Ch. 21 Pre-Lect

Approximately what percentage of the fluid that is filtered out of a capillary is reabsorbed?

About 85% of the fluid that is filtered out of a capillary is reabsorbed. The excess filtered fluid enters the lymphatic system.

The lungs and _________ do not begin to function on their own until after birth.

After birth, the pulmonary, renal and digestive systems begin to function. The embryo receives all the oxygenated blood and nutrients from the mother during pregnancy.

About 400 miles of additional blood vessels develop for each kilogram of body fat added.

An increase in body fat causes an increase in adipose tissue deposits in vessels. For each addition kilogram (2.2 lb) of fat, an additional 650 km (400 miles) of blood vessels develop.

Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood.

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues and most veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart, with the exception of pulmonary veins. After birth, the pulmonary veins are the only veins that carry oxygenated blood.

At rest, there is an equal amount of blood in veins and arteries.

At rest, 64% of the blood in the body is found in veins and venules, which serve as the reservoir of blood. The arteries and arterioles hold 13% of the blood at rest.

These hold the least amount of blood volume.

At rest, about 64% of the total blood volume is held in the systemic veins and venules. Systemic arteries and arterioles hold about 13%, pulmonary vessels hold about 9%, systemic capillaries hold about 7%, and the heart holds about 7% of the total blood volume.

Which of the following hormones is released by the heart?

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is released by cells in the atria of the heart. It lowers blood pressure by causing vasodilation and by promoting the loss of salt and water in the urine, which reduces blood volume. The active hormone angiotensin II raises blood pressure in two ways. First, angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor. It raises blood pressure by increasing systemic vascular resistance. Next, it stimulates secretion of aldosterone, which increases reabsorption of sodium ions (Na+) and water by the kidneys. Blood pressure increases because the water reabsorption increases total blood volume. ADH is produced by the hypothalamus and when released from the posterior pituitary will cause vasoconstriction, which increases blood pressure.

The ability of a tissue to automatically adjust its blood flow to match its metabolic demands is called Select answer from the options below

Autoregulation is the process resulting from an internal adaptive mechanism that works to adjust (or mitigate) a system's response to stimuli. Autoregulation is most clearly observed in the kidney, heart, and brain. Perfusion of these organs is essential for life and, through autoregulation, the body can divert blood and O2 when and where it is needed most.

Sometimes one might faint because of a very tight collar. What is the main reason for this?

Baroreceptors are pressure-sensitive sensory receptors that are located in the carotid arteries, aorta and other large arteries in the neck and chest. Pressure on the carotids, like from a tight collar, sends impulses to the cardiovascular center to help regulate blood pressure. The blood pressure would be signaled to decrease in this scenario, which would cause the heart rate to increase.

The receptors that monitor blood pressure are called

Baroreceptors monitor blood pressure. They are sensors located in the carotid sinus and the aortic arch. They sense the blood pressure and relay information to the brain to maintain normal blood pressures. Chemoreceptors monitor blood levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions. Olfactory receptors are involved with the special sense of smell and gustatory receptors are related to the special sense of taste.

Identify the primordial tissue from which blood cells and blood vessels stem.

Blood cells and blood vessels formation outside the embryo develop from the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion and connecting stalk.

Which of the following pressures promote reabsorption of fluid?

Blood colloid osmotic pressure and interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure pull fluid from interstitial fluid into blood capillaries by reabsorption. Blood hydrostatic pressure and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure push fluid out of capillaries by filtration.

Blood not flowing through which of the following systems would reduce the amount of calcium deposition?

Blood delivers calcium and phosphate ions to the skeletal system, which are needed for bone and extracellular matrix remodeling. Blood circulation brings immune cells and antibodies to the lymphatic system, and oxygen and carbon dioxide to the lungs. The urinary system helps to filter the blood.

This is the volume of blood that flows through any of the body's tissue at any given time.

Blood flow refers to the volume of blood that flows through a specific tissue in a given time (in mL/min). Hemodynamics is the name given to the forces involved in circulating blood throughout the body. Cardiac output refers to the total volume flow that circulates through systemic blood vessels each minute.

The greater the pressure difference, the greater the blood flow.

Blood flows from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure, so the greater the pressure difference, the greater the blood flow.

Blood cell formation in the embryo first occurs in the _________________.

Blood formation in the embryo starts at about the fifth week in the liver, and then at week twelve in the spleen, bone marrow and thymus. Blood formation outside the embryo begins in the wall of the yolk sac, chorion and connecting stalk as early as 15 to 16 days after fertilization.

The pressure that the water in blood plasma exerts against the vessel walls is

Blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP) is the pressure that water in blood plasma exerts against blood vessel walls. Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) is caused by the suspension of large proteins in plasma, interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP) drives the movement of fluid from the interstitial fluid back into the capillaries, and interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP) pushes the fluid from interstitial spaces back into capillaries.

What are embryonic discs referred to

Blood islands are aggregates of angioblasts that form isolated masses and cords through the embryonic discs. Hemangioblasts is the primordial tissue that gives rise to blood vessels (angioblasts) or blood cells (pluripotent stem cells).

