Ch. 27 Learn Smart: Evolution of Life

The type of selection in which humans select desired traits in organisms for breeding is called

artificial selection

The study of the range and distribution of organisms is called

biogeography

Beak sizes of the Galapagos Island finches and the similarities of African ostriches and South American rheas provided evidence for Darwin's Idea of adaption _____ by natural selection.

evolution

That species arise, change, and become extinct due to natural, not supernatural forces is referred to as

evolution

Darwin called the process of adaptations to the environment

evolution by natural selection.

Structures that are anatomically similar because they were inherited from a common ancestor are referred to as being _____.

homologous structures

Artificial selection, as opposed to natural selection is controlled by _____.

humans

Only the alleles that are expressed (cause a phenotypic difference) are subject to _____ selection.

natural

In making decisions, phylogeneticists were traditionally guided by the principle of _____, which states that the pattern requires the fewest evolutionary changes is the most likely.

parsimony

The _____ is an organism's visible characteristics.

phenotype

The environment acts on the

phenotype

A hypothesis about the pace of evolution that states that change is very slow but steady within a lineage before and after a divergence is called _____ gradualism.

phyletic

The branch of systematic biology that studies the evolutionary relatedness among groups of organisms on Earth is referred to as

phylogenetics

Select the three domains of life from the list below -Archaea -Animal -Eukarya -Fungi -Bacteria -Plant

-Archaea -Eukarya -Bacteria

Match the domain with its correct characteristic -Eukarya -Archaea -Bacteria

-Contains protists, fungi, animals, and plants -Contains individuals that are more closely related to eukaryotes -Contains cyanobacteria

During embryonic development in vertebrates, which of the following characteristics are shared by all vertebrate animals? -live birth -warm-bloodedness -pharngeal pouches -posanal tail -four limbs

-pharyngeal pouches -postanal tail

Match the function of the forelimb with the vertebrate that has that particular forelimb design using the concept of unity of design. -Monkeys -whales -bats -horses -arboreal lizards

-swinging from tree branches -orientation during swimming -flight -running -climbing

Match the type of postzygotic isolating mechanism with its description. -Zygote mortality -Hybrid sterile -F2 hybrid has reduced fitness

-zygote dies -hybrid unable to produce gametes -second generation hybrid unable to produce gametes.

Rank the following in order of their appearance in the history of life. -mammals -fishes -reptiles -amphibians

1.fishes 2.amphibians 3.reptiles 4.mammals

_____ is the reproductive success of an individual relative to other members of the population.

Fitness

For a given gene with two alleles, there are _____ possible genotypes.

Three

The system of assigning of assigning a two-part scientific name to each organism is called

binomial nomenclature

Domain, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species are examples of taxa used in the _____ of organisms.

classification

A bottleneck effect can be experienced by a population following a natural _____ that kills a large proportion of a population.

disaster

Extinction is the death of every member of a _____.

species

Match the genotype of sickle cell anemia on the left with the fate of each genotype on the right -Hb^AHb^A -Hb^AHb^S -Hb^SHb^S

-Dies due to material infection -lives due to protection from sickle cell anemia and malaria -Dies due to sickle cell anemia

Select the three possible genotypes of an individual when there are two alleles for a given trait. -Homozygous recessive -Heterozygous dominant -Homozygous dominant -Heterozygous recessive -Heterozygous

-Homozygous recessive -Homozygous dominant -Heterozygous

Match the type of prezygotic isolating mechanisms with its description. -Temporal -Behavioral -Mechanical -Gamete

-Mate at different times of the day or season -Courtship rituals different -Genitalia not compatible -Sperm cannot fertilize egg

Select the conditions that cause evolutionary change. -Natural selection -Gene flow -Nonrandom mating -Acquired characteristics -Genetic drift -Mutations

-Natural selection -Gene flow -Nonrandom mating -Genetic drift -Mutations

Select the five mass extinctions that have occurred on Earth. -Ordovician -Triassic -Permian -Cretaceous -Devonian -Holocene

-Ordovician -Devonian -Permian -Triassic -Cretaceous

The idea that the environment acts on the phenotype was proposed by?

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

The branch of systematic biology that studies evolutionary relatedness among group of organisms is called _____.

