Ch. 23 - SmartBook
During quiet exhalation, intrapulmonary pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure. How much do they differ?
1 mmHg
In external respiration, oxygen diffuses down a partial pressure gradient. The PO2 in the alveoli is _____ mmHg, while the PO2 in the blood is _____ mmHg.
104; 40
Restful breathing has a typical rate of _____ breaths per minute and a tidal volume of _____ mL.
12-15; 500
A normal breathing rate is _____ to _____ breaths per minute.
12; 20
There are several ways to measure pressure. The standard atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg. What is this in pounds per square inch?
14.7
During normal conditions, how much of the oxygen transported to systemic capillaries is released to the tissues?
25%
How many oxygen atoms would be bound to a hemoglobin molecule that is 75% saturated?
3
Which is a typical value for the systemic tissue partial pressure of oxygen?
40 mmHg
During external respiration, the PCO2 in alveolar capillaries decreases from _____ mmHg to 40 mmHg.
45
Which is a typical value for the systemic tissue partial pressure of carbon dioxide?
45 mmHg
During external respiration the PCO2 in alveolar capillaries decreases from _____ mmHg to _____ mmHg.
45; 40
Tidal volume typically average _____ mL.
500
What is the tidal volume of a typical adult?
500 mL
The normal total lung capacity for males is around _____ mL.
6000
During normal circulation, hemoglobin is _____ saturated in blood entering the lungs?
75%
When the lungs are at rest, the intrapulmonary pressure is 760 mmHg (equal to atmospheric pressure). What is the pressure inside the pleural cavity?
754 mmHg
Which are classified as accessory muscles that assist in active exhalation, as in when you are pushing out extra air from your lungs?
Abdominal muscles Internal intercostals Serratus posterior inferior
A collapsed lung remains down until _____ has been removed from the pleural space.
Air
The amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath is called _____ .
Airflow
The condition that is directly related to the magnitude of a pressure gradient and inversely related to airway resistance is _____ .
Airflow
The collective volume of the alveoli in the lungs is known as the _____ volume.
Alveolar
The respiratory portion in the lungs is composed of which structures?
Alveolar ducts Alveoli Respiratory bronchioles
Which are among the four continuous and simultaneous process of respiration?
Alveolar gas exchange Gas transport Pulmonary ventilation Systemic gas exchange
In which volume do you measure intrapulmonary pressure?
Alveolar volume
The absence of breathing is called _____ .
Apnea
Which are the potential causes of hyperventilation?
Ascending to high altitude Conscious control of breathing muscles A panic attack
The presence of free air in he pleural space sometimes causes the affected lung to deflate, a condition called _____ .
Atelectasis
In pulmonary ventilation, the movement of gasses in between the _____ and the _____ .
Atmosphere; Alveoli
In the study of respiration, the pressure of the outside air measured at sea level is known as the _____ pressure.
Atmospheric
The smooth muscles of the bronchial wall are innervated by axons of the _____ nervous system.
Autonomic
In the figure, the diagram labeled _____ indicates what happens to the volume of the thoracic cavity during exhalation.
B
Respiration affects all conditions except _____ .
Blood K+ levels
Gas exchange in the respiratory system involves the movement of respiratory gasses between what locations?
Blood and alveoli Blood and systemic tissues
The movement of gasses into and out of the respiratory system follows _____ law.
Boyle's
Which are the terms to describe the types of hypoventilation?
Bradypnea Hypopnea
There are two forms of hypoventilation, _____ in which breathing is too slow, and _____ in which breathing is too shallow.
Bradypnea; Hypopnea
Regulatory respiratory centers are located within the _____ through the medulla oblongata and the pons.
Brainstem
The involuntary, rhythmic activities that control breathing are located in which part of the CNS?
Brainstem
The skeletal muscles of breathing are controlled by motor neurons arising in nuclei in the _____ and cerebral cortex.
Brainstem Pons or Medulla
Hemoglobin binds not only to oxygen but also to protons and _____ _____ .
Carbon dioxide or Carbon monoxide
Which statement describes the movement of carbon dioxide during external respiration?
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli.
Which statement describes the net movement of carbon dioxide during internal respiration?
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues to the blood.
Which statement characterizes the effects of exercise on blood carbon dioxide?
