ch 21 STUDY FOR EXAM 1 A&P 2

47. As blood travels from arteries to veins, A) pressure builds. B) pressure drops. C) flow becomes turbulent. D) viscosity increases. E) diameter of the blood vessels gets progressively smaller.

B

53. The main control of peripheral resistance occurs in the A) artery. B) arteriole. C) capillary. D) venule. E) vein.

B

54. The vascular pressure that declines from roughly 35 mm Hg to about 18 mm Hg is the A) venous pressure. B) capillary hydrostatic pressure. C) diastolic pressure. D) peripheral pressure. E) pulse pressure.

B

64. If a person has a blood pressure of 120/90, his mean arterial pressure would be ________ mm Hg. A) 210 B) 100 C) 93 D) 105 E) 90

B

67. Relative to the lumen, which of these vessels has the thickest tunica media? A) arteries B) arterioles C) capillaries D) venules E) veins

B

72. When renin is released from the kidney, A) angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II. B) angiotensinogen is converted into angiotensin I. C) angiotensin I increases salt reabsorption at the kidneys. D) blood pressure goes down. E) blood flow to the kidneys decreases.

B

80. The force that moves fluid out of capillaries is ________ pressure whereas the opposing force that moves fluid into capillaries is ________ pressure. A) systolic; diastolic B) hydrostatic; osmotic C) blood; interstitial D) osmotic; hydrostatic E) plasma; extracellular

B

92. Fear can result in A) increased stimulation of the cardioinhibitory center by higher brain centers. B) increased stimulation of the cardioaccelerator center by higher brain centers. C) decreased heart rate. D) decreased blood pressure. E) parasympathetic stimulation.

B

Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following, except A) the pressure in the veins is lower than in the arteries. B) pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein. C) the respiratory pump. D) valves in the veins preventing the backward flow of blood. E) muscular compression.

B

41. Metabolites exchange by diffusion with tissue cells in which of the following locations? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein

C

49. Blood pressure is determined by A) measuring the size of the pulse. B) listening carefully to the pulse. C) estimating the pressure needed to close off an artery with an external pressure cuff. D) estimating the degree of turbulence in a partly closed vessel. E) measuring the force of contraction of the left ventricle.

C

55. Clinically, the term blood pressure usually refers to A) arteriovenous pressure. B) capillary hydrostatic pressure. C) arterial pressure. D) peripheral pressure. E) pulse pressure.

C

56. Averaged over a few heartbeats, venous return is ________ cardiac output. A) much higher than B) somewhat higher than C) equal to D) somewhat lower than E) much lower than

C

61. Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance, except A) increased sympathetic stimulation. B) elevated levels of epinephrine. C) vasodilation. D) irregularities in the vessel walls caused by plaques. E) elevated hematocrit.

C

69. The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure. A) critical closing B) mean arterial C) pulse D) blood E) circulatory

C

76. In comparison to a vessel with a large diameter, a vessel with a small diameter has A) less resistance to blood flow. B) the same amount of pressure as resistance. C) a greater resistance to blood flow. D) a higher blood pressure. E) a greater blood flow.

C

78. As blood circulates from arteries into capillaries, the total cross-sectional area of capillaries A) decreases and causes the blood velocity to decrease. B) is the same as the total cross-sectional area of arteries and blood velocity is equal between arteries and capillaries. C) increases and causes the blood velocity to decrease. D) increases and causes the blood velocity to increase. E) decreases and causes the blood velocity to increase.

C

83. Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) decreases in starving children because: A) starvation increases blood pressure which, in turn, decreases BCOP B) starvation increases the permeability of capillaries causing a decrease in BCOP C) starvation in children results in a protein deficiency and the liver cannot produce enough protein to maintain BCOP D) malnourished children do not exercise, which results in a decrease in BCOP E) the question statement is false, BCOP actually increases in starving children

C

91. Stimulation of the aortic baroreceptors reflexively results in A) stimulation of the cardioaccelerator center in the brain. B) increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart. C) increased activity by the parasympathetic nervous system. D) stimulation of the vasoconstrictive center. E) increased heart rate.

C

98. Which of the following changes doesn't occur during exercise compared to rest? A) cardiac output is higher B) heart blood flow is higher C) skin blood flow is lower D) abdominal viscera blood flow is lower E) kidney blood flow is lower

C

A sample of tissue displays many large flattened spaces lined by fenestrated endothelium. Blood moves slowly through these spaces. This tissue sample most likely came from the A) heart. B) lungs. C) liver. D) kidneys. E) skin.

