CH 32-At Slaughterhouse, Ch 39: "It's Dude Time!", ch 37-The Rise of the New Global Elite, ch 36-Diversity & Power elite, ch 35-The Power Elite, Reading 33: Wingfield's "Racializing Glass Escalator

media in iraq- 3 types of reporting

with a group of military- combat mission, eat sleep with them- military protects them, military imbedded reporters; cowboy journalist- rent truck driver and body guard; journalist just stayed in safe areas and reported

No centralization

Exists if all members of the organization shared equally in the exercise of power, essentially no centralization.

ultraviolet

Has slightly shorter wavelengths than violet light

media in iraq

In 2002, as the specter of conflict with Iraq began to loom larger, Pentagon officials announced a week-long "Embed Boot Camp" for journalists hoping to participate in the program. Reporters were outfitted with Kevlar helmets and military garb, slept in barracks bunks, and ate military grub in the mess hall aboard the USS Iwo Jima. Marines trained them in military jargon, tactical marches, direct fire, nuclear-biological-chemical attacks, and combat first aid. Perhaps more significantly, embedded reporters were forced to sign a contract and agree to the "ground rules"— allow their reports to be reviewed by military officials prior to release, to be escorted at all times by military personnel, and to allow the government to dismiss them at any time for any reason. Before a single word was printed, many speculated that embedded reporters would fall victim to Stockholm Syndrome, the condition, named after a notorious 1973 incident in the Swedish city, in which hostages begin to identify with their captors. Media commentators like Andrew Jacobs at The New York Times, Richard Leiby at The Washington Post, and Carol Brightman at The Nation argued that as embedded journalists became socialized into military culture, they would develop relationships with the soldiers and start reporting from the military point of view. While labeling this condition Stockholm Syndrome is perhaps slightly inflammatory, much sociological research suggests socialization is one of the military's greatest strengths. In his classic collection of essays, Asylums, Erving Goffman noted the military is a total institution that not only controls all an individual's activities, but also informs the construction of identity and relationships. In total institutions, such as the military, prison, or mental institutions, Goffman argued, the individual must go through a process of mortification that undercuts the individual's civilian identity and constructs a new identity as a member of the institution. In such a communal culture, individuality is constantly repressed in the name of the institution's larger values and goals. In the case of embedded journalists, it's easy to imagine how they might have come to identify with the military mission or, at the very least, the other members of their units. In addition to wearing military-issue camouflage uniforms, embedded journalists had to share living and sleeping space as well as food and water with their units. If embedded reporters ended up telling the story of the war from the soldiers' point of view, as so many critics charged, it would simply be the natural and expected result of a process of re-socialization However, a different, and arguably more compelling, explanation exists for why embedded reporters might depict However, a different, and arguably more compelling, explanation exists for why embedded reporters might depict the war in a military-centric manner: they didn't have the freedom to roam. George C. Wilson, for example, embedded for National Journal, compared it to being the second dog on a dogsled team, writing, "You see and hear a lot of the dog directly in front of you, and you see what is passing by on the left and right, but you cannot get out of the traces to explore intriguing sights you pass, without losing your spot on the moving team." Many sociological studies have observed that journalists, whether reporting from a newsroom in New York or a bunker in Baghdad, encounter what Mark Fishman has called a "bureaucratically constructed universe." The constraints of journalists' "universes" lead them to make certain assumptions, engage in specific practices, and only pursue particular types of stories. For example, a typical beat reporter is constrained by technical requirements such as word counts, the publication's ideological commitments, and professional ideas about what is and isn't newsworthy. Several commentators, notably Michael Massing in the New York Review of Books, argued that in addition to these common limitations, the embedding program made covering soldiers' experiences easy, while covering the experiences of Iraqi civilians was difficult, if not impossible. From the Pentagon's perspective, the ease of access to soldiers was the essential strength of the embedding program. As Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs Bryan Whitman told The Nation, "you get extremely deep, rich coverage of what's going on in a particular unit." alternatives to embedding Although the embedding program was the dominant form of reporting during the early days of Operation Iraqi Freedom, two alternatives did exist. Though slightly more expensive than embedding, some news organizations opted to station a reporter in Baghdad. These journalists bunkered down at the Sheraton Ishtar or the Palestine Hotel in central Baghdad and watched as the American "shock and awe" bombing raid wrought death and destruction on the city. During the first few weeks of the war, many Baghdadstationed journalists attended briefing sessions led by Iraqi government officials and were escorted on tours of the city by official Iraqi minders. As Saddam Hussein's government Baghdad-stationed reporters took to the streets to cover the conflict and its consequences, either alone or with hired bodyguards. The second alternative—funding an independent reporter with the freedom to roam—was far more costly and largely the province of elite news sources, particularly The New York Times and other national newspapers and wire services. In the weeks and months before the conflict began, many of these independent reporters traveled through Iran or Turkey into Iraqi Kurdistan and followed the slow advance of Kurdish forces and U.S. Special Forces toward Kirkuk and Mosul. Other independent reporters, after hiring a four-wheel-drive vehicle and private security team, fanned out across the country, often buckling down in potential battlegrounds like Fallujah and Basrah. While ground commanders interacted positively with independent reporters, on several occasions Pentagon officials criticized what they called "four-wheel-drive" and "cowboy" journalists for operating outside of the embedding program. Like the embedded reporters, the other two arrangements for reporting from Iraq—being stationed in Baghdad or independent—represent distinct journalistic social locations (often defined in sociology as sets of rules, expectations, and relations based on status) that channeled journalists toward producing certain types of content and limited access to other types. While embedded reporters had nearly unlimited access to coalition soldiers, Baghdad-stationed reporters would seem to have the most extensive access to Iraqi civilians. Although media accounts have suggested both embedded and Baghdad-stationed reporters presented a narrow view of the war, we would expect independent reporters, with the freedom and resources to roam at will were the least constrained of the three types of journalists, and, therefore, most likely to produce articles that balanced the Iraqi and the military experiences of the war. Nonetheless, given that embedded reporting was the dominant form of reporting from Iraq (both in sheer numbers and in prominence), if the claims regarding embedding are true, then the vast majority of the news coming out of Iraq may have emphasized military successes and the heroics of soldiers, rather than the consequences of the invasion for the Iraqi people. the embedding effect Much of the existing systematic research on the embedding program has focused on the issue of rhetorical tone. Adopting an approach similar to the Stockholm Syndrome explanation, these researchers have argued that embedded reporters tend to sympathize with the soldiers they cover and adopt a more supportive tone when describing the mission in Iraq. For example, a 2005 cross-cultural study of various network and cable television news programs found 9 percent of embedded reporters adopted a supportive tone as opposed to only 5.6 percent of "unilateral" reporters. Another 2006 study of 452 articles from American national daily newspapers found that compared to non-embedded reporters, embedded reporters produced coverage significantly more positive about the military and "implied a greater trust toward military personnel." Research by the same group of scholars found similar results in broadcast news. These studies clearly suggest the embedding program encourages journalists to adopt a positive outlook on both the soldiers with whom they live and the military mission as a whole. While these findings tell us much about the social psychological consequences of embedding, without considering the actual content of news reports it's difficult to answer the more sociological question of how the various journalistic social locations inhibited or enabled journalists' access to various types of stories. The only research to address the substantive content of embedded reporting is a 2004 Project for Excellence in Journalism (PEJ) study that examined 108 embedded reports from 10 different television programs Among the results, PEJ found 61 percent of reports were live and unedited, 21.3 percent showed weapons fired, and combat was the most commonly discussed topic, covered in 41 percent of stories. Unfortunately, the PEJ study didn't incorporate a comparison group of non-embedded journalists. Without such a group, we can't compare the effects of various journalistic contexts on cultural production. A study of the substantive content produced by embedded reporters and both types of non-embedded reporters would allow us to consider two questions of considerable sociological interest. First, we can better understand how institutional contexts in a war zone can shape the ability of journalists to report on various types of stories (or speak to varying types of people). By contrast, while a study of tone can tell us about how context shapes affective dispositions and/or ideological commitments, it does little to answer more concerning questions of limitations of access. Second, by focusing on content rather than tone, we learn more about what kind of information news consumers received. The capacity of governments to influence the types of information citizens have access to is an enduring theme of sociology, harking back to preeminent social thinkers from Karl Marx to C. Wright Mills. a soldier's eye view To consider how the context of the embedding program may have limited journalists' access and, thus, information about the war to the wider public, two research assistants and I studied five articles by each of the English-language print reporters in Iraq during the first six weeks of the war. We coded 742 articles by 156 journalists for five types of news coverage representing the soldier's experience of the war and five types representing the Iraqi civilians' experience. By comparing the differences in news coverage among embedded, independent, and Baghdad-stationed journalists, we are better able to understand how these different journalistic social locations may have limited reporters' ability to present a balanced portrayal of the war. To capture the extent to which journalists depicted the soldier's experience in Iraq, we recorded the frequency of news coverage of combat, military movement, soldier fatalities, the use of a soldier as a source, and the inclusion of a soldier human interest story (above, left). As the results dramatically demonstrate, embedded reporters provided the most extensive coverage in all five categories representing the soldier's experience of the war. Such thorough coverage of military happenings is perhaps unsurprising, considering embedded journalists used a soldier as a source in 93 percent of all articles, more than twice as frequently as independent journalists. More remarkable in light of much of the criticism of the embedding program is the fact that embedded reporters wrote about technical and often gritty subjects like combat and military movement in about half the articles. Clearly the common claim that embedded reporters wrote only "fluff pieces" about homesick soldiers is patently false (although soldier human interest stories were fairly common, appearing in 37 percent of all articles by embedded reporters). Nonetheless, it's worth noting that Baghdad-stationed reporters, and in particular independent reporters, were fairly effective at portraying the military perspective of the war. Though both types of non-embedded reporters rarely covered soldier human interest stories, they both used soldiers as sources and covered combat and military movement in a quarter or more of the articles. In fact, independent reporters covered the "hard facts" of the war (like combat and military movement) nearly as frequently as embedded reporters. To document the extent of news coverage of the Iraqi civilian experience of the war, we noted the frequency of coverage of bombings, property damage, civilian fatalities, the use of an Iraqi civilian as a source, and the inclusion of an Iraqi human interest story (above, right). The results show embedded reporters put forward a highly military-focused vision of the war, covering bombing and civilian fatalities and using Iraqis as a source far less frequently than either independents or reporters stationed in Baghdad. Baghdad-stationed reporters provided the most extensive coverage of the consequences of the invasion, reporting on bombing, property damage, and/or civilian fatalities in half the articles. While independent reporters didn't conduct all types of coverage as well as Baghdad-stationed reporters, they used an Iraqi source in nearly three quarters of the articles and covered Iraqi human interest stories in 43 percent of their articles. Most troubling of all the disparities among embedded, Baghdad-stationed, and independent journalists is in their respective coverage of civilian fatalities. While estimates of Iraqi civilian fatalities during this period of the war vary widely, at least 2,100 civilians died during the first six weeks of the invasion. Though civilian deaths were acknowledged in half the articles by Baghdad-stationed reporters and 30 percent of articles by independent reporters, only 12 percent of articles by embedded reporters noted the human toll of the war on the Iraqi people. These findings strongly suggest the Pentagon's embedding program—the dominant journalistic arrangement during the Iraq War—channeled reporters toward producing war coverage from the soldier's point of view. While Baghdad-stationed reporters were similarly narrow in covering the Iraqi civilian experience of the war, independent reporters, who had freedom to roam and chose their sources and topics, produced the greatest balance between depicting the military and the Iraqi experience of the war. Although the embedding program didn't print only good news, it did tend to emphasize military successes while downplaying the war's consequences. With upwards of 90 percent of articles by embeds using soldiers as a source, as long as the soldiers stayed positive, the story stayed positive. And thus, an administration that hoped to build support for the war by depicting it as a successful mission with limited costs was able to do so through the embed program and without some of the more heavy-handed propaganda efforts of Operation Desert Storm. It's important to remember the embedding program was the only officially sanctioned mode of reporting, so we can't say the three arrangements for journalists painted a complete portrait of the war. A full 64 percent of print journalists in Iraq were embedded (the figure is even higher among TV journalists). In terms of visibility, the imbalance toward embedded coverage is even more striking—of the 186 articles in the sample that ultimately appeared on the front page of a newspaper, 71 percent were written by embedded reporters. Based on the content of articles by embedded journalists and the overwhelming dominance of the embedding program, it seems clear that, in the aggregate, the majority of the news coverage of the war was skewed toward the soldier's experience and failed to fully recognize the extent of the human and material costs. embedding, then and now Shortly after President George W. Bush declared an end to "major combat" in Iraq in 2003, most embedding terms came to an end. For a time, Iraq was considered safe enough by most western media outlets that journalists rented houses in Baghdad or freely traveled throughout the country. By September 2006 only 11 journalists were embedded with units in Iraq. However, as insurgent resistance grew many were forced to retreat to the safety of hotels protected by blast walls, occasionally taking excursions in armored cars with Iraqi bodyguards. Today, a variation on the original embedding program exists, with journalists "embedding" with units on a particular mission or for shorter periods of time. Even journalists committed to depicting the Iraqi experience of the ongoing conflict, such as Jon Lee Anderson of The New Yorker, have traveled on brief stints with Army units because it's one of the least dangerous ways to cover the insurgency. At the same time, the rules of the embedding contract have become more restrictive. In June 2007, The New York Times reported that embedded reporters would now be required to obtain signatures of consent before mentioning the names of soldiers used in moving or still images as well as in audio recordings. Some journalists have contended the new rules further enhance the military's ability to limit the release of undesirable news. In the case of a future large-scale invasion (in Iran or Somalia, for example), both Pentagon officials and media industry leaders have indicated an interest in reviving the full embedding program. Should this happen, both sides must reconsider the nature of the embedding program, given its well documented pattern of leading journalists to produce reports that present the military in a more positive and less objective light.

