Ch. 26 Metabolism

A diet that includes just enough carbohydrate and lipid to meet the needs for one day would ____________.

Be protein sparing.

Two individuals are the same age, sex, and ethnic background. While being tested for their BMR, Bill consumes 20 liters of oxygen/hour and Randy consumes 16 liters of oxygen/hour. Which of the two needs to consume more calories to maintain proper health and constant weight?

Bill

A mineral that is a necessary cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis is

copper

The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is

Folacin

Which of the following is a complement of Glucocorticoids?

GH

Lipoproteins carrying mostly cholesterol and phospholipids from peripheral tissues to the liver are called __________.

High-density lipoproteins.

On a tour of African countries, Don contracts a bad case of traveler's diarrhea. Because he can't eat very much, his body starts to use energy sources other than carbohydrates. This would result in _____

Increased Gluconeogenesis in the liver.

Inside the mitochondrion, each pyruvic acid molecule _______.

Loses a carbon atom.

The vitamin that is a constituent of the coenzyme NAD is

Niacin.

________ is the most important mechanism for the generation of ATP.

Oxidative phosphorylation.

A growing child is in a state of ___________.

Positive nitrogen balance.

When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the ________.

Postabsorptive state.

In a disease that causes the destruction of a large number of cells and their nuclei, it would not be unusual to see an elevation in the blood levels of _________.

Uric acid.

Lipoproteins containing triglycerides manufactured in the liver are transported to peripheral tissues and are called _____.

Very low-density lipoproteins.

In the liver, some of the lactic acid is converted to

glycogen

A high uric acid level above 7.4 mg/dl can lead to the painful condition known as

gout

A malfunction of the thermoregulatory mechanisms caused by excessive fluid loss in perspiration is known as

heat exhaustion

The process of deamination of amino group produces ______.

ammonia

The ________ of the mitochondrion contains large-diameter pores that are permeable to ions and small organic molecules such as pyruvic acid.

outer membrane

The vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A is

pantothenic acid (B6)

An ion that is a necessary component of high-energy compounds and nucleic acids and a structural component of bone is the ________ ion.

phosphate

In the electron transport chain _______.

-Oxidative phosphorylation takes place and ATP is formed. -Coenzymes receive hydrogen atoms from NADH2 and FADH2.

Glucocorticoids have which of the following effects on general peripheral tissues?

-They decrease the use of glucose. -They increase the reliance on fatty acids.

In the human body, cholesterol is important because it __________.

-Waterproofs the epidermis. -Is a lipid component of all cell membranes. -Is the precursor of several steroid hormones and vitamin D3. -Is a key constituent of bile.

In the process of cellular respiration, each molecule of glucose that is completely metabolized yields ________ molecules of ATP.

38

In glycolysis, each metabolized molecule of glucose releases how many ATP?

4 but net 2

For adults, there are ________ essential amino acids.

9

Each cytochrome contains __________

A protein. A pigment (copper and iron)

Lipogenesis generally begins with __________.

Acetyl CoA

The vitamin that is a constituent of the coenzymes FAD and FMN is

riboflavin

Catabolism within mitochondria provides

the ATP needed to sustain cell functions

During the absorptive state __________.

the liver forms glycogen

Each FADH2 will produce ________ATP

2

A cation that is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting is

Calcium

Nucleotides from RNA _________.

Can provide sugars for glycolysis

Although other nutrients can be broken down to provide substrates for the TCA cycle, ________ requires the least processing and preparation.

Carbohydrate.

Linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid are examples of _________.

Essential fatty acids.

Lipids ______.

Provide energy for cells with modest energy demands and for skeletal muscle when energy demands are low

A vitamin that plays the role of a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is

Pyridoxine (B6).

A drug that blocks the action of lipoprotein lipase would ________.

Raise blood levels of VLDLs

In oxidative phosphorylation, the energy for the synthesis of ATP is provided by

The movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the respiratory enzymes.

The vitamin that acts as a coenzyme in decarboxylation reactions is

Thiamine.

During lipolysis ___________.

Triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.

All of the following are true of beta-oxidation, except that ___________.

it converts lipids into glycogen molecules. True: A) It occurs in the mitochondria. B) It requires coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD. C) It yields large amounts of ATP. E) It is the process that breaks down fatty acids into two-carbon fragments that can be metabolized by the TCA cycle.

Purines ___________.

like Adenine and Guanine, Are excreted as uric acid.

Urea is formed in the __________.

liver

The liver converts ammonia to

urea

The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is

vitamin A

The vitamin that prevents the destruction of vitamin A and fatty acids is

vitamin E

The mineral that is necessary for the proper function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is

zinc