Erectile function of the penis and clitoris is controlled by

Blood vessel dilation allows increased blood flow to the penis and clitoris during sexual intercourse. Blood vessel constriction will result in reduced blood blow to the genitals.

Blood vessels develop specifically from the

Both angioblasts and pluripotent cells develop from the same precursor cells known as hemangioblasts. Angioblasts give rise to blood vessels, and pluripotent stem cells give rise to blood cells.

Blood cells develop specifically from

Both angioblasts and pluripotent cells develop from the same precursor cells known as hemangioblasts. Pluripotent stem cells give rise to blood cells, and angioblasts give rise to blood vessels.

By the age of 80, a person's cerebral blood flow is decreased by

By age 80 cerebral blood flow is decreased by 20% and renal blood flow is decreased by 50% compared to when the same person was 30 years old.

By age 80, cerebral blood flow is 50% less and renal blood flow 20% less than in a person age 30.

By age 80, cerebral blood flow is 20% less and renal blood flow is 50% less when compared to that same person at age 30.

Identify the organ(s) in which blood DOES NOT become present in the 3rd month.

By the fifth week of embryonic development, blood formation in the embryo itself starts in the liver. At week twelve, blood formation starts in the spleen, bone marrow and thymus.

In which capillary exchange mechanism can solutes pass through intercellular clefts, fenestrations, or endothelial cell membranes?

Capillary exchange is the movement of solutes between the blood and the interstitial fluid. The passage of solutes through intercellular clefts, fenestrations, or endothelial cell membranes involves the process of diffusion or the passive movement of solutes down their concentration gradients.

Cardiac output is dependent on this.

Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total volume flow that circulates through systemic blood vessels each minute. CO = heart rate x stroke volume.

Total blood flow through the circulatory system is equivalent to

Cardiac output is the total volume of blood flow that circulates through systemic (or pulmonary) blood vessels each minute. The cardiac output is dependent on heart rate and stroke volume. Blood pressure is the hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood on the vessel walls.

The cardiovascular system contributes to the nervous system by using endothelial cells in the brain ventricles help produce

Cebrospinal fluid is produced in the brain ventricles and acts as a shock absorber by cushioning the brain. Cebrospinal fluid is produced by endothelial cells and found primarly in the ventricles of the brain.

Body temperature regulation involves interactions between the cardiovascular system and the

Changes in skin blood flow regulate body temperature by adjusting the amount of heat loss through the skin. The digestive, lymphatic and urinary systems also have contributions from the cardiovascular system, but none are associated with body temperature regulation.

The receptors that monitor blood levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions are called

Chemoreceptors monitor blood levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions. Chemoreceptors detect changes in the normal environment, such as increased CO2 (hypercapnia) or decreased oxygen (hypoxia), and transmit information to the brain to engage body response to restore homeostasis. Baroreceptors monitor blood pressure. They are sensors located in the carotid sinus and the aortic arch. They sense the blood pressure and relay information to the brain to maintain normal blood pressures. Olfactory receptors are involved with the special sense of smell and gustatory receptors are related to the special sense of taste.

Diffusion of a substance across a cell membrane is due to

Concentration gradient of the substance on either side of the membrane

A set of symptoms associated with impaired pumping of the heart that often occurs in older individuals is Congestive Heart Failure (CHF).

Congestive heart failure (CHF), a condition that is prevalent in older people, is the result of a set of symptoms associated with impaired pumping of the heart.

Which is not a feature of the capillaries?

Connect arterioles to veins

The lowest pressure attained in a blood vessel during diastole is

Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) occurs during ventricular relaxation and has the lowest arterial pressure. The systemic blood pressure (SBP) occurs during ventricular contraction and has the highest arterial pressure.

Which one of the following is not a means of exchange at the capillary level?

Diffusion, transcytosis and bulk flow are the mechanisms for transport in and out of the capillaries. Bulk flow is a passive process and allows large movement of substances down a pressure gradient, diffusion is a passive process that moves substances down their concentration gradients, and transcytosis moves a small quantity of material crosses capillary walls. Active transport is not an exchange method in capillaries.

In cardiac catheterization, a catheter is inserted into which of the following vessels to reach the left side of the heart?

During catheterization, a catheter is inserted into the femoral femoral artery as it is easy to access, and then guided to pass the aorta, then the coronary arteries until it reaches the left side of the heart.

The largest total cross-sectional area of blood vessels is at the capillaries.

Each time an artery branches off, the cross-sectional area increases. The capillaries are the smallest vessels, so they have the greatest cross-sectional area.

The cardiovascular system transports ______here to the skeletal system to stimulate production of red blood cells.

Erythropoietin is a hormone secreted by the kidneys in response to cellular hypoxia. Erythropoietin stimulates bone marrow to increases red blood cell production.

All exchanges between mother and fetus are done by diffusion, resulting in no mixing of their blood.

FALSE The placenta and the mother's cardiovascular system communicate through many small blood vessels that branch into capillaries in the placenta. All exchanges occur by diffusion through these capillary walls, so normally, there is no mixing of maternal and fetal blood.

