Ch 3 Science and the Sociology of Race

Extinction thesis

- Hoffman attributed high infant mortality—the number of babies that die before the first year of life—and high death rates to the physical inferiority of the black population. - compared mortality rates, and in particular infant mortality rates in white and black communities,

Ethnic stratification

...

Liberation sociology

...

_______ challenges the presumed racial neutrality of law and argues that there is very little incentive to eradicate racism, as so many people benefit from race privilege and the racial hierarchy.

CRT

In 1882, the __________ made it illegal for Chinese laborers to enter the country, and denied citizenship to those who were already here

Chinese Exclusion Act

_______ occurs when diverse ethnic groups meet and live together, as they do in communities across the country. Groups ______ with one another for such things as jobs and housing.

Contact; compete (conflict)

________coined the term eugenics.

Englishman Sir Francis Galton

_______research rebiologizes race, reinforcing the false notion that race is not a social construction but, instead, a genetic trait.

Genetic ancestry

The _______ represents an important advancement in genetic research and biotechnology. Its potential uses include finding cures for existing diseases, addressing life threatening genetic disorders, and preventing future illness through gene therapies—manipulation of genes that cause disease.

Human Genome Project (HGP)

________ face assaults on their cultural traditions, struggle with limited housing options (including being segregated and forced into ghettos), and are the targets of racist stereotypes and ideologies.

Involuntary minorities

_________is a branch of pharmacology that operates on the assumption that there are differences in the ways we respond to drugs, based on our race.

Pharmacogenomics

_______ in rates of hypertension in the United States are often cited as evidence of a need for specific drugs for African Americans.

Racial disparities

_______emerged in response to questions concerning the morality of slavery and gained traction as the global abolitionist movement grew in the mid-1800s. For

Scientific racism

phrenology

a now defunct branch of science that compared the skull sizes of various racial groups and used those data to try to determine group intelligence, social and cultural characteristics, and the presumed innate group differences between the races.

The ____________ describes the period during which immigrants are expected to change and adapt to the dominant American culture.

accommodation stage

Counterstories

are told by people of color (or members of nondominant groups) to reflect their view of the world from their particular social location. Counterstories challenge the dominant narratives relayed through history textbooks, Sunday sermons, mass media, and legal decisions and are designed to help dominant group members understand the world from the standpoint of subordinate groups

Internal colonialism theory

argues that colonialism, which is the process through which one country dominates another by stripping it of its human and economic resources, can actually take place within one country. dominant racial groups establish a system of oppression and exploitation of subordinate racial groups within their own nation in ways that benefit them

Critical race theory

argues that ideologies of assimilation and color-blindness actually help perpetuate white dominance rather than eliminate it.

Park proposed four stages of assimilation:

contact, conflict, accommodation, and assimilation.

Manifest destiny

convinced many white Americans that is was their divine right to claim and occupy all the land from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans.

Status inequalities

differences in prestige and honor—which are not necessarily related to one's economic status.

Conflict perspective

emerges out of Marxist thought and emphasizes conflict between dominant and subordinate groups over scarce and valued resources in a society.

Functionalist perspective

emphasizes social order over conflict, the value of consensus, harmony, and stability for a society, and the interdependence of social systems.

Marxist theory

generally view the world as stratified along class lines. When Marxists look at racial inequality, they see it as an extension of capitalist exploitation. They view capitalists as benefiting from racial inequality as well as class inequality.

minority group

group that has succeeded in American society, specifically evidenced by their success in educational institutions.

Colonized minority

groups that were forced to participate in another society.

Symbolic ethnicity

individualistic expressions of ethnicity that celebrate Americans' ethnic heritage through leisure-time activities,

Ethnic revival

instead of leaving their ethnic heritage behind as assimilationist theories had predicted, white ethnics were embracing and celebrating it through festivals, foods, and other cultural expressions.

race is more than a socially constructed way of categorizing people; __________, "a way of knowing, of perceiving, and of interpreting the world, and of rationalizing its contents"

it is a knowledge system, a worldview

Antimiscegenation laws

laws prohibiting interracial marriage, emerged in many states because of fears that intermarriage would lead to the deterioration of the white race.

Anglo-conformity

means that instead of becoming a melting pot, whereby all groups came together and formed a new identity, all groups are expected by American society to drop their cultural identities in favor of an Anglo-American culture.

______ chromosome tests can certainly provide links to our genetic past, drawing conclusions about race based upon an analysis of it is problematic

mtDNA and Y

It is estimated that more than _______ of women of childbearing age in Puerto Rico, a United States territory, were involuntarily sterilized between 1950 and 1958, with the consent of the Puerto Rican government.

one-third

Symbolic interactionism

places emphasis on small scale human interactions. social structures are reproduced and maintained through interactions.

The language of ______ implies an innate hostility between groups due to their differences, whereas _______ implies that racism is embedded in the structure of society

race relations; racial oppression

Diversity ideology

refers to the institutional cooptation of notions of diversity that originally emerged out of the civil rights movement and, while these original notions of diversity were intended to advocate for racial and gender equality, instead they result in the maintenance of highly inequitable environments.

Racialized social systems

refers to the ways all aspects of a society, from the economy, politics, to ideologies, are structured by the placement of individuals in racial categories.

boy

reinforced and reproduced a social order that emphasized the inferiority of all blacks to all whites.

_________against women of color skyrocketed in the 1960s and 1970s at the hands of government-paid physicians

sterilization abuse

immigrant minorities

subordinate groups that willingly choose to immigrate to a country and involuntary minorities,

Du Bois was also an activist for racial justice. In 1905, he founded __________, the first civil rights organization in the United States to call for an end to racial segregation, disenfranchisement, and oppression.

the Niagara Movement

Canon

the body of knowledge considered fundamental to an academic discipline.

Systemic racism

the deeply rooted, institutionalized racial oppression of people of color by whites.

Eugenics

the demand to reduce immigration and to force sterilization on those deemed "unfit," all in the name of a better society.

Human genome

the genetic sequence of the human species, a significant scientific accomplishment.

Melting pot

the idea that diverse streams of immigrants come to America and eventually merge into another distinct group, that of the "American."

Assimilationist paradigm

the idea that ethnic minorities should eventually give up their ties to their home countries and become part of the dominant, Anglo-American culture of the United States.

Cultural pluralism

the idea that numerous ethnicities are capable of coexisting without threatening the dominant culture. Cultural pluralism tended to favor relatively privileged people, people in a position to choose which cultures they embrace, a decision which sometimes meant challenging the dominant group.

Racial formation

the ways racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed over time

Ethnicity paradigm

viewed race as part of ethnicity—but as a less important factor in people's lives than ethnicity—and equated ethnicity with culture.

Genome geography

where portions of a genetic sequence are associated with specific geographic locations

Split labor market theory

which emphasizes the ways both race and class contribute to inequality.

intersectionality

which focuses on the interactions between different systems of oppression

Racialized medicine

which race is treated as a genetic fact; •Racialized medicine is based upon the understanding of race as a genetic construct

Scientific racism

which refers to using science to prove the innate racial inferiority of some groups and the superiority of others.

White racial frame

white racial frame as a worldview that includes racial beliefs, racially loaded terms, racialized images, verbal connotations, racialized emotions, and interpretations as well as discriminatory actions that help justify ongoing racism.