C

A vein that measures 5 mm would be considered A) a large vein. B) a venule. C) a medium vein. D) an arteriovenule. E) a venous valve.

C

Blood flow through a capillary is controlled by the A) vasa vasorum. B) plexus. C) precapillary sphincter. D) thoroughfare channel. E) venule.

C

Capillaries with a perforated lining are called A) perforated capillaries. B) discontinuous capillaries. C) fenestrated capillaries. D) sinuses. E) vasa vasorum.

C

The muscular layer in the wall of a blood vessel is the A) tunica intima. B) tunica externa. C) tunica media. D) tunica interna. E) tunica adventitia.

C

These vessels may be continuous or fenestrated. A) arteries B) arterioles C) capillaries D) venules E) veins

C

Venous valves are responsible for A) preventing anterograde flow. B) channeling blood away from the heart. C) channeling blood toward the heart. D) preventing blood from re-entering a ventricle. E) regulating blood pressure in veins.

C

Compared to arteries, veins A) are more elastic. B) have more smooth muscle in their tunica media. C) have a pleated endothelium. D) have thinner walls. E) hold their shape better when cut.

D

Complications related to arteriosclerosis account for roughly ________ percent of deaths in the United States. A) 30 B) 60 C) 20 D) 50 E) 25

D

In large arteries, the thick layer of elastic fibers is called the A) tunica intima. B) external elastic membrane. C) tunica media. D) internal elastic membrane. E) tunica externa.

D

The brachial and femoral arteries are examples of which type of artery? A) arteriolar B) elastic C) connective D) muscular E) vascular

D

The thoroughfare channel ends at the A) artery. B) arteriole. C) capillary. D) venule. E) vein.

D

Which of the following lumen diameters would be typical of a muscular artery? A) 0.2 mm B) 1.0 cm C) 0.4 mm D) 0.4 cm E) 1.5 cm

D

57. Blood pressure is lowest in the A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) capillaries. D) venules. E) veins.

E

58. Which of the following affects blood flow through the body? A) blood viscosity B) vessel diameter C) turbulence D) vascular resistance E) All of the answers are correct.

E

63. Turbulent blood flow occurs A) when there are irregularities in the vessel wall. B) at high flow rates. C) when there are sudden changes in vessel diameter. D) when blood pressure is excessively high. E) All of the answers are correct.

E

65. The continual movement of fluid through the interstitial spaces produced by capillary filtration serves which of the following functions? A) accelerates the distribution of nutrients and hormones B) assists the transport of insoluble substances that cannot enter the capillaries C) helps carry toxins and bacteria to cells of the immune system D) flushes hormones and wastes from the interstitial spaces E) All of the answers are correct.

E

66. Edema may occur when A) the plasma concentration of protein is reduced. B) endothelial permeability goes up. C) capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated. D) blood pressure is high. E) All of the answers are correct.

E

68. When a person rises quickly from a sitting position, A) the carotid baroreceptors become less active. B) venous return is decreased. C) reflex vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels occurs. D) heart rate is reflexively elevated. E) All of the answers are correct.

E

71. Which of the following statements is false concerning the movement of fluid between capillaries and interstitial space? A) Blood hydrostatic pressure forces fluid from the capillary to the interstitial space. B) Blood osmotic pressure moves fluid from the interstitial space to the capillary. C) The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is less than the blood osmotic pressure. D) The hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid is largely unimportant in determining fluid movement. E) The net filtration pressure is usually zero.

E

77. Which of the following equations shows the correct relation between blood flow (F), pressure (P), and resistance (R)? A) P=(F×R) × 4 B) F=R/P C) F=P+R D) F=P-R E) F=P/R

E

81. Some of the fluid that is forced out of capillaries is returned to the blood by the: A) muscular arteries B) liver C) hepatic portal vein D) venules E) lymphatic system

E

87. The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure. A) blood B) circulatory C) mean arterial D) critical closing E) pulse

E

88. Which of the following affects blood flow through the body? A) blood viscosity B) turbulence C) vascular resistance D) vessel diameter E) All of the answers are correct.

E

89. Edema may occur (only) when A) the plasma concentration of protein is reduced. B) capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated. C) capillary endothelium permeability goes up. D) the plasma concentration of protein is reduced and capillary endothelium permeability goes up. E) the plasma concentration of protein is reduced, capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated, and the capillary endothelium permeability goes up.

