Ch. 3: The Reformation of Europe
Peace of Augsburg
1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler
What was the Council of Trent?
A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers and reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs.
Anabaptists
A member of a radical movement of the 16th-century Reformation that viewed baptism solely as an external witness to a believer's conscious profession of faith, rejected infant baptism, and believed in the separation of church from state, in the shunning of nonbelievers, and in simplicity of life.
Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation)
A movement in the Roman Catholic Church where it sought to make changes to itself in response to the Protestant Reformation. The three elects of it were. the establishment of a new religious order, the Jesuits, the reform of the papacy, and the Council of Trent.
What was Modern Devotion?
A mystical movement that downplayed the church and stressed need to follow teachings of Jesus
Jesuits
Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.
How is the concept of predestination ties to the. dynamic growth of the Calvinists fate?
Their belief in predestination gave Calvinists the firm conviction that they were doing God's work on Earth which made them determined to spread their faith to others.
Pope Paul III
This was the Pope that called the Council of Trent
Mary I (Bloody Mary)
wanted to restore England to Roman Catholicism but instead had to opposite effect on her people and committed England to Protestantism even more
Ulrich Zwingli
Leader of the Reformation in Switzerland who reduced religious reforms
How did Protestantism affect schooling and society?
Luther believed children should have good education and set up schools with Greek and Latin and religious teachings; anti-semitism remained common
Edict of Worms (1521)
Luther was made an outlaw but a prince sent him into hiding at a castle to protect him
Frederick III the Wise
Luther's prince; amassed more than 5,00 relics tote used as indulgences
King Henry VIII
(1491-1547) King of England, he split with the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Church of England, or Anglican Church.
How did the reformation begin before Luther?How did Desiderius Erasmus and Christian humanism pave the way for the Protestant Reformation in Europe?
Before Luther, Desiderius Erasmus started the belief that Christianity could be altered to better serve the people of the Church. He also sought to reform the Catholic Church to the simpler days of early Christianity. As people of his day said, "Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched." Also, popular songs and printed images from the era, as well as court records, show that ordinary people, humanists, and some Church leaders were critical of the Church. People began to search for religious meaning beyond previous practices through salvation and indulgences.
Why did Calvinism become an important form of Protestantism by the mid-sixteenth century?
Calvinism became a more important form of Protestantism by the mid-sixteenth century chiefly because of its missionary work. Calvin's belief in predestination had missionaries flocking into Geneva and actually created a theocracy in Geneva. Due to the missionary work, Calvinism was soon established in many parts of Europe. Their belief of predestination gave Calvinists the firm conviictionthat they were doing God's work on Earth. and made them want to spread their faith.
Desiderius Erasmus
Christian humanist who wrote The Praise of Folly and believed that Christianity should show people how to live good lives on a daily basis and return to simpler Christianity
Ninety-Five Theses
Document written by Martin Luther and posted on a church door in Germany that listed 95 things that Luther saw wrong with the church
Modern Devotion
Downplayed Church practices and stressed the need to follow the teachings of Jesus
How did Martin Luther's attitude toward good works contradict Erasmus's philosophy of Christ?
Erasmus believed in good works while Martin Luther focused on faith alone. Erasmus believed that it was the goal of the church and Christianity to teach people how to live good lives and not just a life so they would be "saved".
Martin Luther
German priest who began the Protestant Reformation in the early 1500s
Edward VI
Henry VIII's only son, who took England in a more Protestant direction during his short reign
Charles V
Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) who attempted to keep his empire united in the Catholic Church from Lutheranism
What are indulgences?
Indulgences were a feature of the Roman Catholic Church that allowed people to obtain forgiveness for their sins. They were obtained generating a relic, such as a scrap of a giants clothing, and presented to the Church to be given an indulgence to be realized from all sin.
How did humanism contradict medieval attitudes toward Christianty?
It combined classical learning and individualism while Christianity was seen as a way of achieving faith alone.
What made the English Reformation different from the Reformation in the rest of Europe?
It grew out of politics not religion. The act of supremacy gave Henry absolute power and sovereignty .
Why was the Holy Roman Empire forced to seek peace with the Lutheran princes?