Carbon dioxide remains relatively constant during exercise.
Which chemical changes can trigger chemoreceptor reflexes?
Changes in blood PCO2 Changes in CSF pH Changes in blood pH
Which are symptoms of hyperventilation?
Coma Numbness Dizziness
The _____ division of the respiratory system transports the air.
Conduction
Under normal, resting condition, the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide remain _____ .
Constant
During inhalation, the external intercostals _____ to increase the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity.
Contract
During inhalation, the diaphragm _____ and _____ .
Contracts; Flattens
In hemoglobin, the effect of bound oxygen on the binding of additional oxygen molecules is known as the _____ _____ effect.
Cooperative binding
Inhaled air not only ventilates the alveoli, but also the anatomic _____ _____ .
Dead space
A diver returning to the surface too quickly may suffer from _____ _____ , caused by nitrogen in tissues coming out of solution forming bubbles.
Decompression sickness
A disease such as emphysema causes the loss of respiratory membrane surface area. Therefore, _____ alveolar gas exchange will occur.
Decreased
Brainstem injury can cause a(n) _____ ability to stimulate muscles of breathing.
Decreased
How does emphysema affect the efficiency of alveolar gas exchange?
Decreased exchange surface area.
As resistance increases, the volume of airflow _____ .
Decreases
As you ascend to higher altitudes, the maximum oxygen-hemoglobin saturation _____ .
Decreases
At the onset of quiet inhalation, the intrapulmonary pressure _____ .
Decreases
Depression of the ribs _____ the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity.
Decreases
What effect does 2,3-BPG have on oxygen binding to hemoglobin?
Decreases affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
The bronchial veins dump a small amount of _____ blood into the pulmonary veins prior to the blood returning to the heart.
Deoxygenated
Contraction of the internal intercostals _____ the ribs.
Depresses
Which are the functions of the respiratory system?
Detection of odors Sound production Exchange of O2 and CO2 Allows air passage
Which events are associated with inhalation?
Diaphragm contracts External intercostals contract Sternum moves anteriorly
Partial pressure is the pressure exerted by _____ within a mixture of gasses.
Each gas
Failure of the left ventricle may cause the accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity. This condition is known as pleural _____ .
Effusion
During inhalation, the external intercostal muscles _____ the ribs.
Elevate
In ventilation-perfusion coupling, bronchodilation occurs under what conditions?
Elevated PCO2 in blood.
In ventilation-perfusion coupling, pulmonary arterioles dilate under what conditions?
Elevated oxygen in alveoli.
Which conditions would cause the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation cure to shift left?
Elevated pH Lowered temperature Lowered PCO2
The mucous membrane of the respiratory tract is composed of _____ and is ciliated in most portions of the conducting zone.
Epithelial tissue
The thoracic cavity dimensions return their original size during _____ .
Exhalation
The abdominal muscles and serratus posterior inferior muscles help with forced _____ .
Exhalation or Expiration
The external oblique is a muscle of forced _____ .
Expiration
The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond the tidal volume is called _____ reserve volume.
Expiratory
Which options are major respiratory volumes?
Expiratory Reserve Volume Inspiratory Reserve Volume Tidal Volume Residual Volue
Due to the damage to elastic tissues, a person with emphysema is unable to _____ effectively.
Expire
In the basic processes of respiration, alveolar gas exchange is also known as _____ respiration, and systemic gas exchange is also known as internal respiration.
External
A healthy person should be able to expel 75-85% of vital capacity in one second. This measure of respiratory health is known as _____ .
FEV1 (forced expiratory volume)
T/F: Hyperpnea is another name for hyperventilation.
False
T/F: Hyperventilation can substantially increase oxygen saturation in the blood.
False
T/F: The ventral respiratory group is located in the posterior part of the medulla oblongata.
False
The breathing that accompanies exercise involves more muscles and deeper breaths. This is known as _____ breathing.
Forced
Breathing involving more muscles and greater changes in volume is known as _____ _____ .
Forced breathing
The movement of respiratory gasses between blood and either alveoli or cells of systemic tissues is _____ _____ .
Gas exchange or Internal respiration
Hydrogen ions bind to the _____ portion of a hemoglobin molecule.
