Ch 34 Study Aids
What are some of the advantages of a more elaborate skeleton and complex nervous system?
move more elaborate and avoid predoators
What features do animals in the Chondrichthyes share?
Sharks, skate, ray
Oviparous
lay eggs that hatch outside the mother's body Ex. Skate,
Which of the following animals is an amphibian? (Concept 34.4) lizard turtle caecilian All of the listed responses are correct. None of the listed responses is correct.
caecilian Although, because of their legless bodies, they may be mistaken for snakes, which are reptiles, caecilians, are amphibians.
Which of the following statements is the most inclusive description of descent with modification? -Similarity between two species results from convergent evolution. -Natural selection leads to the evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary lineages. -Similarity between two species results from genetic drift in small populations. -A trait present in an ancestral organism is modified by natural selection over time in descendants of that ancestor.
A trait present in an ancestral organism is modified by natural selection over time in descendants of that ancestor. Evolution is a process of descent with modification: Characteristics present in an ancestral organism are altered in its descendants over time as they face different environmental conditions. One result of descent with modification is that related species can have characteristics that have an underlying similarity yet different functions. Descent with modification occurring in different evolutionary lineages may result in species in each of those lineages having characteristics that function similarly yet are not due to common descent as those species have independently adapted to similar environmental conditions.
Habitat loss, the spread of a fungal disease, climate change, and pollution are causing severe population declines and extinction in __________. (Concept 34.4) turtles sharks rodents amphibians birds Question 16Question 16:
Amphibians Amphibians are susceptible to all of these circumstances.
Describe key adaptations of aquatic gnathostomes.
Aquatic gnathostomes have jaws (an adaptation for feeding) and paired fins and a tail (adaptations for swimming). Aquatic gnathostomes also typically have streamlined bodies for efficient swimming and swim bladders or other mechanisms (such as oil storage in sharks) for buoyancy.
Phylum Chordata
Bilaterally symmetrical, coelomate, & deuterostomes 3 subphyla: -Cephalochordata (lancets) -Urochordata (tunicates) -Craniata
What derived characters do sharks and tuna share? What features distinguish tuna from sharks?
Both are gnathostomes and have jaws, four clusters of Hox genes, enlarged forebrains, and lateral line systems. Shark skeletons consist mainly of cartilage, whereas tuna have bony skeletons. Sharks also have a spiral valve. Tuna have an operculum and a swim bladder, as well as flexible rays supporting their fins.
Craniata/Vertebrata
Cartilage or bony chamber covers brain(cranium/skull) Cartilage or bony vertebral column=skeleton
If an animal has segments, bilateral symmetry, pharyngeal clefts, a post-anal tail, and deuterostomic development, it must be a member of the __________. (Concept 34.1) Arthropoda Mollusca Chordata Annelida Platyhelminthes
Chordates are deuterostomes that have four anatomical structures appearing at some time in development: a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal clefts, and a muscular post-anal tail.
Chordata key features
Dorsal:Pertaining to the top of an animal with radial or bilateral symmetry.(hollow nerve cord) Muscular: Notochord:flexible, rigid rod, mesodermal, simple,complex Pharyngeal:grooves/slits in pharynx, simple, complex,
Ovoviviparous
Eggs hatch within the uterus and is nourished by the egg yolk, then born
Osteichthyes (bony fish)
Endoskeleton made entirely of hard calcified bone, swim bladders foe buoyancy, gills for respiration, bony fish Ex. ray-fin, lobe-fin
ray-finned fish
Fins, Operculum:bony flay covering gills
Which of the following pairs is NOT a correct match? (Concept 34.2) Osteichthyes, perch Mammalia, kangaroo Gnathostomata, hagfish Aves, canary Chondrichthyes, great white shark
Gnathostomata, hagfish Gnathostomes are jawed vertebrates. A hagfish is an agnathan, a jawless vertebrate.
Identify at least five derived traits of primates.
Hands and feet adapted for grasping, flat nails, large brain, forward-looking eyes on a flat face, parental care, and movable big toe and thumb
You are a chordate, yet you lack most of the main derived characters of chordates. Explain.
In humans, these characters are present only in the embryo. The notochord becomes disks between the vertebrae; the dorsal, hollow nerve cord develops into the brain and spinal cord; the pharyngeal clefts develop into various adult structures, and the tail is almost completely lost.
What are key features of hagfish and lampreys?
Jawless vertebrates hagfish:Cartilage skeleton, rudimentary vertebrae lampreys:parasite, born freshwater larvae,
A __________ is a chordate but not a vertebrate. (Concept 34.1) lamprey shark frog sea star lancelet
Lancelets are cephalochordates and, throughout their life, retain the notochord as the primary support of the appendicular skeleton.
Contrast monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians in terms of how they bear young.
Monotremes lay eggs. Marsupials give birth to very small live young that attach to a nipple in the mother's pouch, where they complete development. Eutherians give birth to more developed live young.
Describe the origin of tetrapods and identify some of their key derived traits.
Tetrapods are thought to have originated about 365 million years ago when the fins of some lobe-fins evolved into the limbs of tetrapods. In addition to their four limbs with digits—a key derived trait for which the group is named—other derived traits of tetrapods include a neck (consisting of vertebrae that separate the head from the rest of the body), and a pelvic girdle that is fused to the backbone.
Describe three key amniote adaptations for life on land.