Stereotypes (Male)

Sturdy Oak Fighter Breadwinner

time bind-Are women who have jobs less likely to be depressed than stay home moms?

Yes

fair weather liberals

are discriminatory, not prejudice. peers

where do people learn racism from

family, peers, media

Gov structure that reflects the Elite

National security council

discrimination

an act of unfair treatment against an individual or group

how do people feel when there is economic issue- recession

angry, insecure builds prejudice

life expectancy

average life span under certain circumstances--in another generation, in other countries

if you want to change get rid of discrimination

make laws, can't treat people different

SC&SP--1970- 2000- life expectancy women live longer, and since 1970s life expectancy has risen from 72 to 80 yrs. Income also a factor-if you make more money you live longer- why--better access to health care, safer jobs, safer neighborhoods,

social class-high- doctors, accountants, to laborers -the lower the social class the harder and more dangerous their job is. therefore their life expectancy is lower.

NGE-elite model

social contract itself benefits those who are already powerful- private propety- cannot take other peoples stuff- private property laws- wealthy benefit from property laws

Politics

social institution for which power is attained and exercised.

slow toxic decline- research

statistical data after the fact

muslims in US-research

statistics===quantitative, surveys-ton of info really quickly,

muslims in US-about

study how muslim are the same or different

power

the ability of people to achieve goals despite opposition from others.

prejudice

the tendency to think about group in a particular way

absorption

the transfer of light energy to matter

discrimination

unequal treatment based on in group membership

sick role

whats the most functional way to be sick- quarantine, sanitize, medicine

Mores

Formal norm, such as the expectation to protect human life. It is formal because it is written into law. If you purposely kill someone, you go to jail.

gatekeeping

The process by which a relatively small number of people in the media industry control what material eventually reaches the audience.

Common Americans

Trust Elite to run things smoothly, only when things don't go well is there upheviel

time bind-gender

certain things are expected- dishes, parenting, etc men just shut off

McDonalds-things need to do or know in pre-industrial society

hunting, get water, build shelter, clothings, every can do all these

media in iraq- type of research

specific news stories, tv- content analysis- using pre-existing media

McDonald's-post-industrial economy

tertiary sector- provision of services rather then providing goods--information displaces property, carpenter--to fix--assume they have the property for the job. doctor- needs degree, computer, dx things, has to do with ***information exchange, skill set***

transparent

matter that transmits light

how is ascribed status (race) have an impact on achieved status in a slaughterhouse

white/native american-supervisors blacks-killers mexicans-cut up status and stratification

dude time-3 dimensions of culture

normative dimension- action cognative dimention- beliefs material dimention- physical objects- american TV comsumption

NGE-how do people learn about politics

parents, families, tv-media, school, college, friends,

mass media

reaches many people, communication that takes place w/o face to face interaction

time bind-Life inside Google

It's great and fun. Provide housing

explain racism

1. socialization 2. economic competition 3. competition for jobs

Folkway

Informal norm, such as the expectation to say "hello" when you meet someone for the first time. It is informal because if someone breaks this norm, there are minimal punishments (e.g., a rude look).

Power elite operations

Secret and can mask their intention, any secret is in their favor

incandescent light

The light produced by hot objects

People who observe the Power Elite

Will maintain secret

'Great changes'

beyond their control, but affect their conduct and outlook none the less

minority group

characteristics: 1) experiences pattern of disadvantages 2) share a physical trait 3) self-conscious social unit 4) determined at birth (ascribed) 5) members typically marry within the group- **can be big or small

economic competition diagram

economic decline--> competition for jobs-->angry and insecure---> prejudice

How does Kanter describe tokens? What are their leading characteristics and experiences in the workplace?

have difficulty forming relationships with colleagues and often are excluded for social networks that provide mobility.

what type of power do these people have- corporations

have more education, hire and fire, control money and resources that are released,

benefits of lighter skin

more attractive,

resource mobilization

need access to money, space, people, in order to carry out social movements

cultural capital

non-financial social assets that promote social mobility beyond economic means. Examples can include education, intellect, style of speech, dress, or physical appearance.

dude time-research

observation, content analysis-use existing stats, chart, time, get them from existing media- watch TV

SC&SP-location is this a factor that affects the death rates?

poor neiborhoods live less, rich live longer-due to safe exercises, nutricious food, public transportation, distance from hospital, rural areas more dangerous due to distance factors.

two ways glenn deals with research

race= skin color

what are the 2 main concepts of slaughterhouse

status-social status-achieved status-position ascribed status of race

slow toxic decline-alternative to US fee for service health care system.

sweden- socialized medicine system-

dominant ideology

what beliefs/lessons do we learn- consumption good for you. a set of ideas/values that are broadly shared/and disseminated that help prop up/support the powerful in their positions of power

radiation

The transfer of energy as EM waves

Personal service work

Those jobs in which face-to-face or voice-to-voice interaction with a client is a fundamental element of the work. It often entails emotional labor, has low autonomy, customer has some power over worker, and it is the fastest growing type of work in the US still today (in 2018).

racism

Belief that one racial or ethnic trait innately superior or inferior

time bind-How has family changed?

Divorce rates increase

What is colorism?