Globin
A partial pressure _____ exists when the partial pressure for a specific gas is higher in one region of the respiratory system than another.
Gradient
A pressure _____ exists when two interconnected regions have gasses at different pressures.
Gradient
The exchange of respiratory gasses depends on partial pressure _____ .
Gradient
Which are the symptoms of hypoventilation?
Headache Cyanosis Lethargy
The ability of blood to transport oxygen on the solubility coefficient of oxygen and the presence of _____ .
Hemoglobin
How does body temperature affect oxygen binding to hemoglobin?
Hemoglobin is less likely to bind oxygen at elevated temperatures.
Premature infants sometimes afflicted with respiratory distress syndrome because of _____ .
High alveolar surface tension
A partial pressure gradient exists when the partial pressure for one gas is _____ the pressure of the gas in a different region.
Higher than
The parietal pleura meets the visceral pleura at the _____ of each lung.
Hilum
Exercise may cause an increase in the depth of breathing known as _____ .
Hyperpnea
A person hiking up to high altitudes may _____ in an attempt to gain more oxygen.
Hyperventilate
A breathing rate that exceeds the body's demand is called _____ .
Hyperventilation
Tingling of the mouth and fingertips is a symptom that may accompany _____ .
Hyperventilation
Hyperventilation may cause a low partial pressure of carbon dioxide, also known as _____ .
Hypocapnia
Polycythemia may be a symptom of _____ .
Hypoventilation
Lower than normal oxygen levels in tissues are called _____ .
Hypoxia
Which are the potential consequences of hypoventilation?
Hypoxia Hypercapnia
Hypoventilation can cause oxygen levels to fall too low, a condition called _____ . Carbon dioxide levels may rise too high, a condition called _____ .
Hypoxia; Hypercapnia
Hyperventilation is a(n) _____ in breathing rate and depth.
Increase
Increases in the PCO2 of as little as 5 mmHg can _____ breathing rate.
Increase
The scalene muscles help to _____ the thoracic cavity dimensions.
Increase
According to Henry's law, the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid can be increased by which of the following methods?
Increase the partial pressure of the gas
Many factors affect oxygen-hemoglobin binding. An increased level of 2,3-BPG in erythrocytes will have a similar effect to which conditions?
Increased PCO2 Decreased PO2 Increased temperature
Which are examples of chemoreceptor reflexes?
Increased breathing rate following increased blood PCO2. Increased respiration rate following lowered pH of CSF.
How does pneumonia affect the efficiency of alveolar gas exchange?
Increased thickness of the respiratory membrane.
During inhalation, the dimensions of the thoracic cavity _____ .
Increases
Elevation of the ribs _____ the lateral dimensions of the thoracic cavity.
Increases
The pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of the container _____ .
Increases
As blood flows through lung capillaries, the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood _____ and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide _____ .
Increases; Decreases
In the figure, the diagram labeled A indicates _____ as the ribs are elevated and the thoracic cavity widens.
Inhalation
The dorsal respiratory group of the respiratory center controls _____ .
Inhalation
When the diaphragm contracts and the vertical dimensions of the thoracic cavity increase, _____ occurs.
Inhalation or Inspiration
When you _____ , the inferior portion of the sternum moves anteriorly, slightly increasing the anterior-posterior dimensions of the thorax.
Inhale
The sternocleidomastoid muscle is a muscle of forced _____ .
Inspiration
Which brings air into the alveoli?
Inspiration
The ventral respiratory group of the respiratory center control _____ .
Inspiration and expiration
Pulmonary ventilation consists of two cyclic phases, _____ , and _____ .
Inspiration or Inhalation and Expiration or Exhalation
Which activities are associated with exhalation?
Internal intercostals contract Diaphragm relaxes Sternum moves posteriorly
The pressure within the pleural cavity is known as the _____ pressure.
Intrapleural
Which is always higher, intrapulmonary pressure or intrapleural pressure?
Intrapulmonary pressure
The anatomical features of the respiratory membrane increase the efficiency of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. Which features increase efficiency?
Large number of alveoli Thin squamous cells lining alveoli Large surface area
An increase in breathing rate caused by an emotion response would be mediated in the brain by the _____ system.
Limbic
Which higher brain areas are known to directly influence breathing rate?