Blood vessels and blood cells develop from which precursor cell?

Hemangioblasts are precursor cells that give rise to pluripotent stem cells and to angioblasts. Pluripotent stem cells give rise to blood cells, and angioblasts give rise to blood vessels.

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, antidiuretic, angiotensin II, and atrial natriuretic peptide are all

Hormones play a key role in blood pressure regulation. They regulate blood pressure and blood flow by altering cardiac output, changing systemic vascular resistance or adjusting total blood volume.

Hypotension is the term for

Hypotension is the term for low blood pressure. A blood pressure reading is considered low if the systolic is 90 mmHg or less and/or diastolic is 60 mmHg or less. In hypotension, the blood flow is reduced and, therefore, there is less pressure is exerted on the arterial walls. The decrease in blood flow reduces the amount of oxygen being delivered to organs and tissues. Hypotension can cause dizziness, fatigue, fainting, and, in some cases, can be life-threatening.

In a blood pressure reading of 110/70 mmHg, the 110 represents the ____________ pressure.

In a blood pressure reading of 110/70, 110 would be the systolic blood pressure. The systolic blood pressure occurs during ventricular contraction and has the highest arterial pressure. The 70 in 110/70 represents the diastolic blood pressure.

In a blood pressure reading of 110/70 mmHg, the 70 represents the _________ pressure.

In a blood pressure reading of 110/70, 70 would be the diastolic blood pressure. The diastolic blood pressure occurs during ventricular relaxation and has the lowest arterial pressure. The 110 in 110/70 represents the systolic blood pressure.

In the urinary system, the heart and blood vessels deliver______percent of the resting cardiac output to the kidneys.

In the urinary system, the heart and blood vessels are responsible for 20% of the resting cardiac output to the kidneys. The kidneys are responsible for filtering blood. The kidneys reabsorb substances, such as water, glucose, potassium, and excrete toxic substances and waste through urine.

Which of the following substances can cross capillaries by transcytosis?

Insulin is a small protein that is lipid-insoluble and cannot cross a capillary wall by diffusion. Transcytosis allows substances that are large or lipid-insoluble to cross the capillary wall inside vesicles. Plasma proteins, amino acids and glucose can be transported by diffusion and bulk flow.

The vessels that empty directly into the capillaries are called

Metarterioles are the region at the terminal end of the arteriole that link the arterioles and capillaries. Arterioles are small arteries that lead into the capillary, sphincters in vessels control the flow of blood, and venules are small veins formed by groups of capillaries.

The terminal end of an arteriole leading to a capillary junction is called a/an ________.

Metarterioles are the region at the terminal end of the arteriole. Precapillary sphincters are located at the metarteriole-capillary junction, the venules are small veins formed by groups of capillaries, and arterioles are a small branch of arteries that lead into capillaries.

Impulses from carotid sinus baroreceptors travel along the _______ nerve.

Nerve impulses propagate from the carotid sinus baroreceptors over the sensory axons in the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves.

Blood flow through a tissue is inversely proportional to

Resistance is the opposition to blood flow. When the diameter of a blood vessel is smaller, the friction is greater, so there is more resistance and less blood flow. Blood pressure and stroke volume are not proportional to blood flow.

Poor heart function can result in ________ shock.

Shock occurs when the cardiovascular system is unable to deliver enough oxygen and nutrients to meet the cellular metabolic needs of the body. There are four different types of shock: cardiogenic shock is the result of poor heart function; hypovolemic shock is the result of reduced blood volume; vascular shock is the result of inappropriate vasodilation; and obstructive shock is the result of an obstruction in part of the circulatory system. Cardiogenic shock is often caused by a myocardial infarction, ischemia, heart valve problems, arrhythmias, or other conditions that make the heart pump inadequately.

The tunica media of an artery is comprised of:

Smooth muscle cells and connective tissue

The cardiovascular (CV) center is located in the

The CV center is located in the medulla oblongata, which is the main region for nervous system regulation of the heart. The CV receives input from higher brain centers, baroreceptors, proprioceptors and chemoreceptors. The CV then processes the information and provides output to effectors via the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS.

The abdominal aorta ends when it divides into which of the following?

The abdominal aorta ends when it divides into the right and left common iliac arteries. The common iliac then divides into the internal and external iliac arteries. The external iliac artery then divides into the femoral artery and the deep artery of the thigh.

In addition to the azygos system, which of the following vessels is also draining blood from the thorax?

The azygos system drains most of the thoracic structures through a group of three veins, including the azygos, hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins. The brachiocephalic veins drain a small portion of the superior thorax. The main function of the brachiocephalic vein is to drain the head, neck, upper limbs and mammary glands.

vein drains the right side of the thoracic wall, the thoracic viscera, and the posterior abdominal wall.

The azygos vein is part of the azygos system of veins that drains structures of the thorax. It drains the right side of the thoracic wall, the thoracic viscera, and the posterior abdominal wall.

The velocity of blood flow is slowest at the capillaries.