Preference for a privileging of light skin and discrimination against those with darker skin. Internalization of dictum "white is right"

McDonald's-removal of boundary between work and home in post- industrial society

cant make cars, can take certain work home-lawyers, billing. home office-

egocasting

controlling our own media exposure

what ways can lighten skin

creams,

Muslims in US- one question religion

do you read the bible everyday, every other day, once a month, only on holidays, never? attendance? times of prayer? is praying a necessity?

statistical discrimination

in the case of the gender wage gap...employers may judge all women as potential "flight risks," and therefore not hire them/not promote them b/c some women leave work to have babies (P.S. This is illegal)

slow toxic decline-where is dyalysis needed-

poor areas but when hurricane came through people that needed dialysis moved due to no where to get it.

japanese theater- stark white

teeth-black

converge

to come together

muslims in US-definition of religion applies to muslims

unified, beliefs, practices- daily prayer, sacred- praying 5 times a day

companionate marriage

1900s to 1960s economic and cultural changes breadwinner- homemaker affection, friendship importance of husband, wife roles differences for minorities and poor

time bind-about

looking at work vs family life-

what media is NOT mass

telegraph

slow toxic decline-germany-200 nonprofit health insurers tht are privately owned

non-profit- if you make money- all that money has to go back into the non-profit. charities, religious, education

fallacies about racism

individualistic fallacy, legalistic fallacy, tokenistic fallacy, historical fallacy, fixed fallacy.

NGE- theoretical perspective- functionalism- social contract theory

individuals give up some rights in order to maintain social order- traffic laws,

individualized marriage

1960s to today economic, cultural, and legal changes women increasing education and more women coming into the work force no fault divorce becomes a law both spouses working self-development new meaning of kids marriage is social and symbolic

dude time-protestant reformation-

500 yer ago decision to seperate from catholic church- every individual should be able to read bible for themselves- increase literacy and access to bibles- side-effects- they want to read more

functions of media

Control of audience, selling audience to advertisers, providing useful info, collective view of what's important, social control

time bind-private ownership

handmade socks, make masks, mcdonald- franchise, buy stocks in company legal systems.

what type of power do these people have- government

makes laws, how governmental money is allocated,

women live 5yrs longer

man 76 years women 81

slow toxic decline-US- direct fee system

medical care with patient pays directly for insurance that provides goods and services- out of pocket or insurance under what circumstances would this be good or bad. good--favors the rich bad--poor other kinds-car service, food, housing, electronics

how do you move authority from one person to another

traditional- easy to maintain power. charismatic-difficult/impossible to transfer power rational legal- easy to pass on by teaching, or hiring

NGE-what are some political behaviors

voting, petitions, boycotts, protesting, watching debates,

how were the chinese treated in Lapierre's study

sent surveys- would you serve food, stay in hotel---90% said they wouldn't serve them is (discrimination). only 1 location actually denied them service is(prejudice) example of both prejudice and discrimination

health

social idea and different topics social ideal reaffirms core values how do we treat sick people? depends on disease illness as deviance

According to Gamson and Latteire, what does the conglomeration of the media do to diversity in the media?

• Have no real negative impact on idea diversity

Doug Hartman in "Why men love sports" gathered data for this study by _______________

• Interviewing pro-athletes

media in iraq- theoretical perspective

functionalism- war stories, leaders make decision, information is needed to make good decisions. symbolic interactionism- power is the resource, young children dying,

time bind-US is a mixed economy- combines elements of capitalism and socialism

ascribed and achieved status

dude time-focus group opinions

video games, keep them happy, keep them home, guilt money because cant spend time with them, marketing world- exposed to marketing message- 300 advertisements a day- entertainment, teens are studied -to see how to reach them- they are stubborn- respond to cool- cool hunting- search for certain kind of person- look for trend setters- culture spies, find a certain kind of kid- a leader, ---cool features-- tatoos, piercings, clothes, outside norms, specific trends---record players, jeans, the woman with cat meme

optical fiber

A transparent thread of plastic or glass that transmits light

history & myth

Myths are stories a community tells itself about itself, can support or contradict existing social Structures-- NOT the opposite of history (history isn't the cure for myths) Significance: these myth narratives can erase history Ex: heroes and villains narrative-- involves belief that historical actors are either Completely good or completely evil, leaders are more than human & one group's virtue rides on another group's villainy WHAT DOES THIS ERASE?

Industrialized Structure of America

Promotes the Power of the Elite

prejudice

an attitude or prejudging usually in a negative way

time bind-socialism

1) public ownership of means of production- community access-public schools, taxpayers pay, police dept., fire dept, roads-turnpike 2) pursuit of collective goals/goods-everyone-no individualism--homeowners association, charity, volunteer, 3) production and prices are set by the government--farmers, snake oil sales

Standardization of work

Stemming out of the scientific management idea, work that offers the most efficient method to produce a product (or perform a service) at a balanced flow to achieve a desired output rate. It breaks down the work into elements, which are sequenced, organized and repeatedly followed.

medicalization

growing rate of medicine as a major institution of social control things that used to not be looked at as problematic now are real things: adhd autism dislexia decide who is sick and disabled absolute jurisdiction over health care procedures expanding definitions of sick

NGE-rise of the new global elite-research

observation- journalists- spent time around rich people- observation plus interview

McDonald's- in preindustrial society you are rewarded for work immediately, for industrial society - weekly or bi-weekly paycheck.

rewarded for effort--education- 2-4 yrs, exercising,

dude time-about

sports media, understanding gender, race,

mcdonalds-who they employ

teens, senior citizens- why--part-time workers, flexible hours for school and older ppl cant work so long, first job are easy to train,

SC&SP- insane asylums

what happened at insane asylums. very poor, torture, tx- ie baths, making them naked and strapping them down. electroshock, labotomy, chair spinning. "snake pits"- bad thing

yearning for lightness research

content analysis, magazines, movies, tv ads- why-alot of info

LED

An electronic device that converts electrical energy to light; a light-emitting diode

convex

when a mirror curves outwards

time bind-how has the workplace changed?

Becoming to be at home, technological development and improvement of work conditions

Positive consequences of standardization, per Leidner

Represents efficiency, order, familiarity, and good value. It is efficient for service management.

time bind-Dr. Romeo on Chicana domestics

To justify their job (work), not only did they mention that their jobs are better than others, they also emphasized the benefits brought to their unpaid housework (family)

race

a socially constructed category of people who are believed to share distinct physical characteristics that are deemed socially significant

mcdonalds-goods

ant tangible objects - physical- food, water, clothing, appliances, furniture, buildings---separated into necessary (inelastic)- required for society to survive (food, water, clothes) or desired (elaistic)- goods that are wanted but not neccasry (entertainment, xbox, fasion)

all weather bigots-

are both discrimination and prejudice beleive one group is better or worse- they teat them differently

Gendered Racism

being male in a predominately female occupation Being a black male in a predominately female occupation

time bind-types of economies

capitalism- 1) private ownership of the means of production- own factory, production buildings 2) pursuit of personal profit 3) competition not monopoly or oligopoly-literally 2 or 3 companies own product line (amazon, verizon, t-mobile) 4) lack of government intervention-separated

time bind-research

interviews

opaque

matter that does not let any light through

reflection

the bouncing of light off a surface

electromagnetic spectrum

a small part of the range of frequencies that an EM wave can have

Aparthide

a system of segregation imposed in South Africa during imperialism, when the white minority ruled the black majority- 10% was white. keep control - due to education, laws,

differential justic

access to criminal justice varies by recourses

privilege

access to things that others don't

what minority group exhibits all 5 of the characteristics of a minority

black, ancestry, gender-women, ethnic group, sexual orientation, religious, * no irish allowed (can change over time)-

social movements

collective efforts to bring about or resist social change outside of established institutions ex. take back the night, civil rights, gay rights, occupy wall street

concerted cultivation

constant investment and attention parents that are very invested in children's life

historiography

is the study of how, why and how we tell history Significance: often erase multiple stories, especially counter histories Ex: slavery very downplayed in textbooks, leaves out brutal beatings, etc.

NGE- what would u buy with 100 billion

jet, house, boat, cars, diamonds, yacht,

mcdonalds-about

looking at adult workers at mcD's

relative deprivation

potential causes for social movements frustrated expectations lacking conventional means ex. slavery was more oppressive than Jim Crow

charismatic authority

power from exceptional personal characteristics. MLK, Hitler, Trump, influencers,

rational legal power

power that is made legitimate by laws- judges-bail, search warrants, sentences. police-arrest, shoot someone, teachers- respect, want good grades. homework, tests, laws-written down and someone to enforce them ****this type of power top when fired or retired

dude time-latent or dysfunctions of sport media

reinforces prejudices, sexism, racism- 3-6% to womens sports, other 90% are to mens sports

star belly dr seuss- how does it relate to race

star bellies were better- special try to control a trait- cannot control

symbolic interactionism

subjective meaning,talk to people, micro level, exchange if symbols, create shared understanding. ex. crime- what gets interpreted as suspicious

What general reception to Black men in nursing receive from their colleagues? How does this compare to their white male counterparts? What examples did Black men cite in discussing their interactions with coworkers?

the concept of gendered racism suggests that racial stereotypes, images, and beliefs are grounded in gendered ideals. Gender racists stereotypes of Black men in particular emphasize the dangerous, threatening attributes associated with black men and black masculinity, framing black men as threats to white women, prone to criminal behavior, and especially violent

sand castles in title?

they are eroded away and the solution was like a sand castle and faded away

3 types of authority

traditional authority charismatic authority rational legal authority

manifest functions of education

transmission of knowledge, bestowal of status (marks people, trains for things), globally competitive

latent functions of education

transmitting culture/ socialization gender differences moral character respect for authority establish institutions individualism, competition

time bind-monopoly or oligopoly

utilities-1- duke energy, water- i choice, natural gas- 1 choice. technology- iphone, sports-NCAA, NFL, oligopoly- smart phone carriers, breakfast cereal- 3 companies,

social construction (doing gender)

women at work still want to establish they are nurturing women, accountability ex. why do men carry heavy objects for women? -more manly for men to carry, its okay for a woman to be weak and not carry but not for men ex. why do moms tend to change diapers more than dads? -motherly= femininity

The data presented by Doug Hartman confirms that boys' athletics ____________

• Are more physical and aggressive than girls

What isn't a form of diversity that was not discussed by Gamson and Latteier?

