CH 25 PART 2

Kristallnacht

"Night of Broken Glass"

Battle of Guadalcanal

(1942-1943) World War II battle in the Pacific; it represented the first Allied counter-attack against Japanese forces; Allied victory forced Japanese forces to abandon the island

Harry S. Truman

(1945-1949) and (1949-1953), Succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon his death. Led the country through the last few months of World War II, and made the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery. Created the CIA

Enrico Fermi

-Successfully split a uranium atom in the first nuclear fission reaction, which led to the development of the atomic bomb and nuclear power generators.

Albert Einstien

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Yamato

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Four possibilities for forcing Japan to surrender other than Atomic Bomb

1) A massive invasion of Japan, expected to cost millions of Allied casualties 2 A naval blockade to starve Japan, along with continued conventional bombing 3) A demonstration of the new weapon on a deserted island to pressure Japan to surrender 4) A softening of Allied demands for an unconditional surrender

Liberation of the Philippines

160,000 US troops land at Leyte, push east for 2 months, then north to Samar. 175k soldiers invaded Luzon, and quickly retook Bataan, Corregidor, and Clark Field. Hard battle for Manila till March 3, 1945 when it was liberated. April 17, US lands on Mindanao, where there is fighting until the end of the war, General MacArthur returns. For the next two months there is brutal fighting; January 9, the US forces invade Luzon, Bataan, Corrigedor, and Clark Field, which are all quickly taken. Battle for the capital Manila. Battle continued until the end of the war.

Nuremberg Laws

1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.

Wannsee Conference

1942 conference in Germany concerning the plan to murder European Jews

Battle of Leyte Gulf

1944 World War II naval battle between the United States and Japan. Largest naval engagement in history. Japanese navy was defeated.

Flying Tigers

1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) of the Chinese Air Force; trained in Burma before the American entry into World War II with the intention of defending China against Japanese forces

Kwajalein

Attacked by marines. Japanese put up a rought fight although outnumbered. Took 4 days to capture.

Bockscar

B-29 bomber that droped the seconde atomic bomb "Fat Man" on nagasaki (aug 9th 1945)

The Great Marianas Turkey Shoot

Battle of the Phillipine Sea. U.S. shot down over 600 Japanese planes.

Hiroshima

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II. (p. 797)

Wake Island

Japan attacked on December 7, 1941, but American marines held them off until island fell on Desember 23rd and 1,600 Americans surrendered and became POWs. Referred to as "The Alamo of Pacific" in honor of heroic defense.

Bataan Death March

Japanese forced about 60,000 of americans and philippines to march 100 miles with little food and water, most died or were killed on the way

Kamikaze

Japanese suicide pilots who loaded their planes with explosives and crashed them into American ships.

3 carriers at Pearl Harbor

Lexington Enterprise Yorktown

Little Boy

Name of the bomb that exploded over Hiroshima

Einsatzgruppen

Nazi strike forces that killed innocent Jews with their infamous "death squads"

Manhattan Project

code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II

Bushido Code

code of the warrior; obligation to honor & defend emperor, country, and family; willing to volunteer in suicide missions(kamikaze)

General Douglas MacArthur

commander of the US forces in the Philippine Islands who directed the Allied occupation of Japan

Commander Joseph Rochefort

commander who discovers the Japanese code and learns that AF is Midway and is the Japs next target; send the people of Midway a coded message telling them to send an uncoded message saying that their water line is broken; confirms that AF is Midway

Battle of Iwo Jima

lasted 6 weeks, several thousand marines, and more than 20,000 Japanese soldiers were killed, this battle is also notable for the famous photograph of US marines lifting the American flag to a standpoint

J. Robert Oppenheimer

lead the Manhattan Project: the World War II effort to develop the first nuclear bomb. He was remembered as the "Father of the Atomic Bomb."

General Joseph Stilwell

led US, Indian, and Chinese forces in defense of India and recapture of Burma.

Eniwetok

on Feb. 23rd, 1944, the U.S. takes Eniwetok in Marshall Islands (18 of 2,741 Japanese troops taken alive); Marshall islands now secure

Concentration Camps

prison camps used under the rule of Hitler in Nazi Germany. Conditions were inhuman, and prisoners, mostly Jewish people, were generally starved or worked to death, or killed immediately.

Masahuro Homma

responsible for the treatment of Allied prisoners; executed in 1946 for war crimes.