E

90. Which of the following are characteristics of cardiovascular regulation? A) blood flow through tissues meets the demand for oxygen B) blood flow changes to match tissue responses C) changes occur without drastically altering blood pressure D) blood flow through tissues meets the demand for nutrients E) All of the answers are correct.

E

96. Vickie has a tumor that secretes excess amounts of the hormone aldosterone. Because of the elevated level of hormone, she exhibits A) decreased blood volume. B) increased blood pressure. C) increased body stores of sodium ion. D) polycythemia. E) both an increase in blood pressure and an increase in stored sodium ion.

E

97. Which of the following conditions is least likely to lead to renin release? A) renal artery thrombus B) vasospasm of the renal arteries C) circulatory shock D) increased sympathetic activity E) hypertension

E

99. To defend blood volume against dehydration, the body A) accelerates reabsorption of water at the kidneys. B) experiences a recall of interstitial fluids. C) experiences an increase in the blood colloidal osmotic pressure. D) increases water intake. E) All of the answers are correct.

E

Arteriosclerosis can lead to A) hypertension. B) stroke. C) coronary artery disease. D) myocardial infarction. E) All of the answers are correct.

E

Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it can occur only in A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) veins. D) venules. E) capillaries.

E

Factors that increase the risk of atherosclerosis include which of the following? A) high cholesterol B) lack of exercise C) smoking D) obesity E) All of the answers are correct.

E

The large vessels that return blood to the heart are called A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) capillaries. D) venules. E) veins.

E

Venae cavae are the largest of what type of vessel? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein

E

Venoconstriction reduces the diameter of which vessel? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein

E

What vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein

E

Which of the following layers of a vessel contains collagen fibers with scattered bands of elastic fibers? A) tunica intima B) external elastic membrane C) tunica media D) internal elastic membrane E) tunica externa

E

43. The main control of peripheral resistance occurs in the A) arterioles. B) venules. C) veins. D) arteries. E) capillaries.

A

50. In what vessel is blood pressure the highest? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein

A

59. If blood pressure doubled, the blood flow through a vessel would be A) doubled. B) halved. C) four times greater. D) 1/4 as much. E) unchanged.

A

73. Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure, except A) release of renin. B) decrease in blood volume. C) decreased peripheral resistance. D) increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide). E) decreased levels of aldosterone.

A

75. Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue, except A) increased hematocrit. B) increased vessel diameter. C) increased blood pressure. D) decreased peripheral resistance. E) relaxation of precapillary sphincters.

A

79. Which of the following is normally the greatest source acting against blood flow? A) vascular resistance B) venous pressure C) viscosity of blood D) vessel length E) turbulence

A

82. Blood colloid osmotic pressure is produced by: A) large non-diffusible proteins in the blood plasma B) a greater salt concentration in blood cells C) the force of blood pushing against the vessel wall D) osmosis of water E) hypertonic solutions separated by a cell membrane

A

84. Calculate the net filtration pressure (NFP) with a blood hydrostatic pressure of 40 mm Hg and a blood colloid osmotic pressure of 25 mm Hg. Then determine if the blood gains or loses fluid. NFP = ________ and results in a fluid ________ . A) 15 mm Hg; loss B) 65 mm Hg; gain C) 65 mm Hg; loss D) 15 mm Hg; gain E) -15 mm Hg; loss

A

85. Which of the following opposes the flow of blood back to the heart? A) vascular resistance B) peripheral veins have valves to prevent backflow of blood C) muscular pumps squeeze veins and move blood toward the heart D) blood pressure E) blood pressure gradient from arteries to veins

A

93. Elevated levels of the hormones ANP and BNP will produce increased A) salt and water loss through the kidneys. B) blood volume. C) sodium ion levels in blood. D) venous return and preload. E) blood pressure.

A

Capillaries that have a complete lining are called A) continuous capillaries. B) fenestrated capillaries. C) sinusoidal capillaries. D) sinusoids. E) vasa vasorum.

A

Of the following arteries, the one that is an elastic artery is A) the subclavian artery. B) the external carotid artery. C) the brachial artery. D) the femoral artery. E) the ulnar artery.

A

The inferior vena cava is classified as a(n) A) large vein. B) venule. C) medium vein. D) arteriovenule. E) venous valve.

A

The smallest arterial branches are called the A) precapillary arterioles. B) arterioles. C) capillaries. D) venules. E) veins.