• Competitive

social captial

all the connections and tools you acquire based on social status

controlling the media in iraq linder

embedding- journalists live with soldiers and do things with them, get training, in the action advancement of technology control of info embedded were biased and one sided,perspective of troops, no info on civilians linder says the reporters wouldn't report negatively on the people they live with/ are now keeping them alive and don't get access to other sides views

mcdonalds-industrial economy

focus on secondary sector- processing raw materials into finished goods. wool to cloth, skins to clothes, plants to food, lotions soaps, desks from wood,

McDonalds-preindustrial economies

focus on the primary sector- extraction of raw materials from environment. find stuff in nature and you use it--- animals for food, plants, orchards, water from stream, hunter gatherer society,

In conclusion, how does Wingfield's research alter existing understandings of the glass escalator?

for black men, nurses however, process looks different. Instead of distancing themselves from the femininity associated with nursing, Black men actually embrace some of the more feminized attributes linked to nursing

dude time-broad culture changes- why do people use so much mass media

media usage- 1440AD- from where started o% to now-11hours per day--- what explains this--communication avaliability and efficiency, technology, protestant reformation, democratiic governments, capitalism

marriage premium

men thought to be good workers, shows commitment, more so for men, thought to be devoted to work, more productive after marriage. married men more selected for jobs

mcdonalds-research

observation, mcdonalds university, historical,

NGE-symbolic interactionism-

need to measure is political socialization-how you are influenced by the politics of the people around you -political attitude values and behaviors

mcdonalds-rootinization

routines, normal behaviors- food prep, measuring, greetings, -other places---how do customers get rootinized--routine about order- go to counter then order- menu has numbers--get own drinks, throw away own trash. useful--fast service, need fewer employees because customers do most of it--- you learn by observation, self check out

comparable worth discrimination

same work, but giving different titles so as to promote segregation in the workplace - janitor vs maid

racial hierarchy among workers

self segregation- cafeteria and locker room, language as a divider, knife worker (7.70$) vs. killing floor (12$ top wage)

theft of souls

brutal institution that worked to turn people into objects, commodities and capital significance: objectifying these individuals gave them less power, letting white people have hierarchy. ex: enslaved people picking pocket earned a profit for their owners

metan's classification

all weather bigots

time bind

modern families needs both to work, longer hours,

American Dream

People earn their socio-economic status position based solely on their merit, or remain poor bc Of their lack of merit. U.S. is a land of unlimited economic & geographical mobility Endless opportunity for those who work hard for it Significance: many people are stuck in cycle of poverty-- for those who have no power- this mobility May not be possible? Ex: cartoon of american dream-- displays people cannot escape late fees, taxes, interest

universal design

environments , buildings, products that are accessible to both people with disabilities & those without Significance: calling in-- creates more equal society Ex: mall that has only ramps

yearning for lightness about

skin lightening

slow toxic decline- social statuses-

social class- weath=rich have better access. race-

mcdonalds-economy

social institution that insure the maintenance of society through the introduction and distribution and consumption of goods and services.

SC&SP- demographic factors

social status that relate to particular outcomes such as health, fertility, and mortality associated with alive or dead, quality of health

slow toxic decline-demedicalization

somethin that is uderstood as medical condition in the past over time becomes a nonmedical condition. homosexuality, pregnancy,

what is there a race difference at the slaughterhouse

specific people chose the stratification --owners are white.

muslims in US-how are muslims and americans are similar

specific political, religious behaviors,

power

the ability to act or to exert influence over others Significance: distributed unequally, who has access to power? Ex: someone who has more money may have more power because they are able to afford schooling, become bosses CEO's etc.

refraction

the change in direction of a wave as it passes from one medium to another at an angle

occupational sex segregation

the concentration of women in certain occupations and men in other occupations

hence top decisions tend either to become co-ordinated or to lead to a commanding indecision.

the controlling decisions in each order are inspected by agents of the other two, and economic, military, and political structures are interlocked. At the pinnacle of each of the three enlarged and centralized domains, there have arisen those higher circles which make up the economic, the political, and the military elites. At the top of theeconomy, among the corporate rich, there are the chief executives; at the top of the political order, the members of the political directorate; at the top of the military establishment, the elite of soldier-statesmen clustered in and around the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the upper echelon. As each of these domains has coincided with the others, as decisions tend to become total in their consequence, the leading men in each of the three domains of power—the warlords, the corporation chieftains, the political directorate—tend to come together, to form the power elite of America.

slow toxic decline-socialized medicine

the government owns and runs heathcare-US does have this for other services- schools, legal system, police,

meritocracy

the poor suffer due to bad choices or lack of merit; poverty = fault of individual, not social structures Significance: lack of power & control-- single mothers vulnerable group to poverty Ex: Cathy -- made poor choices which landed her homeless

NGE-. A multibillion-dollar bailout and Wall Street's swift, subsequent reinstatement of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers and other elites rigging the game for their own benefit

this, in turn, has led to wider -- and not unreasonable -- fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self-interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble.

those who feel, even if vaguely, that a compact and powerful elite of great importance does now prevail in America often base that feeling upon the historical trend of our time. They have felt, for example, the domination of the military event, and from this they infer that generals and admirals, as well as other men of decision influenced by them, must be enormously powerful. They hear that the Congress has again abdicated to a handful of men decisions clearly related to the issue of war or peace.

those who listen carefully to the reports of men apparently involved in the great decisions often do not believe that there is an elite whose powers are of decisive consequence. Both views must be taken into account, but neither is adequate.

what type of power do these people have-military

give orders, can tell soldiers to kill people

traditional authority

giving power passed on through custom or tradition- monarchy, heredity,parent is CEO=you will become CEO ,

time bind-why are people working more

goods are more expensive now--jobs are also changing, need more money. author says--homelife is more like work- rather be at work then home. live to work- then work to live

slow toxic decline- universal healthcare- (canada)

governemnt funds healthcare, but does not own the healthcare indutry. hospital, doctors etc is privately owned, but all payments come from government. toll roads

NGE-plutocracy

government of the wealthy

NGE-reading new global elite how relates to power elite

government, military, corporations- all these revolve around the rich

time bind-tertiary-white collar

has gone way up

infrared

has slightly longer wavelengths than red light

dude time-democratic governments

have more media usage- free people, freedoms, not controlled, more technology, tv station all political ads, show just filibusters,

time bind-types of job increased

healthcare or IT--tertiary sector--education 2yrs to 4 yrs

NGE-case that the U.S. economy had become "very distorted

high-income individuals, large banks, and major corporations had experienced a "significant recovery"; the rest of the economy, by contrast -- including small businesses and "a very significant amount of the labor force" -- was stuck and still struggling. What we were seeing, he argued, was not a single economy at all, but rather "fundamentally two separate types of economy," increasingly distinct and divergent.

muslims in US-measuring religiosity

high-religion is very important and may rule everyday life low-dont practice or dont beleive

sand castles and snakes-about

homelessness, in US it was rare now- 500,000 permanently homeless people in us -also talks about insane asylums

muslims in US-religiosity

how religious is someone- very or not---

magnolia myth

idea that slavery was a harmonious social structure Significance: downplays severity of slavery, often erases stories (whitewashing) Ex: textbook excerpt I read says slave families bonded in their free time (romanticized)

disability (identity-based, legal-medical, cultural)

identity based: physical or mental conditions experienced as limiting to oneself (movements, senses, development) Legal-medical: physical or mental conditions recognized as limiting by medicine or by law Cultural: representations of bodily experiences that highlight unjusr distribution of acess & ease, fit/misfit Social systems & built environments that regulate access & ease fit/misfit Significance: norms construct difference-- sustains hierarchy// shift center-- redesign environments Ex: no railways etc.

NGE reading-in what way do rich have power

if you don't like laws or regulations- avoid by living in another country- good or bad- advantages-philanthropy-charities foundations, or disadvantages-small amount of people are rich, form their own nation (rich)

media in iraq- 3 types of news stroies

imbeded- military reports- soldiers dying, **real stories cowboy- civilian issues, collateral damage-**real stories

mcdonalds-services

intangible goods-skill knowlegde skill- car mechanic, musician, concerts, theater, electricity, teaching, dr office, ---what is McD's providing--applies to every society

The fact of the interlocking is clearly revealed at each of the points of crisis of modern capitalist society—slump, war, and boom. In each, men of decision are led to an awareness of the interdependence of the major institutional orders.

liberal integration was achieved in the automatic economy, by an autonomous play of market forces, and in the automatic political domain, by the bargain and the vote. It was then assumed that out of the imbalance and friction that followed the limited decisions then possible a new equilibrium would in due course

muslims in US-diversity within muslims

lot of variations- some are very devote, some don't practice praying, mosque. communities, treated as one group

why are the irish no longer considered a minority group

lots of them here- dont experience disadvantage, don't marry with in as much,

time bind-what is the reason women have changed more than men (why they absorbed the views of male-oriented work world" than men taking up their share of the work at home)?

