CH 24, CH4, CH5, CH6 Test 2

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic steps involved in enzyme activity?

-****The substrate absorbs chemical energy from the enzyme after binding to its active site. -The enzyme releases the product(s) of the reaction. -The enzyme's active site binds to the substrate(s) on which it acts, temporarily forming an enzyme-substrate complex. -The enzyme-substrate complex undergoes internal rearrangements that form the product(s).

Generally speaking, connective tissues are largely non-living extracellular matrix. Which of the following is an EXCEPTION?

-****adipose -blood -bone -areolar

Which of the following does NOT describe enzymes?

-Each enzyme is chemically specific. -****Enzymes work by raising the energy of activation. -Some enzymes are purely protein. -Some enzymes are protein plus a cofactor.

Which statement about enzymes is FALSE?

-Enzymes may be damaged by high temperature. -Most enzymes can catalyze millions of reactions per minute. -Enzymes may use coenzymes derived from vitamins or cofactors from metallic elements. -****Enzymes require contact with substrate in order to assume their active form.

Enzyme characteristics

-Enzymes may be damaged by high temperature. -Most enzymes can catalyze millions of reactions per minute. -Enzymes may use coenzymes derived from vitamins or cofactors from metallic elements. -Each enzyme is chemically specific. -Some enzymes are purely protein. -Some enzymes are protein plus a cofactor.

Three basic steps involved in enzyme activity?

-The enzyme releases the product(s) of the reaction. -The enzyme's active site binds to the substrate(s) on which it acts, temporarily forming an enzyme-substrate complex. -The enzyme-substrate complex undergoes internal rearrangements that form the product(s)

pathways

-anabolism: building larger molecules from smaller ones -citric acid cycle: aerobic pathway -glycolysis: anaerobic respiration

Which of the following pathways is INCORRECTLY matched with a description?

-anabolism: building larger molecules from smaller ones -citric acid cycle: aerobic pathway -glycolysis: anaerobic respiration -****Gluconeogenesis: using glucose to build noncarbohydrate structures

Generally speaking, connective tissues are largely non-living extracellular matrix.

-blood -bone -areolar

Which tissue is correctly paired with its primary cell type?

-cartilage; fibroblast -****bone; osteoblast -connective tissue proper; chondroblast -bone; fibrocyte

Which nutrient molecule CANNOT be used in the oxidative pathways?

-fatty acids -****cholesterol -protein -glucose

Which of the following is NOT found in cartilage but is found in bone?

-living cells -****blood vessels -lacunae -organic fibers

found in cartilage

-living cells -lacunae -organic fibers

All of the following can affect enzyme activity.

-temperature -pH -enzyme concentration -cofactors

Which of the following does NOT describe a multicellular exocrine gland?

-tubular glands -****hormone glands -simple glands -alveolar glands

multicellular exocrine glands

-tubular glands -simple glands -alveolar glands

how food molecules reach the body's cells and fuel cellular respiration. Start with the ingestion of food on the left.

1. eating food provides fuel and building blocks for your body 2. after food is broken down in the digestive system, it is transported to cells via the circulatory system 3. fuel molecules are broken down further in glycolisis and the citric acid cycle (also called the krebs cycle) 4. ATP is produced with the help of the electron transport chain

Stages of cellular respiration

1. glycolisis 2. citric acid cycle 3. electron transport

Types of hair

Club hairs are terminal hairs. An ingrown hair is one that is curved at the end and fails to follow the normal follicle channel to the surface, with the free end becoming embedded in the skin. The hair then acts like a foreign body, and inflammation and creating pus formation.

How are endocrine and exocrine glands different from each other?

Endocrine glands have no ducts.

Which of the following is true about epithelia?

Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs.

Hairs

Eyebrows are terminal hairs. Terminal hairs are in the axilla. Vellus hairs are on the limbs of children until puberty. A terminal hair can detach but remain in the hair follicle as a club hair.

Which statement about hairs is false?

Eyebrows are terminal hairs. Terminal hairs are in the axilla. Vellus hairs are on the limbs of children until puberty. A terminal hair can detach but remain in the hair follicle as a club hair. ****Club hairs are ingrown hairs.

All muscle cells contain striations.

False

Intercalated discs and striations are both characteristic of skeletal muscle.

False

Pseudostratified epithelia are well adapted to the digestive system because the cilia increase the surface area for absorption.

False

Which event must precede all others during tissue repair?

Inflammation occurs near the affected cells.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the enzyme-catalyzed reaction compared to the uncatalyzed reaction?

Less energy input is required to start the reaction in the presence of enzyme.

Predict what would happen if a lung's visceral membrane were pulled away from its parietal membrane still attached to the chest wall.

Loss of membrane adhesive force would cause lung collapse.

Mechanical Work

Relaxed smooth muscle cell to contracted smooth muscle cell

________ attach skeletal muscles to bones, and ________ connect one bone to another.

Tendons; ligaments

Why are adipose tissue, blood, and bone all considered to be connective tissues?

They have a common origin: mesenchyme.

Synthesis

This figure shows a dehydration synthesis reaction between two monomers forming, resulting in a larger molecule. Such reactions are synthesis reactions.

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?

This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

Which statement describes glycolysis?

This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

Which statement describes the electron transport chain?