Phylogenetics

The _____ is a classification category higher than the kingdom.

domain

A fossil of a common ancestor for two groups of organisms that demonstrates the relationship between the two groups is called a _____ link or fossil.

transitional

Select the early observations made be Darwin that helped in his formulation of his idea about evolution by natural selection. -Necks of the giraffes on the Galapagos Islands -African ostriches and South American rheas similarities -Beaks of the finches on the Galapagos Islands

-African ostriches and South American rheas similarities -Beaks of the finches on the Galapagos Islands

Select the important ideas that were formulated by Darwin that supported his idea of evolution by natural selection. (Select all that apply) -Organisms become adapted to conditions as the environment changes. -Organisms acquire characteristics during their lives and pass them to their offspring. -Individuals within a population differ in their reproductive success -Individuals within a species exhibit heritable variations -Organisms complete for available resources.

-Organisms become adapted to conditions as the environment changes. -Individuals within a population differ in their reproductive success -Individuals within a species exhibit heritable variations. -Organisms compete for available resources.

Which of the following are biochemicals that function similarly in all living organisms? -Hormones -RNA -DNA -ATP

-RNA -DNA -ATP

As a result of studying rock strata, scientists have divided the Earth's history into broad groups called _____, which are divided into _____ and these have been divided into _____.

-eras -periods -epochs

Select the forces that promote variation. -fertilization -punctuated equilibrium -acquired characteristics -mutations -recombination and independent assortment.

-fertilization -mutations -recombination and independetn assortment

The _____ effect when a few individuals form a new colony with a small fraction of the genetic diversity of the entire population, whereas the _____ effect happens after a natural disaster that kills a large proportion of a population.

-founder -bottleneck

Founder effect occurs when a few _____ form a new colony, and only a fraction of the total genetic _____ of the original gene pool is represented in these individuals.

-individuals -diversity

Select the five conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg Principle from the list below. -no genetic drift -equal number of males and females -no mutations -no selection -random mating -no gene flow

-no mutations -no genetic drift -no gene flow -random mating -no selection

The process of naming and assigning organisms or groups of organisms to a taxon is called

Classification

The change in the allele frequencies of a gene pool due to chance is called _____ drift.

Genetic

The type of evolution that involves speciation is called

Macroevolution

Which of the following correctly identifies Charles Darwin's beliefs before he sailed on the HMS Beagle?

Species remained unchanged since the time of creation.

The science of classifying organisms is called

Taxonomy

Point mutations are caused by a change at

a single nucleotide in a gene.

A population is not evolving if _____ frequencies are unchanged over many generations.

allele

The type of speciation that involves a geographic barrier is called

allopatric speciation

An adaptation is an evolved trait that helps an organism be more suited to its _____.

environment

When individuals from one population move to another population and breed this is an example of _____ flow.

gene

All of the alleles of all of the genes in all individuals in a population is called the

gene pool

Mutations are

genetic changes.

Evolution is often referred to as a theory because it

has been supported by a large number of observations.

A change in gene frequency within a population over time is called _____.

microevolution

That organisms within a species have variations, compete for resources, have different reproduction success, and adapt to their environment are all components of Darwin's idea of _____ selection.

natural

The hypothesis about the pace of evolution that states that change is slow but steady within a linage before and after a divergence is called

phyletic gradualism

The hypothesis of evolutionary relatedness among taxa represented by a "family tree" is called

phylogeny

Scientists who study changes in the diversity of a population at the level of the gene are called _____ geneticists.

population

A reproductive isolating mechanism that is in place after fertilization are called

postzygotic

One of the hypotheses about the pace of evolution that states that there are periods of no change followed by periods with rapid change is called

punctuated equillibrium

Galapagos Island finches that survived the dry season because their beak sizes allowed them to eat larger seeds, when birds with smaller beaks died of starvation, produced offspring that had

similar sized as their parents.

A group of organisms that are capable of interbreeding and are isolated from other organisms is referred to as a

species

All of the members of a single _____ that occupy a particular area at the same time and that interbreed is called a population.

species

A type of speciation that can occur without a noticable physical barrier to gene flow is referred to as _____ speciation.

sympatric

The branch of biology that is dedicated to the understanding of the evolutionary history of biodiversity is _____.

systematics