"male" work seems more honorable and valuable than the "female" world of home and children

Intersectionality

-intertwined or overlapping forms of oppression (ex: sexism, racism, homophobia, etc.) -intertwined categories of belonging -intertwined knowledge -Significance: important in truly understanding meaningful diversity -Ex: A black women who also belongs to the LBGTQ community

mcdonalds-3 ways societies go from pre-industrial to industrial

1) growth of factory system- mass produced goods, making stuff for others. 2) increased specializations-narrow set of skills 3) wage labor-eventually get paid for the work you do ,

media in iraq-media technologies

1) printing press 2) daily newspaper 3)mass paper seling-literacy 4)photography 5) telegraph 6)telephone 7) movies-silent 8)radio 9) record 10) broadcast TV 11) VHS 12)cable tv 13) micro computers 14) cell phones 15) internet

4 features of mass media

1) technology intermediary-separates communicators (telephone, texting, emojis help) 2)shared experience (functionalism) many ppl recvd same information- new paper, music, sports, -effect on society-connections, efficiency 3)one-sided-info goes in one direction-TV, conflict theory-watch sport event and shout at TV because they are used to 2 sided media -less true now-a-days (twitter, facebook, )

muslims in US- individual religion

1)beliefs- extent to which people accept the truth of religious doctrine god is higher power, heaven and hell, jesus, trinity, 2) behaviors- actions that individuals perform that directly concern religion --attendance-church services (25%-never, weekly- 25%, other- 50%) a lot of variation- not uniform --prayer (14%-never, several times daily-28%, 58 % -other) --sacred book- bible, tora, koran (27%-never, weekly or more- 23%, other-50%) summary- key thing is so variation, don't like to read, 3) knowledge understanding and awareness of one's own religion-do you know founder, why?, site psalms, scripture, rituals, catechism, amish-living daily lives religious. 4) experiences-intensity and kind of contact with the supernatural - out of body, heaven/hell visitation, life passes before eyes, stigmata, speaking in tongues, apparitions, bigfoot, 5) consequences-way a religion unites and divides with other in the community-cult, going door to door, natural disasters, wearing burkas, foods,

elements of race

1)social significant 2)symbolic interaction 3)physical characteristic

NGE-In contrast to yachting and attending debutante balls, what do today's global rich do in terms of social events? Why do they matter?

1. Meeting and conventions that they all come together for. 2. They make connections with other elites at the conventions. 3. They form a dominant

social constructions of the body (3)

1.what we do- clothes, hair, exercise 2.what it does -nature/ nurture -cultural and biological debate -size and life span- taller, fatter, longer life- better sanitation, medicine, less diseases, industrialized food menstruation age, gotten earlier, due to body fat -sociopaths- distant brains, distinct brain does not necessarily= sociopath, certain brain can be turned on from an event 3.how do we understand our bodies? -body constructed through discourse -body symbolizes things (armpit, breast) -social constructions have consequences -what is disability -something wrong with the person -something wrong with society- hasn't adapted appropriately for all people of society -the pill -who is john rock? -what impact did he have on the design of the pill? why did he argue it should be designed like this? -what is natural menstruation -pre industrialized societies have periods less

institutional marriage

20th century to 1990s production within family male authority, duty sex for reproduction

laser

A device that produces intense light of a narrow range of wavelength and color; this is an abbreviation of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

What can skin color be considered?

A form of symbolic capital

hidden curriculum

A. method of social reproduction (and more) B.subtle lessons about behaviors, values C.between schools -cultural capital (Bourdieu) D. within schools -result from tracking- put in different classes based on skill levels, different ways of teaching -come from parents with different recourses, go to schools at different levels, and learn thing that expand themselves beyond or in their social class -Textbook

What is an alternative definition for colorism?

An inheritance of european colonialism

class: structure, formation, consciousness

Analytical tool used to categorize & analyze differences in people's economic position Collective position, NOT personal or self determined identity like sexuality Class structure: social relations into which individuals enter & which shape their class consciousnes Class formation: collectivities that come as a result of the interests shaped by class structure Class consciousness: ideologies held by individuals & organizations Significance: class denotes economic position, social position, value, respectability-- WHO HAS POWER Ex: single mother Cathy made many choices not very different from other Americans, Makes argument that poverty can be fault of social structures

NGE-Google, Amazon, the iPhone -- broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy

And the less-wondrous inventions -- particularly the explosion of subprime credit -- helped mask the rise of income inequality for many of those whose earnings were stagnant.

fertility rates

Average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years which occur between the ages of 15 and 44 1958=ave 3.7 kids 1976-1.6 1990

call & response

Back & forth interactions between speaker & audience Traditional form of participation in African American tradition Often affirmative but can be combative Significance: can allow ppl to call in-- productive form of working to solve social injustice, possibly shift center? Invite diverse groups in Ex: Malcom X & interviewer -- interviewer had preconceived idea

The higher circles in and around these command posts are often thought of in terms of what their members possess: they have a greater share than other people of the things and experiences that are most highly valued. From this point of view, the elite are simply those who have the most of what there is to have, which is generally held to include money, power, and prestige

But the elite are not simply those who have the most, for they could not 'have the most' were it not for their positions in the great institutions. For such institutions are the necessary bases of power, of wealth, and of prestige, and at the same time, the chief means of exercising power, of acquiring and retaining wealth, and of cashing in the higher claims for prestige. By the powerful we mean, of course, those who are able to realize their will, even if others resist it.

calling out/calling in

Calling out: publicly give feedback to someone about their potentially problematic or oppressive behavior Calling in: talk with someone privately about their behavior (considered a less reactionary route to work through conflict) Significance: important across diversity issues & social injustice-- found calling out to be Counteractive EX: if a friend shows up to a halloween party dressed as "sexy native american" pull her aside, etc.

colonialism/settler colonialism

Colonialism - European powers established colonies from which to extract resources (...) The ruling country dominated indigenous populations → BUT indigenous population remained in the majority Settler Colonialism: colonial invasion decimated indigenous populations through foreign disease and military domination→ indigenous population became the minority → settler population became the majority Significance: Colonialism, slavery etc. therefore not just historical but reinforced in many people's lives today ex: sweatshops, H&M

Who rules America?

Corporate, political, and military leaders. Are all interconnected

body positivity

Empower & encourage larger bodied individuals & encourage them to accept themselves as they are regardless of size Significance: who has access? Education, airlines, etc. who has power? Ex: plus sized models -- however are they really plus sized? Has become more of a pop culture Term rather than increasing inclusivity on things that really matter

Maximum centralization

Exists if all the power in an organization were exercised by a single individual.

Norm

Expectation for behavior, it is a form of social control. Norms may be formal or informal.

Malcolm X

Human rights activist, author Significance: believed in shifting the center, call & response, naming conflict Ex:

interest in the very rich goes beyond their lavish or their miserly consumption, we must examine their relations to modern forms of corporate property as well as to the state; for such relations now determine the chances of men to secure big property and to receive high income. Great prestige increasingly follows the major institutional units of the social structure. It is obvious that prestige depends, often quite decisively, upon access to the publicity machines that are now a central and normal feature of all the big institutions of modern America. Moreover, one feature of these hierarchies of corporation, state, and military establishment is that their top positions are increasingly interchangeable. One result of this is the accumulative nature of prestige. Claims for prestige, for example, may be initially based on military roles, then expressed in and augmented by an educational institution run by corporate executives, and cashed in, finally, in the political order, where, for General Eisenhower and those he represents, power and prestige finally meet at the very peak. Like wealth and power, prestige tends to be cumulative: the more of it you have, the more you can get. These values also tend to be translatable into one another: the wealthy find it easier than the poor to gain power; those with status find it easier than those without it to control opportunities for wealth.

If we took the one hundred most powerful men in America, the one hundred wealthiest, and the one hundred most celebrated away from the institutional positions they now occupy, away from their resources of men and women and money, away from the media of mass communication that are now focused upon them— then they would be powerless and poor and uncelebrated. For power is not of a man. Wealth does not center in the person of the wealthy. Celebrity is not inherent in any personality. To be celebrated, to be wealthy, to have power requires access to major institutions, for the institutional positions men occupy determine in large part their chances to have and to hold these valued experiences. 3 The people of the higher circles may also be conceived as members of a top social stratum, as a set of groups whose members know one another, see one another socially and at business, and so, in making decisions, take one another into account. The elite, according to this conception, feel themselves to be, and are felt by others to be, the inner circle of 'the upper social classes.'4 They form a more or less compact social and psychological entity; they have become self-conscious members of a social class. People are either accepted into this class or they are not, and there is a qualitative split, rather than merely a numerical scale, separating them from those who are not elite. They are more or less aware of themselves as a social class and they behave toward one another differently from the way they do toward members of other classes. They accept one another, understand one another, marry one another, tend to work and to think if not together at least alike.

NGE-the World is dividing into two blocs -- the Plutonomy and the rest":

In a plutonomy there is no such animal as "the U.S. consumer" or "the UK consumer", or indeed the "Russian consumer". There are rich consumers, few in number, but disproportionate in the gigantic slice of income and consumption they take. There are the rest, the "non-rich", the multitudinous many, but only accounting for surprisingly small bites of the national pie.

The Power Elite

Interlocked and have centralized control of America

What kind of skin is wanted through using skin lighteners?

