Ch. 24 - Nutrition & Metabolism

Red Blood Cells have no organelles, including no mitochondria, therefore the only way for them to generate ATP is through:

Glycolysis

The process of splitting glucose into two pyruvic acid molecules through a series of 10 steps in the cytosol is called ________?

Glycolysis

Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)?

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation

The good lipoproteins that scavenge cholesterol from the body and return it to the liver for destruction are called:

HDL

Select the correct statement about proteins.

Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested

Which of the following is a normal consequence of the activation of the heat-promoting center?

Release of epinephrine

Catabolism would be best described as a process that

Breaks down complex structures into simpler ones.

Which of the following is NOT a fat soluble vitamin?

C

Many factors influence BMR. What is the most critical factor?

The ratio of surface area to volume of the body

The term metabolism is best defined as ______.

The sum of biochemical reactions involved in building and breaking down molecules.

The amount of ________ produced is probably the most important hormonal factor in determining BMR.

Thyroxine

Transamination is the process whereby the amine group of an amino acid is __?__.

Transferred to a keto acid

Which of the following is NOT a function of LDLs?

Transport cholesterol from body cells to the liver

The abundant dietary lipids are ____

Triglycerides

When proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly __?__.

Urea

As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state, only the ________ continues to burn glucose while every other organ in the body mostly switches to fatty acids.

brain

The primary function of cellular respiration is to ________.

break down food molecules and generate ATP

Which of the following is an example of a saturated fat?

butter

Lipogenesis occurs when ________.

cellular ATP and glucose levels are high

LDL Lipoproteins primarily contain:

cholesterol

Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________.

conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid

Which of the choices below is not a fate of carbohydrate taken into the body?

direct conversion to a nucleic acid

Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complete proteins?

eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish

The term basal metabolic rate reflects the ________.

energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities

This hormone stimulates lipolysis and glycogenolysis during the postabsorptive state.

glucagon

The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is:

glucose

During the absorptive state, excess glucose is converted into the polysaccharide ______ which is stored in the muscles and liver.

glycogen

Glucose can be obtained from ________.

glycogenolysis

The process of splitting glucose through a series of steps that produces two pyruvic acid molecules is called?

glycolysis

Which of the following does not occur in the mitochondria?

glycolysis

Low body temperature due to excessive cold is called ________.

hypothermia

Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state?

insulin

Cholesterol, though it is not an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it _______.

is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones

The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as:

lipolysis

Most deamination of proteins takes place in the:

liver

Oxidation reduction reactions ________.

may involve the loss of hydrogen and electrons

What is a possible outcome of ketosis?

metabolic acidosis

Which of the following is the major role of leptin in the body?

protect against weight loss during nutritional deprivation

When a person's hypothalamic thermostat is set to a higher level and the actual body temperature is below that level, the person may ________.

shiver

Which of the choices below is not a major route of heat exchange?

shivering

Which of the choices below is not a mechanism of heat production?

sweating

According to the USDA, the majority of calories in the diet should come from:

Carbohydrates

Which of the following is most likely to contain insoluble fiber?

Complex Carbohydrates

Which food type is considered to be the most important for athletes to eat to improve performance?

Complex carbohydrates

Prostaglandins play a role in:

Control of blood pressure

Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized?

Fats

When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of ___?__.

Fatty acids

Gluconeogenesis is the process in which?

Glucose is formed from non-carbohydrate precursors.

In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and ________ are converted to glucose.

Glycerol

Which of the following is not an important function of the liver?

Protein metabolism

The ingestion of which nutrient type results in the greatest food-induced thermogenesis?

Proteins

How many calories would a serving of Fried Mozzarella have if it contains 29 g Fat, 18 g Protein, and 34 g carbohydrates?

469

What percentage of calories come from fat given that Fried Mozzarella Sticks contain 29 g Fat, 18 g Protein, and 34 g carbohydrates?

56

What percentage of calories comes from protein given that Fried Mozzarella Sticks contain 29 g Fat, 18 g Protein, and 34 g carbohydrates?

15

The Kreb's cycle produces ____ ATP molecules per glucose molecule by substrate-level phosphorylation.

2

According to the USDA, less than ____% of your calories should come from fat.

30%

How many calories would a serving of microwave pizza have if it contains 18 g Fat, 12 g Protein, and 27 g carbohydrates?

318

How many calories would a serving of a Bloomin Onion have if it contains 27 g Fat, 3 g Protein, and 20 g carbohydrates?

335

Which of the choices below is not a source of glucose during the postabsorptive state?

Absorption of glucose from the GI Tract

Glycogen is formed in the liver during the:

Absorptive state

In the liver, the amine group of glutamic acid is removed as ________ in the oxidative state?

Ammonia

Which of the choices below happens during the absorptive state?

Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones

Which of the following is correct?

Each FADH2 yields about 1.5 ATP via oxidative phosphorylation

Conditions that promote the oxidative deamination and energy use of amino acids include ________.

Excessive protein in the diet

Minerals required by the body in moderate amounts include all BUT which of the following? They are required in very small amounts.

Iron and selenium

Excessive fatty acid oxidation leads to an accumulation of acetyl CoA, which the liver converts to

Ketones

During this stage of metabolism, pyruvate is oxidized into CO2.

Krebs Cycle

Anabolism includes reactions in which:

Larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones.

The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and free fatty acids is known as _______?

Lipolysis

What is the possible outcome of ketosis?

Metabolic acidosis

It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because:

Most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients.

The primary reason elderly people should decrease their caloric intake is that ______?

Muscle mass and metabolic rate decrease with age

Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration?

Oxidative phosphorylation

What process primes a molecule to change in a way that increases its activity, produces motion, or does work?

Phosphorylation

In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body for all of the following except:

Production of energy

Which of the following best defines negative nitrogen balance?

Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis

Which molecules are most likely to contribute to heart disease?

trans fats

The most abundant dietary lipids are ________.

triglycerides

Heat-loss mechanisms do not include ________.

vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels