Ch. 30 Questions
b
What direct effect do histamines and leukotrienes have on capillaries? a. They prevent phagocytes from sticking to the walls of capillaries. b. They allow capillary walls to open and become leaky. c. They decrease the diameter of capillaries.
c
What does the plasma membrane of a phagocyte attach to on a microorganism? a. Lysosomes b. Pseudopods c. Glycoproteins d. Phagosomes
c.
What is a phagolysosome? a. A vesicle containing only an engulfed invading microorganism. b. A protein that covers the surface of an invading microbe, making it easier for the phagocyte to ingest. c. The structure that results from the fusion of a phagosome and a lysosome. d. A vesicle containing only digestive enzymes and other antimicrobial compounds.
d
What is apoptosis? a. A protein molecule that forms a pore in the membranes of infected cells. b. The receptor on a cytotoxic T-cell that recognizes MHC molecules. c. The proliferation of cytotoxic T-cells. d. The process of programmed cell death.
e
What is the fate of activated cytotoxic T-cells? a. They can differentiate into long-lived memory T-cells. b. They are infected by viruses. c. They can mature and attack infected cells. d. Each activated cytotoxic T-cell proliferates, forming a clone of cells specific to the same antigen. e. They proliferate into a clone of cells specific to the same antigen; some of these cells then differentiate into long-lived memory T-cells, while others mature to attack infected cells. f. They are destroyed via apoptosis.
a
What is the function of the CD8 receptor? a. Bind to MHC molecules b. Activate cytokines c. Produce gamma interferon d. Produce IL-2
c
What is the most important cause of tissue rejection? a. Eosinophils associate with foreign cells and secrete chemicals to damage them. b. A systemic inflammatory response is triggered, causing septic shock. c. MHC proteins are different in different individuals and cause the immune system to recognize cells as not being self. d. Natural killer cells recognize the foreign cells and attack them through phagocytosis.
d.
What is the role of opsonins? a. They are present on the surface of phagocytes. b. They aid in the formation of the phagolysosome. c. They attract phagocytes to the location of infection. d. They create "handles" that make it easier for the pseudopods of phagocytes to attach to the microbe invader.
c
When do helper T-cells develop into TH1 or TH2 cells? a. Immediately after the binding of the CD4 receptor b. Before autostimulation c. After proliferation into a clonal population d. After B cell activation
a.
Which event happens first during cytotoxic T-cell activation? a. CD8 binds to MHC molecules of infected cells b. Production of IL-2 and gamma-interferon receptors c. Secretion of granzymes and perforin d. Clonal proliferation
d
Which microorganism requires the low pH inside a phagolysosome in order to reproduce? a. Streptococcus pyogenes b.Streptococcus pneumoniae c. Haemophilus influenzae d. Coxiella burnetii
e.
Which molecule triggers apoptosis? a. IL-2 b. Gamma-interferon c. Perforin d. MHC e. Granzyme
c
Which of the following are NOT phagocytes? a. neutrophils b. dendritic cells c. erythrocytes d. monocytes
d
Which of the following are found on the surfaces of ALL nucleated cells? a. G proteins b. Class II MHC proteins c. M proteins d. Class I MHC proteins
b
Which of the following can release histamines? a. The complement system b. Cells from damaged tissues and the complement pathway c. Invading bacterial cells d. Cells from damaged tissues e. Wood from a splinter
a
Which of the following is NOT an immunoglobin? a. IgC b. IgD c. IgA d. IgG
b.
Which of the following is an example of a barrier defense that forms part of the innate immunity of vertebrates? a. Cytotoxic T cells are activated when they interact with an antigen-presenting cell. b. Acidity in the stomach kills many microbes. c. memory B cells d. B cells can become plasma cells and produce antibodies.
b
Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system? a. It is important in the immune response. b. digestion of carbohydrates c. It transports triglycerides from the small intestine. d. It returns fluid from the cells to the general circulation.
d.
Which of the following is not a phagocyte? a. monocytes b. macrophages c. eosinophils d. natural killer cells
a
Which of the following is similar to lymph? a. blood plasma without red blood cells b. cerebrospinal fluid in a patient with bacterial meningitis c. sweat d. stomach acid
c
Which of the following microorganisms use M protein to avoid destruction of a phagocyte? a. Haemophilus influenzae b. Coxiella burnetii c. Streptococcus pyogenes d. Streptococcus pneumoniae
d
Which of the following phagocytic processes occurs last in the sequence? a. Adherence b. Chemotaxis of the phagocyte to the site of infection c. Formation of the phagolysosome d. Exocytosis
b.
Which of these immune system cells are phagocytes? a. T cells b. neutrophils c. mast cells d. natural killer cells
c
Which proteins on the antigen-presenting cell are recognized by the helper T-cell? a. IL-1 receptors b. IL-2 receptors c. MHC proteins d. CD8 receptors
d
Which receptor on the helper T-cell recognizes the specific antigen from an antigen-presenting cell? a. IL-1 Receptors b. CD4 c. IL-2 Receptors d. TCR
d.
Which type of cell directly attacks infected cells? a. Bacterial cells b. Cancerous cells c. Helper T-cells d. Cytotoxic T-cells
b
Why is vasodilation important to tissue repair? a. It allows for an increase in oxygen to the site of damage. b. It allows for an increased delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and phagocytes to the site of damage. c. It allows more nutrients to be delivered to the site of damage. d. It allows more phagocytes to travel to the site of damage.
b
________ is the acquired inability to mount an adaptive immune response against self. a. Memory b. Tolerance c. Immunogenicity d. Specificity
a.