Light not white skin

Social control

May be formal or informal. Aspects of social life that influence your behavior, often times without you realizing it. Norms are an example of social control. We internalize norms and act on them, often times unconsciously. Rules in an organization is another example. If a rule says you are expected at work by 3:00pm, you arrive at that time. The rule influences you.

what is the power elite about (theoretical article)

Mills says power elite groups are: military, corporations/CEO's, government/politicians

time bind-is money the only reason why family friendly policies are not used by many families?

No

Rise of the Power Elite

Not caused by a plot but rather homogeneous

shifting the center

Practice of centering thinking around traditionally excluded groups, hearing & understanding Marginalized people's stories on their own terms. It challenges exclusionary, unjust thinking. Significance: uncovers gender, race, & class as part of the experience of ALL people Ex: educational access is less available to women & people of subordinated groups Ex: redskins commercial: names native americans call themselves: brave, strong, etc. name mascot calls them-- redskins

What is associated with blackness?

Primitiveness, lack of civilization, unrestrained sexuality, polution, dirt

The way to understand the power of the American elite lies neither solely in recognizing the historic scale of events nor in accepting the personal awareness reported by men of apparent decision., linking the two, are the major institutions of modern society. These hierarchies of state and corporation and army constitute the means of power; as such they are now of a consequence not before equaled in human history—and at their summits, there are now those command posts of modern society which offer us the sociological key to an understanding of the role of the higher circles in America. Within American society, major national power now resides inthe economic, the political, and the military domains. Other institutions seem off to the side of modern history, and, on occasion, duly subordinated to these. No family is as directly powerful in national affairs as any major corporation; no church is as directly powerful in the external biographies of young men in America today as the military establishment; no college is as powerful in the shaping of momentous events as the National Security Council.

Religious, educational, and family institutions are not autonomous centers of national power; on the contrary, these decentralized areas are increasingly shaped by the big three, in which developments of decisive and immediate consequence now occur. Families and churches and schools adapt to modern life;

Stereotypes (Female)

Sex object Mother Child Iron Maiden

sex & gender

Sex: assignment of physical/anatomical classification, usually made at birth Gender: social categorization usually based on 'sex' classification + personal psychological identity which may or may not agree with this social classification (society created norms) Significance: who has power/access -- many aspects of diversity overlook sex & gender Ex: a man who is born with penis may not abide by gender norms based on his sex

Negative consequences of standardization, per Leidner

Such systematized work removes all opportunity for creativity, initiative, human thought and self-development for employees.

media in iraq-embedded

The Pentagon's embedded journalists program allowed reporters for the first time to attach themselves to military units. While Bush Administration officials hailed it for its intimate access to soldiers' lives, media watchdogs criticized its often restrictive nature and publicly worried reporters would do little more than serve up rosy stories about soldiers' courage and homesickness. Critics also argued the embedding program was essential to the administration's attempt to build popular support for the war in Iraq. Several influential members of the Pentagon leadership and the administration believed the media contributed to defeat in the Vietnam War by demoralizing the American public with coverage of atrocities and seemingly futile guerilla warfare. They hoped to avoid a similar result in Iraq by limiting journalists' coverage of darker stories on combat, the deaths of Iraqi civilians, and property damage. As media commentator Marvin Kalb noted, the embedding program was "part of the massive, White House-run strategy to sell...the American mission in this war." While anecdotal examples of the worst excesses of embedded reporters abound, only a few studies have systematically considered news coverage by embedded reporters. Those studies show the program provided reporters with an insider's view of the military experience, but also essentially blocked them from providing much coverage of the Iraqi experience of the war. By examining the content of articles rather than the tone, and comparing embedded and non-embedded journalists' articles, it becomes clear that the physical, and perhaps psychological, constraints of the embedding program dramatically inhibited a journalist's ability to cover civilians' war experiences. While most embedded reporters didn't shy away from describing the horrors of war, the structural conditions of the embedded program kept them focused on the horrors facing the troops, rather than upon the thousands of Iraqis who died. By comparison, independent reporters who were free to roam successfully interviewed coalition soldiers and Iraqi civilians alike, covering both the major events of the war and the human-interest stories of civilians. But given the far greater frequency and prominence of published articles penned by embedded journalists, ultimately the embedding program proved a victory for the armed services in the historical tug-of-war between the press and military over journalistic freedom during war time. war reporting in perspective From the Pentagon's perspective, the embedding program represented a potential compromise in a long-standing conflict between the press and the military over journalistic freedoms in a war zone. In the past 150 years, with the growth of both contemporary warfare and the modern media apparatus, the armed forces and the press have often been at odds in a battle to control information dissemination. While accounts of warfare go back as far as cave paintings, most war historians mark William Howard Russell, an Irish special correspondent for the London Times, as the first modern war reporter. In 1853, Russell was dispatched to Malta to cover English support for Russian troops in the Crimean War. His first-hand reports from the front lines, often criticizing British military leadership, were unique at the time and stirred up much controversy back in England, both rallying support from some quarters and scandalizing military leaders and the royal family. Bending under political pressure, the Times agreed to a degree of self-censorship, but a precedent had been set and news consumers would continue to expect the same caliber of war coverage in the future. Since Russell's time, the relationship between the media and military has undergone many transformations. During World War II, American military and political leaders carefully noted the morally reprehensible yet highly effective propaganda of the Nazi party, most notably Leni Riefenstahl's Triumph of the Will. They responded with their own propaganda series, Why We Fight, created through the combined talents of director Frank Capra and Disney's animation staff. In terms of frontline coverage, the United States military exercised limited censorship with a largely cooperative and nationalistic press, yielding what military scholar Brendan McLane called, "from the military perspective...a golden age of war reporting." Even independently minded reporter Edward R. Murrow, later a hero to many journalists for his bold castigation of the McCarthy hearings, provided assurances of the moral righteousness of the American military campaign alongside vivid descriptions of Allied bombing raids. By contrast, the low levels of censorship, convenient transportation, and the significant technological advancement of television made coverage of the conflict in Vietnam the ideal of war coverage for much of the press. Lyndon B. Johnson's administration policy of "minimum candor" with the press as well as the military's efforts to push only those stories that emphasized progress led to the widespread belief in a "credibility gap" between what government officials claimed and the reality of the situation. However, even if military and political leaders were successful in obstructing journalists in the White House press room, the very nature of a guerilla conflict with an ever-shifting frontline gave journalists in Vietnam excellent access to soldiers and civilians alike. In addition, with the advent of television and advancements in the portability of TV cameras, reporters were able to transmit powerful images of the conflict into living rooms, censored only by editors' sense of propriety and Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations. While collective memory of the journalism during the Vietnam War today tends to be of the courageous release of The Pentagon Papers by New York Times reporters or the image of the free-roaming photojournalist played by Dennis Hopper in Apocalypse Now, it's worth noting that, for more than 10 years until the late 1960s, the majority of the press corps complacently accepted the official story. Nonetheless, the important distinction between the modes of war reporting in World War II and Vietnam is that war correspondents in Vietnam—David Halberstam, Stanley Karnow, and Peter Arnett among them— always had the opportunity to roam and report on the story they chose. More than three decades later, it has become axiomatic that most military leaders and many among the political right believe a liberal-leaning press corps "lost" the Vietnam War by demoralizing the public with horrific images and accounts of atrocities. And, indeed, this simmering resentment has made military-media relations since Vietnam incredibly tense. During the first Gulf War, the media furiously complained about the infamous "press pools" that forced journalists into parroting official press releases from military headquarters in Kuwait. On occasion, selected journalists were allowed to ride with military minders on a tour of the battlefield after the struggle had ended and the bodies were removed. In the mid-1990s, the military was left similarly fuming as journalists arrived in Somalia before the troops. Pentagon leadership, well aware that an ongoing feud with the press was not in its best interests, formed two workgroups to study the issue of how better to manage the press in wartime. In 1984, under the leadership of Brigadier General Winant Sidle, a military panel was charged to examine how to conduct military operations while protecting military lives and the security of the operation but also keeping the American public informed through the media. In the wake of complaints about the Desert Storm press pools, military and media leaders met for the Pentagon-Media Conference in 1992 and agreed on several principles of news coverage in a combat zone. In the intervening years prior to the embedding program, technological changes once again altered the nature of war reporting. As satellite phones became more portable journalists became more self-sufficient, able to coordinate with newsrooms and feed reports, images, and video instantaneously. The newfound capacity of journalists to transmit information on the spot presented a new set of threats to operational security Without the traditional lag-time of war reporting, even wellintentioned journalists might accidentally reveal information of strategic significance, such as locations or troop levels. Based on the recommendations of the various workgroups and the practical consequences of technological innovation, Pentagon officials began to develop training programs and other provisions for embedding in the next major conflict. into the fray

Centralization

The degree to which power is differentially distributed within an organization.

Now, we do not want by our definition to prejudge whether the elite of the command posts are conscious members of such a socially recognized class, or whether considerable proportions of the elite derive from such a clear and distinct class. These are matters to be investigated. Yet in order to be able to recognize what we intend to investigate, we must note something that all biographies and memoirs of the wealthy and the powerful and the eminent make clear: no matter what else they may be, the people of these higher circles are involved in a set of overlapping 'crowds' and intricately connected 'cliques.' There is a kind of mutual attraction among those who 'sit on the same terrace'—although this often becomes clear to them, as well as to others, only at the point at which they feel the need to draw the line; only when, in their common defense, they come to understand what they have in common, and so close their ranks against outsiders.