This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

ATP is an unstable, high-energy molecule that provides body cells with a form of energy that is immediately usable.

True

Marfan's syndrome is a disease associated with faulty manufacture of the extracellular protein fibrillin. Since this is a component of elastin, in which cells would the damaged gene be expressed?

a fibroblast, which is the primary producer of the major fibers, including elastin and fibrillin, in connective tissue proper. It can be identified by its numerous cell extensions.

Substrate molecules bind to enzymes at the ________ sites.

active

Which is the most atypical connective tissue since it does NOT act as a binding or packaging material under normal conditions or provide structural support?

blood

found in bone

blood vessels

After open heart surgery, the heart's pumping efficiency may be reduced because__________.

both adhesions and fibrosis will interfere with the heart's normal pumping activity and reduce its effectiveness

Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________.

breaks down complex structures to simpler ones

Which nutrients function primarily as an energy source for cells?

carbohydrates

Which tissues have little to no functional regenerative capacity?

cardiac muscle and nervous tissue in the brain and spinal cord

The primary pigments contained in the epidermis are

carotene and melanin.

Choose which tissue would line the uterine (fallopian) tubes and function as a "conveyer belt" to help move a fertilized egg towards the uterus.

ciliated simple columnar epithelium

The dominant fiber type in dense connective tissue is

collagen

The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them to absorb shock, is because they possess ________.

collagen fibers

Blood

composed of cell in a fluid matrix

Connective tissues are made of different combinations of ground substance and fibers. As you compare slides of connective tissues, which would most likely be the strongest type of connective tissue based on the composition of ground substance and fibers?

connective tissues high in collagen fibers

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?

corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

The two components of the integumentary system are the

cutaneous membrane and accessory structures.

Skin, lung, and blood vessel walls have which tissue characteristic in common?

elastic fibers

Which process during which oxygen is consumed?

electron transport

What serves as the energy source for the proton pumps in oxidative phosphorylation?

electrons passing from transfer molecules to oxygen

Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________.

endocrine

The movement of H+ through the ATP synthase is best described as an example of __________.

facilitated diffusion

Which cell produces the protein fibers in areolar connective tissue?

fibroblast

dense regular connective tissue

forms tendons and ligaments

Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell?

glucose

Cellular respiration equation

glucose + 6 O2 ===== 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

glycolysis

sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.

glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)?

glycolysis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation

What are the three main components of connective tissue?

ground substance, fibers, and cells

Water loss due to evaporation of fluid that has penetrated directly through the skin is termed ________ perspiration.

insensible

Anabolism includes reactions in which ________.

larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?

mitochondrion

How many phosphates would AMP have attached to it?

one

Bone

osteoblast

Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration?

oxidative phosphorylation

A dendritic or Langerhan cell is a specialized ________.

phagocytic cell

a macrophage

phagocytizes foreign materials such as bacteria and debris. It can be identified by its large size.

What process primes a molecule to change in a way that increases its activity, produces motion, or does work?

phosphorylation

Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system, except

protection of underlying tissue. excretion of salts and wastes. maintenance of body temperature. ****synthesis of vitamin C. provision of sensation.

function of the integumentary system

protection of underlying tissue. excretion of salts and wastes. maintenance of body temperature. provision of sensation.

Fibrocartilage

provides tensil strength w/ the ability to absorb compressive shock

Treatment of full-thickness burns includes which of the following?

replacing fluids increasing caloric intake preventing infection assisting tissue repair

The type of burn that is the most painful

second-degree burn.

Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which epithelial tissue?

simple columnar

You observe a tissue under a microscope. There appears to be a lumen on one side of the tissue. Lining this lumen, the cells seem to have long, fingerlike projections. Beneath the projections, the cells seem to have the shape of shoeboxes and are packed tightly together. What type of tissue are you looking at?

simple columnar epithelia

Under a microscope you observe a tissue that appears to have long fibers that appear striated. The nuclei are pushed off to the side of the fibers. The tissue looks very vascular. What type of tissue are you observing?

skeletal muscle tissue

The term ________ means each enzyme catalyzes only one type of reaction.

specificity

Injured cartilage might heal more quickly if a treatment were discovered that would __________.

stimulate blood vessels to develop within cartilage

A many-layered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as ________.

stratified squamous

Large quantities of keratin are found in the epidermal layer called the

stratum corneum

adipose tissue

supports and protects, insulates against heat loss, reserve fuel source

bone cells

supports and protects, stores calcium

What is the source of the activation energy in these reactions?

the kinetic energy of the reactants

The term metabolism is best defined as ________.

the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body

What is the primary function of cellular respiration?

to regenerate ATP

What is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells?

ATP

ATP

ATP is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells, and it provides a form of energy that is immediately usable by all body cells. Chemically, the triphosphate tail of ATP can be compared to a tightly coiled spring ready to uncoil with tremendous energy when the catch is released. Actually, ATP is a very unstable high-energy molecule because its three negatively charged phosphate groups are closely packed and repel each other.

Which epidermal layers would be LEAST likely to develop cancer?

A. Cell of this layer are dead and do not participate in mitosis.

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

Cell division would be most common among cells in which of the layers?

D. Cells migrate upwards through the epidermis after being generated by mitosis in the stratum basale.