Ch. 29 section 1
core
15,000,000 degrees C
convective zone
2,000,000 degrees C
radiative zone
2,000,000 to 7,000,000 degrees C
The earth bring two or more electrons but the sun's core separates atoms
Compare the nuclei of atoms on Earth and in the sun's core
hydrogen
Nuclei of which atoms are the primary fuel for the sun?
Dark spots are cool areas of about 3,800 degrees C
What are sunspots?
The layers above the photosphere are transparent
Why are we able to see the photosphere from Earth?
sunspot
3,800 degrees C
photosphere
6,000 degrees C
chromosphere
6,000 degrees C to 50,000 degrees C
corona
>1,000,000 degrees C
Less than 100 years ago
About how long ago did scientists discover that the sun's energy is quite different from fire?
nuclear fusion and the nucleus of the atom
At the time of Einstein's 1905 proposal, what two factors were unknown?
The movement is convection. On earth energy moves upward in the form of convection, an example boiling water
Describe how energy produced in the sun's core moves through the convective zone. Compare the movement to an example on Earth
The first step of nuclear fusion is two hydrogen protons collide and fuse
Describe the first step of nuclear fusion
The movement of gases in the convection zone is when gases goes up it expands
Describe the movement of gases in the convective zone
The second step of nuclear fusion is another proton combines with proton-neutron pair to produce helium
Describe the second step of nuclear fusion
The size is huge. The temperature is above 1,000,000
Describe the size and temperature of the corona
The third step of nuclear fusion is two nuclei made up of two protons and one neutron collide and fuse
Describe the third step of nuclear fusion
Like number 71 jets form and fade away
Describe the upward movement of gas in the chromosphere
part of his special theory of relativity
Einstein's proposal was
By the corona's magnetic field
How can the corona stop most subatomic particles from escaping into space, even though it is not very dense?
The chromosphere forms narrow jets that shoot outward and fade away
How do gases move in the chromosphere?
They study the sun from above Earth's atmosphere
How do spacecraft study the sun?
The mass of the helium nucleus compares with the mass of the hydrogen nuclei by the helium has a 0.7% less mass than hydrogen
How does the mass of a helium nucleus compare with the mass of the hydrogen nuclei that fused to form it?
The mass of the sun is 300,000 times the mass of earth
How does the mass of the sun compared with the mass of Earth?
Eight minutes
How long does it take neutrinos that escape from the sun to reach Earth?
Three steps occur in nuclear fusion
How many steps occur in nuclear fusion inside the sun?
4 million tons
How much mass is changed into energy in the sun every second?
about 99%
How much of the sun's total mass is composed of hydrogen and helium?
During each step of the reaction
How often is energy released during nuclear fusion?
small amount of matter yields a large amount of energy
In 1905, Albert Einstein proposed that a
motions on the sun's surface
In recent years, more detail has been learned about what is happening inside the sun by careful studies of
energy produced
In the equation E = mc2, E represents
the speed of light
In the equation E = mc2, c represents
mass, or the amount of matter that is changed
In the equation E = mc2, m represents
In the form of radiation
In the radiative zone, in what form does energy move outward?
People thought the sun's energy came from fire
People once believed that the sun's energy came from?
traces of almost all chemical elements
The sun's spectrum reveals that it contains
match the spectral lines of starlight to those of Earth's elements
To identify the elements in a star's atmosphere, scientists
the uppermost region of solar gases
To what does the word atmosphere refer when applied to the sun?
It can be visible during day by how dark the sky is
Under what condition may the corona be visible during the day?
photosphere, chromosphere, corona
What are the three layers of the sun's atmosphere?
nuclear fusion
What atomic process combines nuclei of small atoms to form more-massive nuclei?
Einstein's equation can be used to calculate the amount of energy produced from a given amount of matter
What can Einstein's equation be used to calculate?
Gases in the stars' outer layers absorb specific wavelengths of light
What causes dark lines to form in the spectra of stars?
The energy during the three steps of nuclear fusion is released
What causes the sun to shine and gives the sun its high temperature?
a spectrograph
What do scientists use to break up the sun's light into a spectrum?
The sun is fueled by the fusion of hydrogen and helium
What does the study of neutrinos indicate?
a dazzling, brilliant ball that has no distinct features
What does the sun look like to the unaided eye?
The pressure of the sun is 10 times dense as iron
What effect does the sun's large mass have on the density of the sun's core?
hydrogen
What element makes up about 75% of the sun's mass?
E = mc2
What equation is part of Einstein's theory?
High temperatures and pressure
What factors in the sun's core force nuclei close enough to fuse?
Electrons are stripped from the protons by the sun's heat
What happens inside the sun to the electrons in hydrogen atoms?
A positive charge is neutralized and became positron
What happens to the charge of one hydrogen proton?
computer models
What has revealed what the invisible layers of the sun may be like?
positron
What is a particle that is emitted by one proton?
The lost mass
What is converted into energy during the series of fusion reactions that form helium nuclei inside the sun?
Two protons are released
What is released in the fusion of two two-proton-one-neutron nuclei?
A common makeup of a hydrogen atom is one electron and one proton
What is the common makeup of a hydrogen atom?
photosphere
What is the innermost layer of the solar atmosphere called?
Is the fusion of hydrogen and helium
What is the most common nuclear reaction inside the sun?
The corona
What is the outermost layer of the sun's atmosphere called?
The result of the first step is the two protons become a proton-neutron pair
What is the result of the first step of fusion?
25% of 1,390,000 km
What is the size of the sun's core?
300,000 km/s
What is the speed of light?
The sun core is made up of Ionized gas
What is the sun's core made up of?
Gases that has been risen from the convection zone
What is the sun's photosphere?
The chromosphere. It got its name by the color given off by hydrogen
What layer lies above the photosphere? How did this layer get its name?
Two protons and two neutrons
What particles are fused together to form a helium nucleus?
Neutrino
What subatomic particle is given off during fusion?
The radiative zone. Its temperature is 2,000,000 to 7,000,000 degrees
What zone in the sun's interior surrounds the core, and what is its temperature?
The convective zone. Its temperature is 2,000,000 degrees
What zone surrounds the radiative zone, and what is its temperature?
The helium nucleus
When hydrogen fusion occurs in the sun, what is always one of the final products?
The sun's brightness can damage one's eyes
Why do astronomers use special filters to look at the sun?
Each element has a unique pattern of spectral lines
Why does matching the spectral lines of starlight to those of Earth's elements enable scientists to identify the elements in a star's atmosphere?