The idea of such ruling stratum implies that most of its members have similar social origins, that throughout their lives they maintain a network of informal connections, and that to some degree there is an interchangeability of position between the various hierarchies of money and power and celebrity. We must, of course, note at once that if such an elite stratum does exist, its social visibility and its form, for very solid historical reasons, are quite different from those of the noble cousinhoods that once ruled various European nations. That American society has never passed through a feudal epoch is of decisive importance to the nature of the American elite, as well as to American society as a historic whole. For it means that no nobility or aristocracy, established before the capitalist era, has stood in tense opposition to the higher bourgeoisie. It means that this bourgeoisie has monopolized not only wealth but prestige and power as well. It means that no set of noble families has commanded the top positions and monopolized the values that are generally held in high esteem; and certainly that no set has done so explicitiy by inherited right. It means that no high church dignitaries or court nobilities, no entrenched landlords with honorific accouterments, no monopolists of high army posts have opposed the enriched bourgeoisie and in the name of birth and prerogative successfully resisted its self-making.-

The political order, once a decentralized set of several dozen states with a weak spinal cord, has become a centralized, executive establishment which has taken up into itself many powers previously scattered, and now enters into each and every crany of the social structure.

The military order, once a slim establishment in a context of distrust fed by state militia, has become the largest and most expensive feature of government, and, although well versed in smiling public relations, now has all the grim and clumsy efficiency of a sprawling bureaucratic domain.

the power elite ; they are in positions to make decisions having major consequences. Whether they do or do not make such decisions is less important than the fact that they do occupy such pivotal positions: their failure to act, their failure to make decisions, is itself an act that is often of greater consequence than the decisions they do make. For they are in command of the major hierarchies and organizations of modern society. They rule the big corporations. They run the machinery of the state and claim its prerogatives. They direct the military establishment. They occupy the strategic command posts of the social structure,

The personal awareness of the actors is only one of the several sources one must examine in order to understand the higher circles.

'The power elite is composed of men whose positions enable them to transcend the ordinary environments of ordinary men.

The power elite are not solitary rulers. Advisers and consultants, spokesmen and opinion-makers are often the captains of their higher thought and decision. Immediately below the elite are the professional politicians of the middle levels of power, in the Congress and in the pressure groups, as well as among the new and old upper classes of town and city and region

Homogenization

The process of making things uniform or similar.

How are dark skinned individuals discriminated against?

They are seen as less intelligent, and female attractiveness is contingent upon lighter skin

NGE-How do global elite relate to theri home nation? What is the potential consequences for Americans?

They can relate to their own nation because they have more in common with other global elites than anyone from their own nation. They may not have their own nation in their best interest when making decisions.

Why do skin lighteners pose as a health threat?

They contain mercury

economic changes we are witnessing today are unprecedented

To grasp the difference between today's plutocrats and the hereditary elite, who (to use John Stuart Mill's memorable phrase) "grow rich in their sleep," one need merely glance at the events that now fill high-end social calendars. The debutante balls and hunts and regattas of yesteryear may not be quite obsolete, but they are headed in that direction. The real community life of the 21st-century plutocracy occurs on the international conference circuit.

diverge

To move apart; parting lens or mirrors causes parallel beams of light to spread apart as if they came from a single point

fluorescent light

Visible light emitted by a material when it absorbs energy such as ultraviolet light

NGE-drawing attention to the divide between the wealthy and everyone else has long been standard fare on the left. (The idea of "two Americas" was a central theme of John Edwards's 2004 and 2008 presidential runs.)

What made the argument striking in this instance was that it was being offered by none other than the former five-term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan: iconic libertarian, preeminent defender of the free market, and (at least until recently) the nation's foremost devotee of Ayn Rand. When the high priest of capitalism himself is declaring the growth in economic inequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong.

privilege/oppression binary

We all experience different privileges and oppressions in different forms and to different degrees, diff. environments // nobody is identified as the victim or even the bad guy Significance: we each experience some oppression and some privilege, few people have no privileges at all - at least if they are in a space like this class Ex: a low income white women may be oppressed because of her financial situation, but may still be privileged in the sense that she is white, & a black women with this same situation statistically has less opportunities

governments and armies and corporations shape it; and, as they do so, they turn these lesser institutions into means for their ends. Religious institutions provide chaplains to the armed forces where they are used as a means of increasing the effectiveness of its morale to kill. Schools select and train men for their jobs in corporations and their specialized tasks in the armed forces. The extended family has, of course, long been broken up by the industrial revolution, and now the son and the father are removed from the family, by compulsion if need be, whenever the army of the state sends out the call. And the symbols of all these lesser institutions are used to legitimate the power and the decisions of the big three.

Within each of the big three, the typical institutional unit has become enlarged, has become administrative, and, in the power of its decisions, has become centralized

time bind-Assumption behind "The Time Bend"

Work and family are separate

sweatshops

a factory or workshop, especially in the clothing industry, where manual workers are employed at very low wages for long hours and under poor conditions. Significance: Demonstrates the continuation and reconfiguration of the pattern of low-paid,casual, 'low-skilled' jobs available to women that, as per Lerner, emerged in 19th century. Ex: there are sweatshops in U.S. today-- $50 dress, $6 goes to worker, Samsung made in sweatshops Either cheap labor in 'developing' countries; Or cheap immigrant workforce in 'developed' nations - in both cases, often women of color.

credentialism

a.combines reproduction thesis- resources or disadvantage is passed down transformation thesis- as society becomes more modern, they finds new ways to allocate stuff to people b. Diploma matters more than education- people with degree have more opportunities and success than people with same amount of education that don't have a diploma cultural, not technical- as long as you have diploma you're good formality: people below you can't question you- marked in a particular way credentials monopolized- not everyone has access in the same kind of way. pass the bar- certain steps credential inflation drives educational expansion- go further and further because more people get diploma c.reinforces social inequality

dude time-internet usage

access issues, religious reasons, censorship, legal rules (can or cant do), material dimension-facebook- US 50%, europe-16%, its an american website caters to USA.

progress narrative

as time progresses Racism, sexism, etc. decreases, we are always getting more diverse, inclusive, socially just, assumes linear progression Significance: The idea of progress narrative absolves us of responsibility of making things better as the idea is that things just automatically get better over time. Ex: sweatshops still prevalent -- H&M

race & masculinity

asian men-- feminized black men-- hyper masculine/ aggressive white men-- preserved as the norm significance: Racialized constructions of masculinity (or the lack thereof) often serve to justify patterns of exploitation ex: asian men working in laundry industry, target for TV shows, black men today incarcerated at higher rates

what are the best and worst jobs at the slaughterhouse

best- manager, making boxes.....worst- killing--bloody, strenuous, cold, dangerous

Previous research on men in feminized occupations shows them to react in what ways to femininity in their jobs? How do Black men nurses compare? What are some examples Wingfield cites?

black men nurses have a different experience with establishing distance from women and the feminized aspect of their work. most research shows that as men nurses employ strategies that distance them from femininity, they place themselves in a position for upward mobility and the glass escalator effect

conflict theory

carl marx, work arrangements fuel society, owners vs. workers need each other but are also at odds against each other, political, economic, social systems serve interest of the powerful

LaPiere-1930- how are people treated on day to day basis

chinese-to west coast- a lot of discrimination in 1930's - durning gold rush, railroad etc. economic issues

time bind-secondary sector-blue collar

clothing, manufacturing, 1900 to 1960 stable then it has gone down-

who benefits from skin lightening

companies make lots of money ascribed changed to achieve

lareau "invisible inequality:social class and childrearing in black and white families"

concerted cultivation- learn lesson that voice matters, challenge authority more. children are involved in many activities, no independence. natural growth- listen to authority, spend time mostly with family/ neighborhood conflict theory- each type reinforces class structure functionalist and interactionists

concave

curved or rounded inward like the inside of a spoon

NGE-The best-known of these events is the World Economic Forum's annual meeting in Davos, Switzerland, invitation to which marks an aspiring plutocrat's arrival on the international scene. The Bilderberg Group, which meets annually at locations in Europe and North America, is more exclusive still -- and more secretive -- though it is more focused on geopolitics and less on global business and philanthropy

defining characteristic of today's plutocrats: they are forming a global community, and their ties to one another are increasingly closer than their ties to hoi polloi back home

chambliss "the saints and the roughnecks"

deviance equal but understood in in different ways interaction of labeling theory and class background resources helped saints get away with stuff roughnecks stuck in same background boys that drove cars and committed crime in other neighborhoods

slow toxic decline- about

dialysis, diabetes, access- hurricane katrina how did they get dialysis

diversity

differences in culture, history, embodiment,experience (gender, sexuality, race, class, dis/ability...) significance: attends to differences institutions often ignore or Tokenize, & structural injustice and uneven distribution of power Ex: South Florida diverse-- many different cultures, experiences, races. U.S. = melting pot

how were slaughterhouse and yearn for lightness similar

different races got certain jobs--blame race for issues

stigma

disgrace/disapproval/ b/c of behavior/ characteristic

Mcdonalds-industrial society need to do or know

do one things well- people get paid for the one skill they have then use that money to buy the things they need.

hegemonic masculinity

dominant definition of masculinity in society.puts masculinity in dominance- dominant model, the preferred version

economic competition

economic decline recession, depression

slow toxic decline- economy, healthcare politics

economy-make stuff, distribute stuff- politics=power in society

higher claims for prestige. By the powerful we mean, of course, those who are able to realize their will, even if others resist it. No one, accordingly, can be truly powerful unless he has access to the command of major institutions, for it is over these institutional means of power that the truly powerful are, in the first instance, powerful. Higher politicians and key officials of government command such institutional power; so do admirals and generals, and so do the major owners and executives of the larger corporations. Not all power, it is true, is anchored in and exercised by means of such institutions, but only within and through them can power be more or less continuous and important. Wealth also is acquired and held in and through institutions. The pyramid of wealth cannot be understood merely in terms of the very rich; for the great inheriting families,

every one of the very rich families has been and is closely connected—always legally and frequently managerially as well— with one of the multi-million dollar corporations. The modern corporation is the prime source of wealth, but, in latter-day capitalism, the political apparatus also opens and closes many avenues to wealth. The amount as well as the source of income, the power over consumer's goods as well as over productive capital, are determined by position within the political economy

time bind-primary sector- gathering from nature

farmer- more automated, hunter- raised on farms, natural resources, growing cotton, oil fracking---world trends-