The capillaries are the smallest vessels, so they have the greatest cross-sectional area. The velocity of blood flow is inversely related to the cross-sectional area of the vessel, so the velocity of blood flow in the capillaries is slowest.

The cardiovascular (CV) center receives input from all of the following EXCEPT

The cardiovascular (CV) center is an area in the medulla oblongata helps regulate heart rate and stroke volume. The CV center receives nerve impulses from the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and hypothalamus.

Which of the following is a branch off the celiac trunk?

The celiac trunk divides into three branches: left gastric, splenic and common hepatic arteries. The splenic artery further divides into the pancreatic, left gastro-omental and short gastric arteries. The common hepatic artery further divides into the proper hepatic, right gastric and gastroduodenal arteries.

Which of the following is a branch of the abdominal aorta?

The celiac trunk is a branch of the abdominal aorta. The left common carotid branches from the arch of the aorta, the left coronary artery arises from the ascending aorta, and the bronchial artery branches from the thoracic aorta.

In a resting person, circulation time is about

The circulation time is the time taken by a particle of blood to flow from one point in the circulation to the other. In an average person, the circulation time is about 1 minute.

The time it takes for a drop of blood to travel from the right atrium through the pulmonary and systemic circulation and back to the right atrium is called the _________ time.

The circulation time is the time taken by a particle of blood to flow from one point in the circulation to the other. Velocity is the speed of blood flow.

Which of the following vessels supplies blood to the head and neck?

The common carotid artery supplies blood to the head and neck. The subclavian artery supply the upper limb. The jugular vein and the superior vena cava are veins, meaning the drain blood from organs rather than supplying organs with blood.

An aortoenteric fistula is a rare but serious condition where there is a connection between the aorta and the small intestines, which allows blood to leak into the duodenum. It is often caused by an aneurysm in the aorta that expands and comes into contact with the intestines. Which of the following vessels are located in areas where such a fistula could develop?

The common hepatic artery passes anterior to the duodenum, and therefore, this vessel is the most likely artery to connect the aorta with the small intestine to leak blood into the duodenum. The superior and inferior phrenic arteries are located near the diaphragm, and the inferior mesenteric artery passes inferior to the jejunum.

The first blood vessel(s) emerging from the ascending aorta is(are) the

The coronary arteries arise from the ascending aorta just superior to the aortic valve and are the first blood vessels to emerge. Other arteries branch from the left and right coronary arteries.

Which of the following vessels drains directly into the right atrium?

The coronary sinus drains all tissues of the heart. It receives blood from the great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein and small cardiac vein. The anterior cardiac veins drain directly into the right atrium.

The coronary sinus receives blood directly from the

The coronary sinus receives blood directly from the great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein and small cardiac veins. The superior vena cava collects blood from structures above the diaphragm (head, neck, upper limbs, thorax) and empties blood directly into the right atrium.

Velocity of blood flow is slower in capillaries because:

The cross-sectional area is greatest in the capillaries as compared to the original vessel

This drains the gallbladder.

The cystic vein drains the gallbladder directly into the hepatic portal vein. The splenic vein drains the stomach, pancreas and portions of the large intestine. The hepatic veins take blood from the sinusoids in the liver into the inferior vena cava. The inferior mesenteric vein drains portions of the large intestine.

In a resting, healthy young adult, the diastolic pressure is approximately

The diastolic blood pressure (DBP) occurs during ventricular relaxation and has the lowest arterial pressure. In a young, healthy adult the DBP should be about 70 mmHg. The systolic blood pressure has the highest arterial blood pressure and should be about 110 mmHg in a young, healthy adult.

The lowest pressure in the arteries during ventricular relaxation is called ______ pressure.

The diastolic blood pressure occurs during ventricular relaxation and has the lowest arterial pressure. The systolic blood pressure occurs during ventricular contraction and has the highest arterial pressure. The mean arterial pressure is the average blood pressure in the arteries.

The dorsal venosus arch carries blood to which of the following veins?

The dorsal venosus arches are networks of veins located on the dorsal part of the foot, that collect blood from the toes. After joining with the dorsal metatarsal veins, blood can flow into the anterior tibial or saphenous veins.

The dural sinuses are endothelial-lined venosus channels that are found

The dural venosus sinuses are venosus channels between layers of the cranial dura mater, lined by endothelial tissue. Part of the superior sagittal sinus is found in the nasal cavity. The inferior sagittal sinus begins posterior to the falx cerebri attachment. The cavernous sinuses are located around the eye orbits.

The dural venous sinuses are located between layers of what type of cranial tissue?

The dural venous sinuses are located between layers of the cranial dura mater. Dura mater is a dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It is the out layer of the meninges. The other two layers are the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.

Which structures drain all veins within the cranial cavity?

The dural venous sinuses drain all veins within the cranial cavity and into the internal jugular veins. They are surrounded by dura mater and convey deoxygenated blood from the brain to the heart.

The tunica media is separated from the tunica externa by the

The external elastic lamina is made up of elastic fibers and separates the tunica media from the tunica externa. The internal elastic lamina forms the boundary between the tunica interna and tunica media. The vasa vorum is the small vessels that supply blood to the tissues of the vessel in the tunica externa and the basement membrane is a physical support layer in the tunica interna.