Limbic system Cerebral cortex Hypothalamus
If two regions are interconnected, then gasses will tend to move to the region of _____ pressure.
Lower
The intrapleural pressure is always _____ than intrapulmonary pressure.
Lower
The partial pressure of oxygen is _____ in the pulmonary arteries than in the pulmonary veins.
Lower
The trachea is part of the _____ respiratory tract.
Lower
The oxygen saturation curve is steeper at _____ partial pressures of oxygen. This means that _____ oxygen unbind from hemoglobin where blood flows into the systemic tissues.
Lower; More
Which condition would cause the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to shift left?
Lowered temperature Elevated pH Lowered PCO2
Which is not part of the upper respiratory system?
Lungs
Which are found in the mucus lining the respiratory tract?
Lysozyme Defensins Immunoglobulins Mucin
Total lung capacity is the _____ _____ of air that the lungs can hold.
Maximum volume or Total amount
The greatest amount of air that can be taken into and expelled from the lungs in one minute is the _____ .
Maximum voluntary ventilation
Central chemoreceptors are found in the ventrolateral surface of the _____ .
Medulla
According to the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve _____ oxygen is bound to hemoglobin at higher PO2.
More
The higher the solubility coefficient the _____ gas dissolves in a liquid.
More
How does breathing compressed air affect the amounts of gasses dissolved in blood?
More gas is dissolved in the blood.
The changes in volume during forced breathing are greater than those during quiet breathing. Why does this occur?
More muscles are involved.
The dorsal respiratory group of the respiratory center controls the _____ neurons that stimulate the muscles of _____ .
Motor; Inspiration
A protein that increases the viscosity of mucus to more effectively trap inhaled particles is called _____ .
Mucin
The mucosa in the respiratory system is also known as the _____ membrane.
Mucous or Respiratory
The type of sample that may be requested by as physician for diagnosing respiratory infections is a _____ sample.
Mucus or Sputum
Which are the symptoms of altitude sickness?
Nausea Pulmonary edema Headache
How does oxygen binding to one side on hemoglobin affect the binding of oxygen to he remaining sites?
Oxygen can bind more easily.
Which statement describes the movement of oxygen during external respiration?
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood.
Which statement characterizes the effects of exercise on blood oxygen?
Oxygen remains relatively constant during exercise.
The oxygen remaining bound to hemoglobin after passing through systemic capillaries is known as the _____ _____ .
Oxygen reserve
The pressure exerted by each gas within a mixture is called the _____ _____ .
Partial pressure
The symbol "PO2" is used to indicated the _____ .
Partial pressure of oxygen
Which are parts of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
Pharynx Trachea Primary Bronchi
Thick mucous coughed up is known as _____ .
Phlegm or Sputum
A loss of alveoli due to disease creates a(n) _____ dead space.
Physiologic
Between the visceral and parietal pleura is a potential space called the _____ _____ .
Pleural cavity
Which events are occurring during quiet exhalation?
Pleural cavity volume is decreasing
Inflammation of the pleural membranes is known as _____ .
Pleurisy
A condition that occurs when free air gets into the pleural cavity is called a _____ .
Pneumothorax
A puncture to the pleural space by a knife, a gun, or a broken rib that allows air between the parietal and visceral pleura creates a condition a _____ .
Pneumothorax
Where is the pneumotaxic center located?
Pons
Movement may increase breathing rate my stimulating _____ within joints and muscles.
Proprioreceptors
The movement of gasses between blood in pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli of the lungs is called _____ gas exchange.
Pulmonary
Which conditions can increase airway resistance?
Pulmonary fibrosis Decreases elasticity of the chest wall Thoracic cage arthritis
The process of moving air in and out of the lungs is called _____ _____ . The same term may also refer to the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minute.
Pulmonary ventilation
Severe symptoms of altitude sickness include _____ edema and _____ edema.
Pulmonary; Cerebral
The breathing pattern at rest is known as _____ breathing.
Quiet or Tidal
Which are the effect of emphysema?
Reduced number of alveoli Reduced respiratory surface area Increased lung compliance
Which describes the partial pressures of systemic cells under resting conditions?
Relatively constant partial pressures PCO2 of 45 mmHg PO2 of 40 mmHg
The _____ portion of the respiratory system is where gas exchange with blood occurs.
