Ch 24

29) Important bacterial populations in the stomach include A) Firmicutes. B) Bacteriodetes. C) Veilonella. D) All of these answer choices.

D) All of these answer choices.

28) Based upon microbiome projects, the dominant microbial species on the skin is A) Corynebacterium species. B) Streptococcus species. C) Staphylococcus species. D) Propionibacterium species.

D) Propionibacterium species.

24) The host-microbiome supraorganism refers to A) the human body and all of the microbes found within it, but not those on the external surfaces. B) a nonhuman animal and all of the microbes found within it, but not those on the external surfaces. C) a human body and all of its commensal microbes. D) a body and all of its associated microbes.

D) a body and all of its associated microbes

26) Which of the following is TRUE about research on the human microbiome? A) Advanced nucleic acid sequencing techniques were needed before a good understanding of its microbial abundance and diversity could be developed. B) Culture-dependent techniques fully elucidated its microbial diversity. C) Cultivation was unimportant in studying its microbial diversity. D) None of the answers are correct.

A) Advanced nucleic acid sequencing techniques were needed before a good understanding of its microbial abundance and diversity could be developed.

18) Common probiotics include A) Bifidobacterium species. B) Clostridium species. C) Escherichia coli. D) Corynebacterium species.

A) Bifidobacterium species.

44) Which of the following is NOT true of human gut microbes? A) The population size is low, but the diversity is high. B) They produce and excrete amino acids. C) They help catabolize polysaccharides. D) They are involved in the "maturing" of the digestive tract.

A) The population size is low, but the diversity is high.

14) What is the difference between vaginitis and vaginosis? A) Vaginitis is more serious and vaginosis is subclinical. B) Vaginosis is more serious and vaginitis is subclinical. C) Vaginosis occurs first and then develops into vaginitis. D) Vaginosis is an acute infection and vaginitis is always a chronic infection.

A) Vaginitis is more serious and vaginosis is subclinical.

40) Extensive microbial growth in a thick bacterial layer on the teeth is called A) dental plaque. B) dental caries. C) dental biofilm. D) periodontitis.

A) dental plaque.

37) Infants born via C-section have A) fewer Bacteriodes species than those born vaginally. B) approximately 72% of the species present matching those of their mothers. C) relatively less Staphylococcus aureus than those born vaginally. D) fewer Haemophilus influenzae than those born vaginally.

A) fewer Bacteriodes species than those born vaginally.

16) Individuals who have chronic periodontitis tend to have A) lower microbial diversity than those without. B) significantly greater microbial diversity than those without. C) slightly greater microbial diversity than those without. D) unpredictable levels of microbial diversity in comparison to those without chronic periodontitis.

A) lower microbial diversity than those without.

41) Gut microbiota is known to be linked with A) obesity and inflammatory bowel syndrome. B) obesity, but not with inflammatory bowel syndrome. C) inflammatory bowel syndrome, but not with obesity. D) inflammatory bowel syndrome and Crohn's disease only, but not with ulcerative colitis.

A) obesity and inflammatory bowel syndrome.

8) Normal microbiota in the duodenum is A) similar to the microbiota in the stomach. B) dominated by aerobic organisms. C) tolerant to highly alkaline environments. D) tolerant to high salinity.

A) similar to the microbiota in the stomach.

21) More frequent cases of severe C. difficile infection since 2003 is attributed to A) the emergence of more virulent and toxigenic strains. B) the increased use of probiotics. C) problems with hospital hygiene and increased transmission. D) dietary changes in the human population.

A) the emergence of more virulent and toxigenic strains.

32) The collective term for the functional collection of microbes living on or in the human body, as opposed to a general term for organisms in an environmental habitat, is A) the human microbiome. B) the microbiota. C) transient microbial flora. D) pathogens.

A) the human microbiome.

33) ________ dominate the infant gut microbiota. A) Candida B) Actinobacteria C) Firmicutes D) Corynebacteria

B) Actinobacteria

45) The human oral microbiota consists of A) a small group of phylogenetically related aerobic microorganisms. B) diverse aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. C) monoculture biofilms on tooth surfaces. D) the same phyla that are found in the human gut.

B) diverse aerobic and anaerobic

50) Weight gain and obesity may be partly caused by certain gut microbial communities that A) absorb more vitamins and essential amino acids. B) produce more volatile fatty acids by fermentation. C) stimulate the gut endothelium to absorb more sugars. D) produce more hydrogen gas by fermentation.

B) produce more volatile fatty acids by fermentation.

19) A microbial community that does not change when exposed to stressors is called A) resilient. B) resistant. C) robust. D) regimented.

B) resistant.

3) One microenvironment of the skin is an area where glands produce an oily substance called A) mucus. B) sebum. C) fimbrae. D) lipid A.

B) sebum.

1) What is TRUE about stomach microbiota? A) Few microbes can survive because it is so acidic. B) The alkaline environment supports a wide variety of species. C) Despite the acidic of the stomach, diverse phylotypes of resident microbes thrive in the stomach. D) There is a rich diversity of transient microbes, but few resident microbes.

C) Despite the acidic of the stomach, diverse phylotypes of resident microbes thrive in the stomach.