Many rulers of German states supported Luther as a way to assert their authority and dislike of Papal control. By theme Charles V brought military forces to Germany, the Lutheran princes were well organized. Unable to defeat them, Carrels was forced to seek peace. Thus, the end to religious warfare in Germany came in 1555 with the Peace of Augsburg.
What role did Martin Luther play in the Reformation?
Martin Luther instigated the Reformation. In 1517, Luther, who was a Catholic monk, published his 95 Theses on a church door in Wittenberg, Germany. The Theses were a list of grievances on which he hoped to begin a discussion. Instead, the grievances struck a cord in Germany and throughout other parts of Europe, helping to begin a revolution in Christianity He began to spread the idea of Lutheranism and a reform to the Church.
Justification by Faith
Martin Luther's concept that faith alone is enough to bring salvation; chief teaching of the Protestant Reformation
Why did it take 38 years from the time Luther wrote his Ninety-Five-Theses until Lutherism was accepted at the Peace of Augsburg?
People feared speaking out against the Church as well as the fact that information took a while to be translated and spread. Also, the fate of Luther's movement was tied closely to political affairs. Charles V, the holy Roman Emperor and religious authorities saw the reformation as a threat. The war began more conflict and delayed the acceptance as well.
What role did the Bible play in Protestant faith? In Roman Catholic faith?
Protestants believed in salvation more through faith in god while Catholics believe in salvation through faith and good works.
Why were Anabaptists considered by both Catholics and Protestants to be dangerous?
The Anabaptists were considered as dangerous radicals because they believed in complete separation of the church and the state. They also. had extreme religious beliefs such as belief in adult baptism, following the practices of early Christianity, and nay miner of the community could be a minister caused them to be viewed as dangerous radicals.
What was Luther's greatest challenge?
The Peasants' Wars; German peasants revolted against their lords and looked to Luther who supported the lords; German president news crushed the revolt
How did the Reformation affect European society?
The Protestant Reformation affected European society in many ways. For instance, the power and influence of the Catholic Church was reduced to zero in Protestant countries. The religious culture of Europe became far more diverse with several different Protestant sects developing in different parts of Europe. The culture of the Catholic Church became more conservative than before. In fact, the Church launched a movement to combat the spread of Protestantism, as well as internal heresy. Historians call this movement the Counter-Reformation.
What are the characteristics of the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland and England?
The Protestant Reformation in England was largely an artificial change brought about by King Henry VIII and his supporters, who acquired the land, rights, and wealth of the church. Protestant reforms in Switzerland started from Ulrich Zwingli, who began reforms in Zurich.
What prompted the Catholic Reformation during the sixteenth century?
The increasing threat of Protestantism, the founding of new Catholic orders, and a prevailing Catholic belief that they were at threat led to the Catholic Reformation in the 16th century.
Why did England's King Henry VIII need the pope to annul his marriage to Queen Catherine of Aragon?
The king wanted the pope to annul his wedding with Queen Catherine because he wanted to marry another lady who would sire him a male heir.
Christian humanism
a movement that developed in northern Europe during the Renaissance, combining classical learning and individualism with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church
indulgence
a release from all or part of punishment for sin by the Catholic Church, reducing time in purgatory after death
What were the Anabaptists key beliefs?
adult baptism, practices of early Christianity, any members of the community was eligible to be a minister, complete separation of church and state, and refused to bear arms for "Thou shall not kill"
predestination
belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved (the elect) and who will be damned (the reprobate)
annul
declare invalid
ghetto
formerly a district in a city in which Jews were required to live
Calvinsm
led by John Calvin; men and women are sinful and God knows who will be saved. This convection made Calvinists determined to spread faith to other people.
John Calvin
published Institutes of the Christian Religion, a summary of his understanding of Protestant thought. He became one of the new leaders of Protestantism. Believed in Luther's justification as well as predestination.
What did Zwingli do?
started the religious reform in Switzerland. He openly attacked abuses in the Catholic Church; he attempted to make an alliance with Luther but didn't and ended up dyeing in battle and passing the role to John Calvin
justification
the process of being justified, or deemed worthy of salvation, by God
Lutheranism
the religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed; it differed from Catholicism in the doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed could be achieved by faith alone, not by good works; Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith
salvation
the state of being saved (that is, going to heaven) through faith alone or through faith and good works