Tarawa

second time the United States was on the offensive (the Battle of Guadalcanal had been the first); and the first offensive in the critical central Pacific region; also the first time in the war that the United States faced serious Japanese opposition to an amphibious landing

Schutzstaffel

special police force in Nazi Germany founded as a personal bodyguard for Adolf Hitler in 1925

Banzai Charge

suicidal Japanese infantry charges; knew they would get killed, but charged into enemy forces anyway

Enola Gay

the name of the American B-29 bomber, piloted by Col. Paul Tibbets, Jr., that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, on Aug. 6, 1945.

Babi Yar

A deep ravine outside the Ukrainian city of Kiev, where the Einsatzgruppen murdered and buried close to 34,000 Jews over the course of two days (September 29-30, 1941

Evian Conference

A meeting to discuss what to do about the growing number of Jewish refugees coming from Europe. It failed to address the issue.

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Island Hopping

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others

Anti-Semitism

A mindset that people of Jewish heritage were inferior to other races

Zyklon B

A pesticide used as poison gas to murder Jews in the death camp gas chambers.

Jew

Adolf Hitler blamed Germany's defeat in World War I on the ____________. , Believed in a single God; an ancient Babylonian civilization; first monotheistic religion

Admiral William "Bull" Halsey

Allied leader who fought for control of the Solomon islands in the South Pacific

Claire Chennault

American General; leader of "Flying Tigers"

Guam

Americans secured this remote Pacific island from Spain after the war over Cuba. Americans had captured it earlier, before the residents even knew that there was a war going on.

Japanese capture of Philippines

Dec. 8 1941-Japan bombs Clak Field. Dec. 12- US Navy withdraws to Dutch East Indies, which leaves air without cover. Japan lands 2,500 troops on Luzon. Dec. 17-20, remaining US aircraft on Luzon are destroyed. Dec. 22, 43,110 Japanese troops land on Luzon. General Douglas MacArthur orders retreat to Bataan Peninsula where they will hold out in hopes of navy rescue. MacArthur then is ordered by FDR to go to Australia. On April 9 1942, 76,000 US/Filipino troops on Bataan surrender. May 6, 1942, 13,000 US/Filipino soldiers surrender island fortress Corregidor. On May 8th 1942, Japan has occupation of the Philippines.

genocide

Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group

Saipan

During the fighting for the island of ____, the Japanese convinced the local civilians to commit mass suicide by jumping off cliffs.

War Refugee Board

Federal agency created in 1944 to try to help people threatened with murder by the Nazis

Battle of Okinawa

First Japanese Home island (only 340 miles from mainland Japan) to be invaded. Island of immense strategic value. Involving over 500,000 troops and over 1,200 ships. Battle showed Japanese determination to resist invasion.

Battle of Coral Sea

Fought on May 7-8 1942; Caused heavy losses on both sides; Japanese won a tactical victory because they sank US carrier Lexington; Americans claimed a strategic victory by stopping Japan's drive towards Australia

Gestapo

German secret police

Admiral Chester Nimitz

He was the commander of the Pacific Fleet during WW2, and he was the man who directed the U.S. victories at Midway, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa

Simon Wiesenthal

Holocaust survivor who dedicated his life to prosecuting of Nazi war criminals.

USS Missouri

On September 2, 1945, the Japanese emperor formally surrendered on the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay.

Middle names assigned to Jews in Germany

Sarah and Israel

Fat Man

Second nuclear weapon used in warfare, dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. August 9, 1945

Ghettos

Sections of towns and cities in which Jews were forced to live.

Raoul Wallenberg

Swedish diplomat who rescued Hungarian Jews by giving them Swedish passports

Josef Mengele

The "Angel of Death" of Auschwitz known for his medical experimentation, especially on twins, and his decisions as to who would die.

death camps

camps used under the rule of Hitler in Nazi Germany for the purpose of killing prisoners immediately.

Mt. Suribachi

This is the highest point on Iwo Jima and is where five U.S. marines and one navy medic raised the American flag after Iwo Jima was taken away from the Japanese.

Battle of Midway

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II.

Auschwitz

a Nazi concentration camp for Jews in southwestern Poland during World War II

Interim Committee

advisory group of scientists, military leaders, and government officials, decided that dropping the bomb on Japan was necessary.

Operation Downfall

allies plans to invade Japan. japan surrendered

Doolittle's Raid

bombing of Tokyo and other Japanese cities; raised American morale