Which of the following represents a pathway for blood in the fetus that bypasses the lungs?

The fetal circulation is different from normal circulation because the fetus gets the oxygen from the mom, instead of the lungs. In order to bypass the lungs, blood goes directly from the right atrium into the left atrium via the foramen ovale, then into the left ventricle and out through the aorta.

The hepatic portal vein transports blood from the gastrointestinal organ capillaries and spleen capillaries to which organ?

The haptic portal vein transports blood to the liver. Usually, blood passes from the heart and then in sequence through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins and then back to the heart. However, in some parts of the body, blood passes from one capillary network into another through a vessel called a portal vessel. Such circulation of blood is called a portal system. The name of the portal system gives the location of the second capillary network. In this case, the hepatic portal system is the system that leads into the capillaries of the liver.

The lower the resistance, the smaller the blood flow.

The higher the resistance, the smaller the blood flow.

The two major branches of the common iliac artery are the _______ and internal iliac arteries.

The iliac artery branches into the external and internal iliac arteries. External iliac arteries supply the lower limbs, and internal iliac arteries supply the uterus (female), prostate (male), muscles of the buttocks, and urinary bladder.

Which of the following vessels begins anterior to the fifth lumbar vertebra?

The inferior vena cava begins anterior to the fifth lumbar vertebra. The superior vena cava begins posterior to right first costal cartilage.

Which of the following drains blood from the lower limbs?

The inferior vena cava drains the abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs. The superior vena cava drains the head, neck, upper limbs and thorax. The aorta is an artery, not a vein.

The internal and external iliac veins unite to form which of the following?

The internal iliac vein joins with the external iliac to form the common iliac vein, which then drains into the inferior vena cava.

Which of the following tributaries of the internal jugular vein is correctly matched with the region it drains? Select answer from the options below

The internal jugular vein has contribution from the superior sagittal sinus, inferior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, sigmoid sinuses and cavernous sinuses. The cavernous sinuses drain the orbits, nasal cavity, frontal regions of cerebrum and superior aspect of brainstem. Sigmoid sinuses drain the lateral and posterior aspect of the cerebrum and cerebellum. The straight sinus drain the medial and inferior aspects of the cerebrum and cerebellum.

The cranial meninges are drained by the

The internal jugular veins drain the brain, cranial meninges and bones, and muscles and tissues of face and neck. The azygos vein drains the right side of the thoracic wall, thoracic viscera and posterior abdominal wall. The external jugular vein drains the scalp and skin of head and neck, muscles of face and neck and oral cavity and pharynx.

The pressure that the water in tissue spaces generates to move fluids into the blood vessels is

The interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP) is the pressure the water in tissue spaces generates to move fluids into the blood vessels. Blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP) is the pressure that water in blood plasma exerts against blood vessel walls, blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) is caused by the suspension of large proteins in plasma, and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP) drives the movement of fluid from the interstitial fluid back into the capillaries.

The interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure is close to

The interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP) is the pressure the water in tissue spaces generates to move fluids into the blood vessels. The IFHP is about 0 mmHg. The blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP) is about 35 mmHg at the arterial end and about 16 mmHg at the venosus end of a capillary.

Atherosclerosis in which of the following vessels could impair blood flow to the greater omentum?

The left gastro-epiploic or gastro-omental artery supplies the greater omentum with oxygenated blood from the splenic artery. The left gastric artery is a direct branch from the celiac trunk carrying blood to the stomach's lesser omentum and lesser curve. The right gastric artery and gastroduodenal arteries are branches of the common hepatic artery from the celiac trunk.

Which area of the brain regulates blood flow and blood pressure?

The medulla oblongata is the site for the cardiovascular (CV) center, which regulates heart rate, stroke volume and blood pressure.

The net filtration pressure is calculated as

The net filtration pressure (NFP) represents the interaction of the hydrostatic and osmotic pressures, driving fluid out of the capillary. The NFP is calculated by subtracting the pressures that promote reabsorption from the pressures that promote filtration. NFP= (BHP + IFOP) - (BCOP + IFHP)

Which of the following is a paired visceral branch of the abdominal aorta?

The paired visceral branches include the suprarenal, renal and gonadal arteries. The celiac trunk, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric are part of the unpaired visceral branches.

Which of the following is a parietal branch of the thoracic aorta?

The parietal branches of the thoracic aorta include the posterior intercostal, subcostal and superior phrenic arteries. The visceral branches include the pericardial, bronchial, esophageal and mediastinal arteries.

As blood flows into the right ventricle, the pressure has dropped to about

The pressure of blood decreases as it flows through the systemic circulation. The further the blood travels from the left ventricle, the lower the pressure gets and, once the blood reaches the right ventricle, the pressure is 0 mmHg.

The superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus all drain into the

The purpose of the systemic circulation is to carry oxygen and nutrients to body tissues and remove carbon dioxide and other wastes and heat from the tissues. All of the systemic arteries branch from the aorta. Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through the systemic veins. All veins of the systemic circulation drain into the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, or coronary sinus, then empty into the right atrium.