Respiratory
Which statement best describes the relationship between partial pressure gradients and respiratory gas exchange?
Respiratory gas exchange cannot occur without partial pressure gradients.
If a change in blood chemistry (pH, temperature, etc.) causes less oxygen to be bound to hemoglobin at a specific PO2, then the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve is said to be shifted to the _____ .
Right
The figure on the _____ shows what happens when we exhale.
Right
If all iron sites are bound to oxygen, a hemoglobin molecule is said to be 100% _____ .
Saturated
The muscles that increase the thoracic cavity by elevating the first and second ribs during forced inhalation are the _____ muscles.
Scalene
A lubricating fluid found in the pleural cavity is _____ fluid.
Serous
The temporary cessation of breathing while sleeping that requires supportive therapy such as CPAP is called _____ _____ .
Sleep apnea
which factors will reduce the volume of airflow?
Smaller pressure gradient Increases surface tension in alveoli Increased resistance to airflow
Henry's law states that the solubility of a gas is dependent on the partial pressure of the gas and its _____ _____ .
Solubility coefficient
The _____ _____ of a gas depends on the interactions between the molecules of the gas and molecules of the liquid.
Solubility coefficient
PO2 in pulmonary capillaries reaches 104 mmHg. By the time the blood gets to the systemic tissues, PO2 has fallen to 100 mmHg. What is the major reason that the PO2 falls?
Some deoxygenated blood from bronchi mixes with the oxygenated blood.
Which can act as stimuli that will affect breathing rate and depth via reflexes?
Stretching of bronchiole smooth muscle Deep inhalation Moving joints and muscles
The parietal pleura lines which structures?
Superior surface of the diaphragm Lateral surfaces of the mediastinum Internal thoracic walls
RDS is a condition in which the lungs of premature infants do not produce enough _____ .
Surfactant
The total surface area of a healthy lung is about half the size of a(n) _____ .
Tennis court
Why may people become hypoxic at high alititudes?
The atmospheric partial pressure of oxygen is lower.
If no other forces were acting on the lungs, they would collapse. What is the reason for this?
The elastic tissue of the lung.
Which events are occurring during quiet inhalation?
The lungs are expanding Intrapulmonary pressure is falling Intrapleural pressure is decreasing Pleural cavity volume is increasing
The lungs remain inflated despite their tendency to collapse. What is the reason for this?
The negative intrapleural pressure is relative to intrapulmonary pressure.
What is the effect of the oxygen reserve on the body's ability to undergo vigorous exercise?
The oxygen reserve is used when PO2 falls very low in exercising tissue.
Which affects the ability of blood to carry oxygen?
The solubility coefficient of oxygen The presence of hemoglobin
Alveolar ventilation is different from pulmonary ventilation. Why is that the case?
The ventilation of anatomic dead space reduces the ventilation of the alveoli.
In a healthy person, what effect would the administration of pure oxygen have on the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin?
There would be almost no effect.
Which is a similarity between peripheral and central chemoreceptors?
They both monitor pH changes.
Which is true of central chemoreceptors?
They directly detect changes in hydrogen ions concentrations
Pulmonary ventilation can be calculated using the following formula: Pulmonary ventilation = respiration rate x _____ .
Tidal volume
Which are considered part of anatomic dead space?
Trachea Secondary and tertiary bronchi Primary bronchi
T/F: Bronchodilation will decrease airway resistance.
True
T/F: Central chemoreceptors can only monitor pH changes produced by changes in PCO2.
True
T/F: Contraction of the internal intercostals is not necessary during exhalation at rest.
True
T/F: During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its original shape.
True
T/F: In chemoreceptor reflexes, PCO2 is the most important factor affecting breathing depth and rate.
True
T/F: Increasing the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere would have little effect on the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin.
True
T/F: The pneumotaxic area is located in the pons.
True
During exercise, when one is breathing deeply and forcibly, the _____ is activated.
Ventral respiratory group
During normal quiet breathing, the _____ is inactive and exhalation is a passive event that does not require nervous stimulation.
Ventral respiratory group
The outer surface of the lungs is covered with _____ pleura.
Visceral
The outer surface of each lung is tightly covered by _____ .
Visceral pleura
