood vessels in the body tissues because ______.

the concentration of oxygen is greater in the blood than in the body tissues the bond between the iron ion of hemoglobin to oxygen is weaker than the concentration gradient for oxygen

*If agglutination occurs after a blood transfusion, it may indicate

the wrong blood type was used.

*The iron of the heme unit of hemoglobin is transported in the blood by the protein _________________ after the aged erythrocytes are phagocytized.

transferrin

When erythrocytes are removed from circulation, the iron of hemoglobin is transported in the blood by the beta-globulin protein ______________ and stored in the liver by the protein _______________.

transferrin; ferritin

*Which most closely approximates the percentage of water in plasma by weight?

92%

In which portion of a sample of whole blood will you find the antibodies associated with an individual's ABO blood type?

A

*Which are characteristic of type Rh negative blood? a. Always has Rh (anti-D) antibodies b. Only under certain conditions will Rh (anti-D) antibodies be present c. Always has Rh (D) antigen d. Only under certain conditions will the Rh (D) antigen be present e. Is inherited independent of the ABO group

a. Always has Rh (anti-D) antibodies b. Only under certain conditions will Rh (anti-D) antibodies be present c. Always has Rh (D) antigen d. Only under certain conditions will the Rh (D) antigen be present e. Is inherited independent of the ABO group

*Which events occur during the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes? (Order is not important.) a: The heme group is converted into biliverdin. b: Bilirubin is placed in long-term storage in the liver. c: The iron ions in hemoglobin are removed. d: The iron ions are stored in the liver. e: The iron ions are stored in the red bone marrow. f: Membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down and reused. g: The erythrocyte contents, excluding the globins, are excreted unchanged via the digestive tract.

a: The heme group is converted into biliverdin. c: The iron ions in hemoglobin are removed. d: The iron ions are stored in the liver. f: Membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down and reused.

The temperature of blood is ______ body temperature measured orally or rectally.

about 1 degree C higher than

*Because it is found outside of (rather than within) cells, plasma is considered to be an _______________ fluid.

extracellular fluid (ECF)

*Which are characteristic of leukocytes?

have a nucleus have no hemoglobin depending on type, may or may not contain granules

*The percentage of the volume of all formed elements in the blood is called the _______________.

hematocrit

*The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called

hematopoiesis

Gamma globulins to Rh antigen will be found in the plasma ______.

in an Rh- individual who has been exposed to Rh+blood

*The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are the

Albumins

How do leukocytes and erythrocytes differ?

Some leukocytes have granules in their cytoplasm, erythrocytes do not. Most leukocytes are in tissue spaces, whereas most erythrocytes are in the bloodstream. Leukocytes defend the body against pathogens, erythrocytes transport respiratory gases. Mature leukocytes have a nucleus but mature erythrocytes do not.