The radial and ulnar veins converge to bring blood to form the

The radial and ulnar veins merge together to form the brachial vein just inferior to the elbow joint. The median cubital veins connect the basilic and cephalic veins. The axillary vein is formed as the brachial and basilic veins unite.

If the diameter of a blood vessel doubles in size, the resistance to blood flow

The resistance of the blood flow is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the diameter of the vessel lumen and the smaller the lumen, the greater the resistance to flow. Therefore, if the diameter of the blood vessel lumen doubles the resistance decreases by 16 times.

The effect of breathing on venosus return is due to

The respiratory pump alternates the compression and decompression of veins. During inhalation, the diaphragm moves downward, which causes a decrease in pressure in the thoracic cavity and an increase in pressure in the abdominal cavity. During exhalation, the valves in the veins prevent backflow of blood from the thoracic veins to the abdominal veins during breathing and promotes venosus return.

What vessel supplies both right and left ventricles?

The right and left ventricles are supplied by vessels from the right and left coronary arteries. The left coronary artery divides into the anterior interventricular branch which supplies both ventricles, and the circumflex branch which supplies the left atrium and left ventricle. The right coronary artery divides into the posterior interventricular branch which also supplies both ventricles, and the marginal branch which supplies the right ventricle.

Which of the following vessels travels below the sartorius muscle?

The sartorius muscle is the longest muscle in the human body, it runs the entire length of the thigh in the anterior compartment. The femoral artery supplies the thigh. The common iliac artery branches into the internal and external iliac arteries, the external iliac continues as the femoral artery. The popliteal artery is the continuation of the femoral artery in the lower leg and branches into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.

Which of the following veins drain blood from the small intestines?

The small intestine is composed of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The left gastric vein drains the small intestine. The right gastric vein drains the duodenum. The superior mesenteric vein drains the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.

The splenic artery gives rise to the________arteries, left gastroepiploic artery and short gastric arteries.

The splenic artery gives rise to the pancreatic arteries. These small arteries descend into the pancreatic tissue and supply the pancreas.

Which of the following vessels returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium?

The superior vena cava collects deoxygenated blood from the head, neck, upper limbs and thorax. The inferior vena cava collects deoxygenated blood from the abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs The coronary sinus drains all tissue of the heart. All of these vessels bring back deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart.

The superior vena cava receives blood from veins that are superior to which of the following structures?

The superior vena cava drains the head, neck, upper limbs and thorax and receives deoxygenated blood from other veins superior to the diaphragm, except the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs.

Which of the following drains blood from the upper limbs?

The superior vena cava drains the head, neck, upper limbs and thorax. The inferior vena cava drains the abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs.The aorta is an artery, not a vein.

Oxygen-poor blood from the arms returns to the heart via the

The superior vena cava drains the upper limbs. The inferior vena cava drains the abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs. The coronary sinus drains all tissues of the heart. The aorta is the main artery that distributes blood from the heart different parts of the body.

Which of the following aspects of circulation belongs to the systemic circuit?

The systemic circulation has subdivisions that carry oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to systemic capillaries by use of arteries and arterioles. These circulation systems include: coronary, cerebral and hepatic.The veins and venules return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium after flowing through body organs. Pulmonary circulation occurs when returned blood from the systemic route is pumped out of the right ventricle to the lungs.The blood loses some of its carbon dioxide and takes on oxygen.

In a resting, healthy young adult, the systolic pressure is approximately

The systolic blood pressure (SBP) occurs during ventricular contraction and has the highest arterial pressure. In a young, healthy adult the SBP should be about 110 mmHg. The diastolic blood pressure has the lowest arterial pressure and should be about 70 mmHg in a young, healthy adult.

Vasoconstriction occurs when there is stimulation of the smooth muscle in the

The tunica media is made up of connective tissue and muscle. The smooth muscle of the tunica media can vasoconstrict and decrease the diameter of the lumen of a blood vessel. The external and internal elastic lamina are made of elastic fibers and the tunica externa consists of elastic and collagen fibers.

Which of the following is an unpaired parietal branch of the abdominal aorta?

The unpaired parietal branch includes the median sacral artery. The gonadal and renal arteries are part of the paired visceral branches, and the superior mesenteric artery is part of the unpaired visceral branches.

The upper limbs are drained by the

The upper limbs are drained by the superior vena cava. The coronary sinus drains all tissues of the heart, and the inferior vena cava drains the abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs.

When taking blood pressure you can hear a sound all through the systolic range, and the absence of sound in the diastolic range. These sounds are called

The various sounds that are heard while taking blood pressure are called Korotkoff sounds. Blood pressure refers to the pressure in arteries generated by the left ventricle during systole and the pressure remaining in the arteries when the ventricle is in diastole. The force of blood pressure on arterial walls just after ventricular contraction is known as systolic blood pressure.Diastolic blood pressure represents the force exerted by the blood remaining in arteries during ventricular relaxation.