48) Which of the following is NOT a function of the human gut microbiome? A) production of essential amino acids and vitamins B) production of volatile fatty acids from polysaccharides C) iron and trace metal absorption D) maturation of the gastrointestinal tract

C) iron and trace metal absorption

4) Following antibiotic therapy, patients are often administered ________ to facilitate recolonizaton of normal microbiota in the intestines. A) fluoride B) iron C) probiotics D) antivirals

C) probiotics

13) The vagina of an adult female is A) highly acidic. B) highly alkaline. C) weakly acidic. D) weakly alkaline.

C) weakly acidic.

True or False: Helicobacter pylori, when present,is the MOST common single organism found in the stomach.

True

Knowing specifics of a person's microbiome can potentially lead to a.targeted treatment for disease. b.personalized drug therapies. c.probiotics made that just target specific imbalances. d.all of the above.

d.all of the above.

Periodontal disease can be linked to the presence of a.Streptococcus mutans. b.Actinomyces. c.Prevotella and Granulicatella. d.changes in the bacterial community in the mouth.

d.changes in the bacterial community in the mouth.

Vaginitis is associated with a.Candida. b.Lactobacillus. c.Trichomonas vaginalis. d.a and b. e.a and c.

e.a and c.

The skin microbiome is NOT affected by a.hygiene. b.nutrition. c.location on the skin. d.weather. e.antibiotics.

e.antibiotics.

The vaginal microbiome varies in relationship to the menstrual cycle. The diversity is ________ related to estradiol production. a.directly b.inversely c.conversely d.not

b.inversely

Bacteria make up about ________ the weight of fecal matter. a.one-fourth b.one-third c.one-half d.one-fifth

b.one-third

Plant nutrients that stimulate specific bacterial species associated with a healthy colon are called a.probiotics. b.prebiotics. c.antibiotics. d.nutritional supplements.

b.prebiotics.

The transition of the mouth microbiome from aerotolerant anaerobes to anaerobes is associated with a.the switch to solid food. b.the eruption of teeth. c.puberty. d.the development of a yeast infection.

b.the eruption of teeth.

Dental caries in young children are associated with the presence of a.Proprionibacterium. b.Prevotella. c.Actinomyces. d.Porphyromonas.

c.Actinomyces.

Frailty in the elderly has been correlated with a.an increase in abundance of Firmicutes. b.a decrease in abundance of Bacteroides. c.a decrease in abundance of Firmicutes. d.none of the above.

c.a decrease in abundance of Firmicutes.

The variety of microenvironments on the skin allows the skin to have a.very few resident microorganisms. b.a homogenous microbiome. c.a large diversity in the microbiome. d.no resident microorganisms.

c.a large diversity in the microbiome.

Most doctors believe that probiotics, such as Bifidobacterium, a.have great therapeutic potential. b.are a good alternative to fecal transplants. c.have limited therapeutic potential. d.should be taken at the same time as antibiotics.

c.have limited therapeutic potential.

Which of the following is NOT produced by microorganisms in the gut of humans? a.vitamin B12 b.vitamin K c.vitamin C d.CO2

c.vitamin C

The most stable gut species include a.Fusobacteria. b.Streptococcus. c.Lactobacillus. d.Bacteroides.

d.Bacteroides.

The lower respiratory tract does not have any resident microbial flora a.because organisms settle out of the air prior to reaching the trachea. b.because most organisms are too small to make it to the bronchi. c.because ciliated epithelial cells push particles back toward the nose and mouth. d.a and c

d.a and c

Antibiotic therapy very early in life can a.cause a predisposition for IBD. b.cause a predisposition for allergies. c.cause increased weight gain. d.all of the above

d.all of the above

Which of the following will happen after a person takes an antibiotic orally? a.The growth of normal flora will be inhibited. b.The growth of pathogens will be inhibited. c.Opportunistic microorganisms such as antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus will become established. d.all of the above

d.all of the above

Early gut colonizers are an important source of a.amino acids. b.vitamin K. c.B vitamins. d.all of the above.

d.all of the above.

Breastfeeding after a vaginal birth ________ affect the gut microbiome .a.does b.does not

a. does

Treatment of Clostridium difficile with fecal material from a healthy donor results in a.90% cure rate with no relapse. b.90% cure rate with possible relapse. c.25% cure rate with no relapse. d.25% cure rate with possible relapse.

a.90% cure rate with no relapse.

The presence of Enterococcus and E. coli after birth indicate a more ________ state of the newborn gut. a.aerobic b.anaerobic c.acidic d.fermentative

a.aerobic

Proprionibacterium acnes, the causative agent of acne vulgaris, is present on the skin of a.all people, regardless of age. b.teenagers only c.people with acne only. d.people with very oily skin.

a.all people, regardless of age.

The population most at risk for a Clostridium difficile infection as a result of antibiotic treatment is a.hospitalized elderly. b.hospitalized children. c.women. d.men.

a.hospitalized elderly.

Which of the following is NOT found in the gastrointestinal tract of a healthy individual? a.protists b.Clostridium c.Bacteroides d.Bacteroidetes

a.protists

Saliva is a poor growth medium for bacteria due to a.the presence of lysozyme. b.the presence of mucus. c.lack of nutrients. d.lack of available oxygen.

a.the presence of lysozyme.