A serum containing antigen-specific antibodies is called an a. antiserum. b. antitoxin. c. antiantigen. d. anticoagulase.
b.
A(n) ________ is a group of sequentially interacting proteins important in innate and adaptive immunity. a. opsonin b. complement c. inflammation d. regeneration
d
Antibodies are found in a. milk. b. mucosal secretions. c. serum. d. all the above
d
Antigen-presenting cells present antigens to a. neutrophils. b. dendritic cells. c. B lymphocytes. d. T lymphocytes.
c
Cytokines are produced by which of the following cells? a. Invading pathogenic bacteria b. Cytotoxic T-cells c. Helper T-cells d. Abnormal body cells e. Virally infected cells
b
Diapedesis is a. the production and release of chemicals during inflammation. b. the migration of phagocytes through blood vessels to the site of tissue damage. c. the increase in the diameter of blood vessels. d. the attachment of phagocytes to the walls of capillaries.
d.
Dimers of IgA are present in a. saliva. b. breast milk colostrum. c. tears. d. breast milk colostrum, saliva, and tears.
a.
HIV directly infects T-cells. Why is this problematic for cell-mediated immunity? a. Cytotoxic T-cells begin to attack the virally infected T-cells, reducing the number of T-cells in the body. b. HIV causes cytokines to be produced at much higher levels, altering the normal function of the immune system. c. HIV reprograms these cells to attack the body cells. d. HIV transforms the T-cells into cancer cells.
b
How do helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells work together? a. Cytotoxic T-cells produce cytokines to activate helper T-cells. b. Helper T-cells produce cytokines to activate other cells of the immune system. b. Cytotoxic T-cells attack abnormal body cells, while helper T-cells attack virally infected cells. c. Helper T-cells produce cytotoxic T-cells.
b.
How is Streptococcus pneumoniae able to avoid destruction by a phagocyte? a. They prevent the fusion of the lysosome and phagosome. b. Their capsules make them "slippery" to phagocytes. c. They cause the lysosomes to empty their contents into the phagocyte, killing it.
b.
How is phagocytosis in the immune system different from protozoan phagocytosis? a. There is no difference between the two. b. Protozoan phagocytosis is used for feeding; phagocytosis by immune cells is used to fight infection. c. Protozoan phagocytosis is used to fight infection; phagocytosis by immune cells is used to feed the cells.
a
In class switching in the secondary antibody response, the most common antibody switch is from a. IgM to IgG. b. IgD to IgE. c. IgA to IgD. d. None of the answers are correct.
a.
Natural killer cells are activated by a. TH1 cells. b. antigen-presenting cells. c. bacterial cells. d. TH2 cells.
c.
Natural killer cells like Tc cells use ________ and granzymes to kill their targets without prior exposure or contact with the foreign cells. a. M protein b. interferon gamma c. perforin d. coagulants
d.
Neutrophils are the most abundant phagocytic cells. How do they differ from other phagocytic cells? a. They are especially effective against larger parasites, such as worms. b. They are especially effective in responding to cells that are abnormal in some way (e.g., if they become cancerous or have a viral infection). c. They are capable of antigen presentation as well. d. They are common in pus and at the site of acute inflammation
c
Organisms such as Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus that produce leukocidins are called ________ pathogens. a. radical b. hemorrhagic c. pyogenic d. enterotoxigenic
c.
Phagocytosis is defined as a. cells of the immune system that ingest pathogens. b. the uptake of liquid material by a eukaryotic cell. c. the ingestion of solid material by a eukaryotic cell. d. the feeding of protozoans.
b
Pus is comprised of a. collected cells from damaged tissue. b. dead phagocytes. c. unused histamines and leukotrienes. d. excess fluid from leaky blood vessels.
d.
Some intracellular pathogens produce phagocyte-killing proteins called ________ that kill the phagocyte after ingestion of the pathogen. a. antibodies b. pus c. antigens d. leukocidins
d
Substances that cause an immune system response are called __________. a. immunoglobulins b. antibodies c. antigens d. immunogens
false
T/F? Bacterial capsules enhance the adherence of phagocytes to bacterial cell walls, thereby promoting phagocytosis.
true
T/F? Dead phagocytes make up much of the material of pus.
true
T/F? Haptens CANNOT bind to or induce an immune response but CAN bind to antibodies.
true
T/F? Localized infections by pyogenic bacteria often form boils or abscesses.
true
T/F? Monocytes are circulating precursors of macrophages and dendritic cells.
false
T/F? Nonencapsulated strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae are highly virulent.
true
T/F? The presence of neutrophils in higher than normal numbers in the blood or at a site of inflammation indicates an active response to a current infection.
b
TH2 cells produce cytokines that activate a. cytotoxic T-cells. b. B cells. c. natural killer cells. c. macrophages.
d.
The enhancement of phagocytosis due to deposition of antibody on the surface of a pathogen or antigen is called a. antibody class switching. b. inflammation. c. complementation. d. opsonization.
c.
The first cell type active in the innate response is usually a(n) a. antibody. b. erythrocyte. c. phagocyte. d. fibroblast.
d
The most common circulating antibody is __________. a. IgE b. IgM c. IgD d. IgG
a.
The most common circulating antibody, comprising about 80% of the serum immunoglobin, is a. IgG. b. IgA. c. IgD. d. IgC.
b.
The part of the antigen recognized by the antibody or TCR is called the a. light chain. b. epitope. c. antigen-binding site. d. antigenic complex.
d
The primary function of a phagocyte is to a. engulf pathogens. b. destroy pathogens. c. evade pathogens. d. a & b.