A vein with a thin endothelial wall that contains no smooth muscle is called a

The vascular sinus is a vein that is composed of a thin endothelial wall and has no smooth muscle. A sinusoid is a wider, more winding capillary, an anastomosis is the location where two or more arteries meet and provide alternative routes of blood flow, and a fenestration is a small pore in the diameter of a capillary.

Blood flow is fastest through which of the following blood vessels?

The velocity of blood flow is inversely related to the cross-sectional area of the vessel. Arteries have the smallest cross-sectional area and, therefore, have the greatest velocity of blood flow. Capillaries have the greatest cross-sectional area and have the slowest velocity of blood flow.

The velocity of blood flow is directly proportional to the cross-sectional area.

The velocity of blood flow is inversely related to the cross-sectional area of the vessel. When arteries branch off, the vessels become smaller and the cross-sectional area is greater, therefore the velocity of blood flow is slower.

The vessel wall of muscular arteries comprises about 10% of the total vessel diameter.

The vessel wall of muscular arteries comprises 25% of the vessel diameter. In elastic arteries, the vessel wall makes up 10% of the vessel diameter.

Vasodilators lower blood pressure by lowering systemic vascular resistance.

Vasodilation increases the vessel diameter and therefore can lower the blood pressure. Vasoconstriction has the opposite effect.

Veins are the blood vessels that carry blood from the tissues back to the heart.

Veins are blood vessels that typically carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart. The pulmonary veins are the only veins that carry oxygenated blood. Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues.

Venoconstriction is needed under which of the following situations?

Venoconstriction, or constriction of the veins, reduces the blood volume in the reservoirs to allow greater blood volume to flow where is needed, for instance, in the skeletal muscles during heavy exercise. It also work during hemorrhage, when the blood volume and pressure decrease.

Responses to shock include activation of the _________ division of the ANS.

When a person goes into shock, the sympathetic division of the ANS is activated. Aortic and carotid baroreceptors being the cascade effect of the sympathetic responses in the body as the blood pressure drops. As the sympathetic response continues, the heart rate increases from the extra epinephrine and norepinephrine being released by the adrenal medulla. As the heart rate increases, there is vasoconstriction aiding in venosus return which helps raise the lowered blood pressure. To return blood flow and restore oxygen levels to the body, vasodilators are released.

Which of the following hormones DOES NOT help regulate blood pressure?

When the sympathetic stimulation is prompted it increases secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine by the adrenal medulla. When the heart beats faster and more forcefully, and as systemic vascular resistance increases, cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance rises, and blood pressure increases to a normal level.The active hormone angiotensin II raises blood pressure in two ways. First, angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor. It raises blood pressure by increasing systemic vascular resistance. Next, it stimulates secretion of aldosterone, which increases reabsorption of sodium ions (Na+) and water by the kidneys. Blood pressure increases because the water reabsorption increases total blood volume.ADH is produced by the hypothalamus and when released from the posterior pituitary will cause vasoconstriction, which increases blood pressure.

In the early stages of embryonic development, where do blood vessel and blood cell formation begin?

all of the choices are correct In the early stages of embryonic development, around the third week, blood vessel and blood cell formation begin in the walls of the yolk sac (umbilical vesicle), chorion, and allantois (connecting stalk); Blood vessels and blood cells from hemangioblasts that form blood islands. The spaces between these islands become the lumen of blood vessels. Angioblasts become the endothelial lining of blood vessels.

aggregate to form isolated masses and chords in embryonic discs known as blood islands.

angioblasts

The popliteal artery divides into the___and posterior tibial arteries.

anterior Popliteal arteries originate as the femoral arteries. They pass through the hiatus in the adductor magnus muscle and continue through the popliteal fossa (space behind the knee). They descend to the inferior border of the popliteus muscles, divided into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries. The popliteal arteries supply the distal thigh's muscles, the knee region's skin, muscles of the proximal leg, knee joint, femur, patella, tibia, and fibula.

Most thoracic structures are drained by a network of veins called the

azygos

Most thoracic structures are drained by a network of veins in which system?

azygos system Besides collecting blood from the thorax and abdominal wall, the azygos system, may serve as a bypass for the inferior vena cava, which drains blood from the lower body. Several small veins directly link the azygos system with the inferior vena cava. Larger veins that drain the lower limbs and abdomen also connect into the azygos system.

Three systemic veins return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium; the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and___sinus

coronary The coronary sinus carries deoxygenated blood to the right atrium. The coronary sinus is the main vein of the heart. It receives almost all venous blood from the myocardium. The coronary sinus is located in the coronary sulcus on the posterior aspect of the heart. It opens into the right atrium between the inferior vena cava's opening and the right atrioventricular valve. It is a wide venous channel into which three veins drain: the great cardiac vein (from the anterior interventricular sulcus), the middle cardiac vein (from the posterior interventricular sulcus), and the small cardiac vein into its right end. Several anterior cardiac veins drain directly into the right atrium

as arterioles dilate and resistance decreases the effect on blood pressure is

decreased blood pressure

Identify the endothelial-lined venosus channels between the layers of the cranial dura mater

dural venosus sinuses The dural venosus sinuses are venosus channels between layers of the cranial dura mater, lined by endothelial tissue. The superior sagittal sinus begins at the frontal bone and passes posteriorly to the occipital bone. The straight sinus runs in the tentorium cerebelli where the inferior sagittal sinus and the great cerebral vein join.