How did patients often perceive Black men nurses? Again, how did their experience compare to white men nurses? Black men nurses are often mistaken for whom, while white men nurses are mistaken for whom?

gendered racist images may have particular consequences for their relationships with women colleagues, who may view black men nurses through the lens of controlling images and gendered racist stereotypes that emphasize the danger they pose to women. This may take on a heightened significance for white women nurses, given stereotypes that suggest that Black men are especially predisposed to raping white women.

what is the type of research for slaughterhouse

interviews and actually working at one, observations

Glass Ceilings

invisible barrier that impedes women and minorities from advancing

fair weather bigot

is prejudice, not discriminatory- don't actually treat differently laws in place-not allowed to discriminate

intersecting modes of discrimination

it intersects with other forms of domination, gender, class, sexuality, religion, nationhood, ability, we must explore other lives of humans in their full complexity, examining how these dimensions come together.

what situations in society where power exists

job- other candidates are the opposition and the person who gets the job is the one with the power. traffic- opposition is other cars- power has a bigger car.

media in iraq- about

journalism and military has issues with each other- military, government, corporations- adds news media to this group as well.

NGE- hedge fund manager

makes money by investing other people's money-2012- 500,000,000 per year- top 5 -1 million per year

enforceable trust

marriage is respected more socially dads can get a job because it shows commitment

androcentrism

masculinity valued over femininity. not good for everybody, good for everyone to do. women are permitted to transgress more than men. women who show masculine features are actually giving into androcentrism

SC&SP-why didn't laws creating health clinics for the mentally ill work?

massive homelessness was consequence. no money for the clinics and the money that was supposed to be there got taken away.

translucent

matter that transmits light but does not let the light travel straight through

if you want to change get rid of prejudice

measure this directly--

dude time-functionalism

media around sports- women in sports also mention they are mothers, wives, don't do that for men. women are role models, men are entertainment. the function of media sport is for entertainment .

risk averse behaviors

men do stupid stuff, binge drinking, driving fast, motorcycles, no helmet, bungee jumping, sky diving. different jobs- men have more dangerous job. biological -cancers, health issues- heart disease,

social construction (gender as institution)

men went out and women stayed in, women tend to marry taller, more educated, wealthy men ex. why do men carry heavy objects for women? -mens job is lifting ex. why do moms tend to change diapers more than dads? -usually not changing tables when people are out in mens rooms - lower earning partner will typically leave because they have a lower income not as big of a deal to miss ex. religion -priest only male

mommy tax explanations

miss out on money from the time taken off for having a child miss out on promotions gap comes from the idea that motherhood should not be rewarded - differing job experience, differing productivity, and differential preference/treatment

mommy tax

moms, but not dads, lose out $, but we all benefit from kids work force, economy, future citizenry what moms miss out on for having children

SC&SP- social statues that would effect

money- low income, homeless, race, religion,

ogletree and ginsburg "kept under the hood: neglect of the clitoris in common vernacular"

more books and college students mentioned penis and vagina than clitoris understood penis as homologous to vagina women are being that get sexual pleasure derived from, not their own pleasure barely any women orgasem from vaginal sex children are not taught the word clitoris

gladwell, "john rocks error"

natural menstruation is not one period every month women should get periods a lot less could potentially higher risk for cancer pre industrialized societies have less periods

ferguson "bad boys"

negative labels at early ages boys think they will be professional athletes supportive and praised for athletics why does she agree at the end?

all weather liberals

neither prejudiced nor discriminatory

Functionalism

objectively, observe, quantify parts of society, work for the continuation. every thing has a function for so society... a reason. ex. religion- provides deeper meaning and social gathering. moral consensus.

SC&SP- research-

observation, sites specific articles- historical-last 70 years

scattering

occurs when light is sent in many directions as it passes through a medium

McDonald's-workplace culture in post-industrial society

offices,

dude time-features of mass media

one-sided, shared experiences, technological intermediary, hyperreality- in this reading- sumbolic interactionist- about aymboly- excitement- womens will only run through scores theoretical perspective- resource- airtime is scarce resource- conflict theory- changed over time? the are less equal between women and mens sports

natural growth

parents let it go on their own, less invested in everything

dude time-time use studies

people literally record over a week or a month- record every single minute (11 hours per day)

NGE-the rich of today are also different from the rich of yesterday

phenomena: the revolution in information technology and the liberalization of global trade. Individual nations have offered their own contributions to income inequality -- financial deregulation and upper-bracket tax cuts in the United States; insider privatization in Russia; rent-seeking in regulated industries in India and Mexico. But the shared narrative is that, thanks to globalization and technological innovation, people, money, and ideas travel more freely today than ever before.

sources of power

physical force- literally forcing someone to do something they don't want to do- arresting someone-police officers, sports, military, Influence- ability to convince someone to do something- salespeople, marketing, parents authoity- certain people we give power to.

social construction

powerful, created meaning through interactions with people ex. colors, gestures, gender

illness work

practical and emotional implications of chronic illness challenges to sense of self. time, energy, and effort associated with being sick that shapes individuals' lived experiences, varies significantly by illness

time bind-products

pre-prepared food, tv dinners, quick meals, quick appliances, day-care

racism

prejudice and discrimination on the basis of race

other than race, what other status is used in a slaughterhouse

prisoners--cannot be manager- gets lower job

slow toxic decline-medicalization

process where by nonmedical conditions come to be seen as medical conditions -depression, ADHD, ADD. addiction,

muslims in US- rituals

public-baptism, wedding, funerals, devotions (private)- prayer, bible readings, confessions

racial domination

races feeling inferior to others

reading about- slaughterhouse

racism that takes place in a meat factory

what media can be considered mass

radio telephone broadcast tv internet

which authority has the most emphasis- because there is a system of transfer of power

rational legal

Glass Escalator

refers to the promotion of men over women into management positions in female-dominated fields such as nursing, education, social work, and even ballet. Jobs are sex segregated creating different occupational experiences for men and women

dude time-capitalism

reinforce media- why is mass media important- advertising, selling stuff, newspapers, broadcast tv

Glass Walls

segregation in the workplace against women which gives them stagnant roles with more traditional feminine roles

SC&SP- what is solution to insane asylums

shut them down, replace with prison, homeless- laws passed-housing, local health clinics

slow toxic decline- symbolic interactionism-

sick-fever, symptoms, contagious, take meds, surgery, cast might use prayer, leeches healthy-thin, active, happy, fitness,

hyperreality- john bacolard-

simulation of something as real that never really existed. ex- romantic comedy- boy meets girl fall in love then they cant overcome, then overcome, then end up together. soap operas, WWE-pro wrestling- mostly not real, lawncare-perfectly green, soft, same height, no weeds, cross hatch-totally fictional- 14 billion on the perfect lawn

what are some of the differences that society pays attention with regard to race

skin color, gender, shape of eyes, hair color, type of hair, nationality, nose and lips,

dude time-average tv consumption

trend consumption- US watch a lot of tv- 8hrs- all other countries- 3-4 hrs-- how to explain difference--functions and purposes are different, cultural norm difference, and material different- access to TV- updated results- US went down and japan and italy went up. change over time- usage changes- smart phone, and internet are reasons

NGE-why dont people vote

uninformed about process, satisfaction with status quo, dissatisfied with system-

race and ethnicity

vin diesel- mixed-italian and african paula abdul-syrian and french canadian angelina jolie-czech, french, dutch, german keanu reeves-hawiiam, chinese, portugese tiger- chinese, african, native american

pascoe, "dude, you're a fag?"

what does pascoe study? high school patterns, use of word fag, she immerses herself in it how do students in pascoes study use the word "fag"? what does it mean to them? what puts a bout at risk? doing something feminine word is a negative slang

disability

what is disability something wrong with the person something wrong with society- hasn't adapted appropriately for all people of society

NGE-rise of the new global elite-about

what is like to be wealthy in society

messner and cooky "gender in televised sports"

what makes for good exciting sports? men faster and better rules and more are separate for womens and mens sports(lax) makes things complicated for trans people

power elite- the reading was done 70 yrs ago, does this still work?

yes, they are interconnected, influence politics, move company to other countries, all are powerful, in 2020 does this work--famous influence, give money to campaign, influence on social media,

Andrew Lindner in "Controlling the Media in Iraq tell us that civilian deaths in Iraq were more frequently reported by what reporters?

• Baghdad-stationed reporters

The author of the contexts reader is _________

• Doug Hartman

Andrew Lindner illustrates how the pentagon's embedded media program ____________

• Dramatically inhibited journalists' coverage of Iraqi civilians' war experiences

According to Gamson and Latteier, the challenge for those who want to reform the media is to _______________

• Figure out how some conglomerations make diverse media formats and content and encourage such activity while also opposing cooperate domination

The benefits of doing embedded reporting is, according to Andrew Lindner in "Controlling the media in Iraq" is ___________

• It is one of the least dangerous strategies

Doug Hartman argues that the reason men watch football is because _____________

• It maintains and creates their masculinity