Ch 26 & 27

What type of epithelium is found lining the ureters, the urinary bladder, and the proximal portion of the urethra?

transitional epithelium

The ________ is a capillary bed that parallels the nephron loop (loop of Henle).

vasa recta

The region of the nephron containing intercalated cells primarily associated with pH balance is the

collecting duct

The detrusor muscle

compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to

increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex

Sheila has been exercising at peak performance for about 60 minutes. She did not hydrate as effectively as she should have and as a result, her urine is deep yellow and low in volume. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism affecting this?

blood colloid osmotic pressure

The __________ tends to draw water out of the filtrate and into the plasma; it thus opposed filtration

blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)

buffer

Hypoventilation leads to

respiratory acidosis

Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by all of the following mechanisms except 1. increasing PNS activity. 2. causing the release of ADH. 3. stimulating thirst. 4. triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone. 5. stimulating the kidneys to conserve sodium.

1. increasing PNS activity

The mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves all of the following except 1. the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the posterior pituitary gland. 2. obligatory water reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule. 3. a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts. 4. aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells. 5. an increase in facultative water reabsorption.

2. Obligatory water reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule

All of the following are examples of compensatory mechanisms that would occur as a result of metabolic acidosis except 1. respiratory rate increases. 2. kidneys retain H+. 3. kidneys generate bicarbonate. 4. kidneys secrete H+. 5. buffer systems accept H+.

2. kidney's retain H+

What is the proper order for the structures of the renal corpuscle through which a substance travels during filtration? 1. filtration slit (slit pore) 2. capsular space 3. basement membrane 4. fenestrated endothelium

4, 3, 1, 2

Which of the following statements about ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is correct? 1. ADH would increase urine volume. 2. ADH inserts water channels into the luminal membrane of the proximal tubules. 3. ADH is synthesized by the adrenal gland and works in the kidney. 4. ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland.

4. ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland

Which of the following statements about aldosterone is NOT correct? 1. Aldosterone is produced in the adrenal cortex. 2. Aldosterone is stimulated by decreased plasma sodium levels and increased plasma potassium levels. 3. Aldosterone increases the number of passive sodium channels in the luminal membrane of the distal tubule and collecting duct, thus aiding sodium reabsorption. 4. Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption by increasing the number of Na+-K+ ATPase pumps in the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule.

4. Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption by increasing the number of Na+-K+ ATPase pumps in the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule this statement is incorrect because Aldosterone increases the number of Na+-K+ ATPase pumps in the basolateral membrane of the distal tubules and collecting ducts.

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis? 1. consequence of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illness) 2. consequence of tissue hypoxia (for example, in ischemic conditions) 3. consequence of prolonged vomiting 4. consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to emphysema) 5. consequence of strenuous exercise

4. consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to emphysema)

The urinary system does all of the following except 1. regulating plasma concentrations of electrolytes. 2. eliminating organic waste products. 3. helping to stabilize blood pH. 4. excreting excess albumin molecules. 5. regulating blood volume

4. excreting excess albumin molecules

All of the following would result in an increase in renin release except 1. decreased osmotic concentration at the macula densa. 2. decreased blood pressure at the glomerulus. 3. stimulation of juxtaglomerular cells. 4. increased blood volume. 5. blockage in the renal artery.

4. increased blood volume (decreased blood volume would result in an increase in renin)

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis? 1. consequence of tissue hypoxia (for example, in ischemic conditions) 2. consequence of strenuous exercise 3. consequence of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illness) 4. consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to COPD) 5. consequence of prolonged vomiting

5. consequence of prolonged vomiting

Basically, what occurs in the countercurrent multiplier process?

A higher sodium concentration is produced in the renal medulla that osmotically draws out water, reducing it within the tubules and the urine

In severe dehydration or blood loss, what would be the levels of ADH and what would be the urine flow rate?

ADH - high; low urine flow rate (0.25ml/min) ADH would be high, causing a large percentage of the water to be reabsorbed. Therefore, the urine flow rate would be low.

In overhydration, what would be the levels of ADH (high, normal, or low) and what would be the osmolarity of the urine?

ADH - low; 100 mOsm (urine) in overhydration, ADH would be very low and the cells of the collecting duct would be relatively impermeable to water and urea. Thus, the final urine would be dilute, having an osmolarity of about 100 mOsm.

The ________ is usually zero because few, if any plasma proteins enter the capsular space

Capsular colloid osmotic pressure

__________ tends to push water and solutes out of the filtrate and into the plasma

Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CsHP)

What is the kidney's response to alkalosis caused by the removal of H+?

Conserve H+ and secrete HCO3-

Which area(s) of the nephron allow variable water reabsorption and is/are sensitive to the hormone ADH?

DCT and the collecting duct

The __________ is the blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

The __________ is the average pressure forcing water and dissolved substances out of the glomerular capillaries and into the capsular space

Net filtration pressure (NFP)

Which area of the nephron is sensitive to aldosterone?

The distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

If the micturition reflex is primarily controlled by parasympathetic innervation, then how is it that you have voluntary control of when you choose to urinate?

The external urethral sphincter is under skeletal muscle control. When it is voluntarily relaxed, the internal urethral sphincter will open, allowing the flow of urine.

Which of these hormones causes the kidney to increase the body's content of sodium? antidiuretic hormone (ADH) parathyroid hormone (PTH) calcitonin aldosterone

aldosterone

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis?

consequence of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illness)

Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the

efferent arteriole

The release of atrial naturetic peptides from the heart will cause the body to

excrete sodium ions and decrease ECF.

The step in kidney function in which fluid is forced out of the blood includes moving fluid __________.

from glomerulus to glomerular capsule

What is the osmolarity of the filtrate at the end of the proximal tubule?

isotonic - 300 mOsm the osmolarity of the filtrate would be about 300 mOsm because both solutes and water are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. As particles are reabsorbed, water follows osmotically.

Modified smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole that secrete renin are called

juxtaglomerular cells

An important structure for blood pressure regulation is the

juxtaglomerular complex

The cells of the macula densa, the juxtaglomerular cells, and the extraglomerular mesangial cells form the

juxtaglomerular complex

Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called ________ nephrons.

juxtamedullary

In response to respiratory alkalosis, the

kidneys retain more hydrogen ions

The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to

limit pH changes caused by metabolic and fixed acids

How do the lungs respond to metabolic acidosis?

lungs increase respiratory rate

Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone

parathyroid hormone

Reabsorbed water and solutes enter into the

peritubular fluid

In the renal corpuscle, the visceral layer is a layer of specialized cells called

podocytes

The main site for water reabsorption along the nephron is the __________.

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Aldosterone-sensitive portions of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct allow for the exchange of which ions?

reabsorption of sodium ions in exchange for potassium ions

When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys

secrete more hydrogen ions and fewer bicarbonate ions

The process that transports solutes, including many drugs, into the tubular fluid is called

secretion

ADH creates a (small or large) volume of (dilute or concentrated) urine.

small; concentrated

Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by

the kidneys