The amniotic egg provides protection to the embryo and allows the embryo to develop on land, eliminating the necessity of a watery environment for reproduction. Another key adaptation is rib cage ventilation, which improves the efficiency of air intake and may have allowed early amniotes to dispense with breathing through their skin. Finally, not breathing through their skin allowed amniotes to develop relatively impermeable skin, thereby conserving water.
Identify four derived characters that all chordates have at some point during their life.
The four characters are a notochord; a dorsal, hollow nerve chord; pharyngeal slits or clefts; and a muscular, post-anal tail.
Are snakes tetrapods? Explain
Yes. Although snakes lack limbs, they descended from lizards with legs. Some snakes retain vestigial pelvic and leg bones, providing evidence of their descent from an ancestor with legs.
Vertebrates and tunicates share? jaws adapted for feeding. a high degree of cephalization. an endoskeleton that includes a skull. a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord.
a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord.
A feature of bony fish not found in sharks is __________. (Concept 34.4) a swim bladder gills mineralized teeth pelvic and pectoral fins with bony supports a lateral line system
a swim bladder A swim bladder, an aid in the maintenance of buoyancy, is a characteristic of most bony fish.
The adaptation that freed vertebrates from water for reproduction and allowed them to radiate into diverse terrestrial environments was the __________. (Concept 34.5) placenta amniotic egg bony appendage operculum lateral line system
amniotic egg The amniotic egg allows for reproduction and development within a structure that provides moisture, food, waste storage, and gas exchange.
The first vertebrates to live on land were __________. (Concept 34.4) amphibians mammals chondrichthyans conodonts reptiles
amphibians Amphibians, though tied to water for reproduction, include species that are, otherwise, entirely terrestrial.
Which of the following characteristics is NOT shared by extant birds and extant reptiles? (Concept 34.5) endothermic metabolism pharyngeal clefts in the embryo scales containing keratin vertebrae amniotic eggs
endothermic metabolism Birds are endothermic, but extant reptiles are ectothermic. There is much debate over whether some groups of extinct reptiles, such as the dinosaurs, were endotherms or ectotherms.
The opossum is an example of a(n) __________ mammal. (Concept 34.6) placental marsupial oviparous eutherian monotreme
marsupial Opossums, like all marsupial mammals, keep their nursing young in an external pouch.
Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials? -lack nipples. -have some embryonic development outside the uterus. -lay eggs. -are found in Australia and Africa.
have some embryonic development outside the uterus.
A lamprey, a shark, a lizard, and a rabbit share all the following characteristics EXCEPT __________. (Concept 34.3) hinged jaws a dorsal, hollow nerve cord pharyngeal clefts in the embryo vertebrae All of the listed responses are correct.
hinged jaws The lamprey is jawless; all the other listed animals have jaws.
The gill flap, or operculum, was an important adaptation for fish because it helps with __________. (Concept 34.3) maintaining a supply of oxygen sensing chemicals in water adjusting buoyancy sensing vibrations in the water underwater reproduction
maintaining a supply of oxygen Water is drawn into the mouth, through the pharynx, and out between the gills by movement of the operculum and contraction of muscles surrounding the gill chambers.
All mammals __________. (Concept 34.6) bear live young complete their embryonic development in the uterus nourish their offspring through mammary glands All of the listed responses are correct. None of the listed responses is correct.
nourish their offspring through mammary glands Mammary glands that produce milk are as distinctively mammalian as hair.
Primates are distinguished from other mammals by __________. (Concept 34.6) stereoscopic vision, mammary glands, and single births eutherian reproduction, opposable thumbs, and good depth perception opposable thumbs, nails, and good depth perception fur, claws, and small litters long tails used for balance, stereoscopic vision, and opposable thumbs
opposable thumbs, nails, and good depth perception Arboreal adaptations that distinguish primates from other mammals include opposable thumbs, nails rather than claws, eyes on the front of the head (giving good depth perception), and small litters.
Which of the following chordate characteristics contributes most to suspension-feeding devices in many invertebrate chordates? (Concept 34.1) muscular, post-anal tail pharyngeal slits or clefts notochord dorsal, hollow nerve cord None of the listed responses is correct.
pharyngeal slits or clefts Derivatives of the pharyngeal slits contribute to suspension-feeding devices in many invertebrate chordates.
Which of the following chordate characteristics contributes most to the formation of your ears? (Concept 34.1) notochord dorsal, hollow nerve cord pharyngeal slits or clefts muscular, post-anal tail None of the listed responses is correct.
pharyngeal slits or clefts In mammals, derivatives of the pharyngeal slits contribute to the development of portions of our ears.
viviparous
producing living young (not eggs), placenta Ray, Shark are all types
What features do gnathostomes share?
share jaw advantages: chewing, defense
Some sharks are viviparous, which means that __________. (Concept 34.4) they have a tendency toward multiple births they maintain a constant body temperature the young develop within the female's body they have a tendency toward single births they lay eggs
the young develop within the female's body Some sharks are viviparous, which means that their young develop within the female body after hatching from eggs in the uterus.
In the phylogenetic tree shown, which of the following are shared ancestral characters for members of the turtle-leopard group? hinged jaws; amnion four limbs; hair vertebral column; amnion vertebral column; four limbs
vertebral column; four limbs A shared ancestral character is a character that is not unique to a particular group, having originated in an ancestor of that group. For members of the turtle-leopard group, the phylogeny shows that a vertebral column, hinged jaws, and four limbs are all shared ancestral characters, having originated before the turtle-leopard group diverged from other lineages shown in the tree. In contrast, a shared derived character is an evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular group; in the phylogeny shown here, an amnion is a shared derived character for the turtle-leopard group.