A

What vessels contain elastic fibers in the walls that are stretched during systole? A) arteries B) arterioles C) capillaries D) venules E) veins

A

Which of the following is the innermost layer of a blood vessel? A) tunica intima B) external elastic membrane C) tunica media D) internal elastic membrane E) tunica externa

A

Which vessel is known as a resistance vessel? A) arteriole B) elastic C) connective D) muscular E) venule

A

44. The small vessels that capillaries drain into are called A) arterioles. B) venules. C) arteries. D) veins. E) capillaries.

B

45. Resistance is a force that A) increases blood flow. B) decreases blood flow. C) never changes in a blood vessel. D) acts with pressure to move blood along a vessel. E) is always higher than blood pressure.

B

46. Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following, except the A) length of a blood vessel. B) osmolarity of interstitial fluids. C) turbulence. D) blood viscosity. E) blood vessel diameter.

B

The common iliac artery is an example of which type of artery? A) arteriolar B) elastic C) connective D) muscular E) vascular

B

The layer between the tunica media and the tunica externa in a large artery is the A) tunica intima. B) external elastic membrane. C) tunica media. D) internal elastic membrane. E) tunica externa.

B

The layer of the arteriole wall that can produce vasoconstriction is the A) tunica adventitia. B) tunica media. C) tunica intima. D) tunica externa. E) tunica mater.

B

Venoconstriction ________ the amount of blood within the venous system, which ________ the volume in the arterial and capillary systems. A) doubles; decreases B) reduces; increases C) decreases; doubles D) increases; reduces E) reduces; reduces

B

Which kind of vessel is also called a resistance vessel? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein

B

Which of the following are the smallest venous vessels? A) large veins B) venules C) medium veins D) arteriovenules E) venous valves

B

100. ADH and aldosterone secretion are part of the body's long-term compensation for A) a heart attack. B) hypertension. C) a serious hemorrhage. D) prolonged exercise. E) a heavy meal.

C

What structure do RBCs move through single file? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein

C

Which layer of a blood vessel contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue? A) tunica intima B) external elastic membrane C) tunica media D) internal elastic membrane E) tunica externa

C

Which of the following is most likely to result from an aneurysm in a brain artery? A) hypotension B) quadriplegia C) stroke D) myocardial infarction E) pulmonary embolism

C

You would expect to find fenestrated capillaries in A) skeletal muscles. B) cardiac muscle. C) the pituitary. D) bone. E) skin.

C

42. Which part of the vascular system functions as a blood reservoir and contains over 60% of the body's blood? A) pulmonary arteries B) capillaries C) systemic arterioles D) veins E) arteries

D

48. Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the A) level of oxygen at the tissue increases. B) level of carbon dioxide at the tissue decreases. C) veins constrict. D) arterioles dilate. E) arterioles constrict.

D

51. Blood pressure increases with all of the following, except increased A) cardiac output. B) peripheral resistance. C) blood volume. D) parasympathetic innervation. E) force of cardiac contraction.

D

52. Which of the following factors will increase the net filtration pressure to move fluid out of capillaries? A) decreased plasma albumen B) increased blood hydrostatic pressure C) increased tissue hydrostatic pressure D) both decreased plasma albumin and increased blood hydrostatic pressure E) increased plasma albumen

D

60. In which of the following would the blood flow be highest? A) a vessel 0.5 cm in diameter and 2 meters long B) a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 10 meters long C) a vessel 0.5 cm in diameter and 4 meters long D) a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long

D

62. Each of the following factors would increase cardiac output, except A) increased venous return. B) decreased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. C) increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart. D) increased blood concentration of glucose. E) stimulation of the heart by epinephrine.

D

70. The blood colloid osmotic pressure mostly depends on the A) concentration of plasma sodium ions. B) concentration of plasma glucose. C) concentration of plasma waste products. D) concentration of plasma proteins. E) number of red blood cells.

D

74. Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure, except A) increased levels of aldosterone. B) increased levels of angiotensin II. C) increased blood volume. D) increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide). E) increased levels of ADH (antidiuretic hormone).

D

86. As blood travels from arteries to veins, A) viscosity of blood changes. B) pressure increases. C) diameter of the blood vessels gets progressively smaller. D) pressure decreases. E) flow becomes turbulent.

D

94. When carotid and aortic baroreceptors slow their discharge, A) heart rate increases. B) heart rate decreases. C) stroke volume increases. D) both heart rate and stroke volume increase. E) the heart rate will decrease to lower blood pressure.

D

95. Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood will result in decreased A) heart rate. B) cardiac output. C) blood flow to the lungs. D) parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. E) sympathetic stimulation of the heart.

D

After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) capillaries. D) venules. E) veins.

D