Ch. 22 Respiratory A&P

Breathing is controlled solely by the medulla oblongata and pons.

true

The partial pressure of oxygen usually has little effect on quiet respiration.

true

Hemoglobin is composed of how many subunits?

4

During exercise, which of the following directly increases respiratory rate?

Anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle

Where does systemic gas exchange occur?

At the capillary networks of the tissues

Oxygen loading in the lungs decreases hemoglobin's affinity for H+. How does this promote alveolar gas exchange?

The released H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood.

Among its other purposes, how is the Valsalva maneuver used?

To aid in defecation and urination

The upper respiratory tract extends from the nose through the _________.

larynx

Which of the following would lead to anemic hypoxia?

sickle-cell disease

Output from higher brain centers can bypass both the DRG and VRG and go directly to __________, which controls the accessory muscles of respiration.

spinal integration centers

Which is the most common form of lung cancer?

squamous cell carcinoma

Which of the following cartilages is largest?

thyroid cartilage

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to __________ oxygen molecules.

4

How many oxygen molecules are bound to a fully loaded hemoglobin molecule?

4

How is alveolar air different than inspired air?

Alveolar air has a higher water vapor content than inspired air.

Which term refers to the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane?

Alveolar gas exchange

According to this figure, most of the carbon dioxide you exhale comes from which of the following?

Bicarbonate ions transported into the RBCs and used to generate free CO2.

Which of the following is a lung disease marked by a reduced number of cilia, reduced motility of the remaining cilia, goblet cell hypertrophy and hypersecretion, and thick sputum?

Chronic bronchitis

Which is a degenerative lung disease characterized by a breakdown of alveoli and diminishing surface area available for gas exchange?

Emphysema

Which of the following is a lung disease marked by abnormally few but large alveoli?

Emphysema

Congestive heart failure results in which of the following?

Ischemic hypoxia

Deep, rapid breathing often seen in terminal diabetes mellitus is known as what?

Kussmaul respiration

If one inspires through their nose, which of the following answers has the correct order of structures the air would move through?

Nares → Vestibule → Nasal Cavity → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus

Which gas has the greatest partial pressure in inspired air?

Nitrogen

Which form of lung cancer is most likely to become metastatic?

Small-cell carcinoma

Which term refers to the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells?

Systemic gas exchange

Which best summarizes the Bohr effect?

The rate of O2 unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity.

A blood pH of 7.1 would be called ______.

acidosis

The blood transports more CO2 in the form of ___________ than in any other form.

bicarbonate ions

The heart indents into the __________ of the left lung.

cardiac notch

The addition of CO2 to the blood generates __________ ions in the RBCs, which in turn stimulates RBCs to unload more oxygen.

hydrogen

Insufficient oxygen levels in a tissue is called

hypoxia

Which type of hypoxia can be caused by decreased oxygen availability at high altitudes or by drowning?

hypoxia

The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort is the __________.

inspiratory reserve volume