Which of the following vessels might flow into the hemiazygos vein?

esophageal vein The left posterior intercostal, esophageal, mediastinal, and sometimes the accessory hemiazygos veins drain into the hemiazygos vein. The bronchial, pericardial and right posterior intercostal veins drain into the azygos vein.

The external iliac artery continues in the lower leg as the ___artery.

femoral The femoral artery is the continuation of the external iliac artery when it reaches the thigh. It supplies the muscles of the thigh, femur, and the ligaments and tendons around the knee joint.

The abdominal portion of the esophagus is supplied by the left ___ here artery.

gastric The left gastric artery supplies the abdominal part of the esophagus, the lesser curvature of the stomach, and the lesser omentum. It arises superiorly to the left toward the esophagus and then turns to follow the lesser curvature of stomach.

vein drains the gallbladder.

gastric The left gastric vein drains into the gallbladder. Hepatic veins drain the sinusoidal capillaries of the liver. The liver's capillaries receive venous blood from the capillaries of the digestive canal organs via the hepatic portal vein, which receives tributaries from the digestive canal organs. One of these tributaries is the left gastric vein. It arises from the left side of the stomach's lesser curvature and joins the left side of the hepatic portal vein in the lesser omentum. This vein drains the terminal esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine.

Which of the following veins flow directly into the femoral vein?

great saphenous The femoral vein collects blood directly from the popliteal and the great saphenous veins. The small saphenous, and the posterior and anterior tibial veins drain into the popliteal vein. The fibular vein drains into the posterior tibial vein, and the external iliac drains into the common iliac vein.

Which of the following vessels would most likely be prone to the development of varicose veins?

great saphenous The great saphenous vein would be most susceptible to varicose veins. The posterior tibial, popliteal, and femoral veins are deep veins and less likely to be affected because the surrounding skeletal muscles support them.

Which of the following is an example of an unpaired visceral branch of the abdominal aorta?

inferior mesenteric

Which of the following branches of the abdominal aorta supply blood to the rectum?

inferior mesenteric artery The inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to all organs of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that develop from embryonic hindgut from transverse colon to rectum. The celiac trunk supplies blood to the spleen, and to all organs of the GI tract from the esophagus to the duodenum. The superior mesenteric artery supplies all organs from the GI tract that develop from embryonic midgut, from duodenum to transverse colon.

Which of the following veins drains directly into the inferior vena cava?

inferior phrenic vein The inferior phrenic, lumbar and renal veins drain directly into the inferior vena cava. The azygos vein drains into the superior vena cava. The left gastric and splenic veins drain into the hepatic portal vein.

Three systemic veins return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium, the superior vena cava, __________, and coronary sinus.

inferior vena cava The three systemic veins that return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium are the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus. The aorta is an artery.

Blood flowing through the______system during exercise removes heat and lactic acid.

muscular

Inflammation of a vein is called

phlebitis

All of the following carry oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs EXCEPT

pulmonary veins The pulmonary circulation takes the deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the alveoli in the lungs to get oxygenated. Once the blood is oxygenated, it returns to the left atrium of the heart.

Which two vessels listed are involved with draining blood from the lateral hand region and then delivering the blood to the axillary vein?

radial and brachial veins The radial vein drains muscles and bones from the lateral hand and forearm. It then joins with the ulnar vein to form the brachial vein, which then turns into the axillary vein. The ulnar vein drains the the medial aspect of the hand and forearm. The basilic vein is a superficial vein that drains the integument and superficial muscles of the medial aspect of the arm.

The internal jugular vein brings blood back to the heart originating at the

sigmoid sinus The internal jugular vein begins at the sigmoid sinus and inferior petrosal sinus, and descends within the carotid sheath lateral to the common and internal carotid arteries and deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscles. It has contribution from several major dural sinuses to drain the brain, meninges, cranial bones, muscles and tissues of the face and neck.

The ___________ drains blood from the stomach and pancreas.

splenic vein The splenic vein drains the stomach, pancreas, and portions of the large intestine. The suprarenal vein drains the adrenal glands. The inferior vena cava collects all the venosus blood from the lower limbs and most of the abdominal cavity and takes it back to the heart. The hepatic veins take blood from the sinusoids in the liver into the inferior vena cava.

These form the hepatic portal vein.

splenic vein The superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein to form the hepatic portal vein. The hepatic portal vein then drains into the inferior vena cava.

The axillary vein drains into the __________.

subclavian vein The axillary vein drains into the subclavian vein, then into the brachiocephalic vein, and lastly into the superior vena cava, which then empties into the heart.

In which capillary exchange mechanism is a vesicle used to pass substances across endothelial cells?

transcytosis

The branches off the thoracic aorta that supply blood to internal organs are called

visceral