CH 4 Epidemiologic Measures of Population Health

Period life table

based on a hypothetical cohort of newborns to whom 'Age Standardized Death Rates" of a known population in a given year are applied

Prevalence

defined as the proportion of a population that has a particular disease or a group of diseases; The total number of existing cases of a disease in a population at a given point in time or during a specified period

Incidence rate

indicates the risk or probability that healthy individuals in a population will develop a particular disease during a specified period; (# of new cases of a disease in a defined population in a defined time period/total population @ risk in same time period x 1,000)

Indirect Standardization

indirect age adjustment; Appropriate to use for risk adjustment when the risk variables are categorical and the rate or proportion for the variable of interest is available for the standard or reference group at the level of the risk categories

Cumulative incidence

not a rate, but instead is a measure of the total burden of disease in a population over a given period of time; It is measured by dividing the total number of new cases of a disease in a given period by the total number of at-risk individuals during the same period

Crude survival rate

proportion or percentage of cases of a disease in which the person survives for a specified period of time regardless of the cause of death

Cohort life table

starts at birth and follows the mortality experience of a group of individuals in consecutive years until the last person in the cohort dies

Rate

the measure of the frequency of death, disease, or other health-related events in a given population in a specified period

Age-specific death (mortality) rate (ASDR)

the total number of deaths of individuals in a specific age group from all causes in a given year per 100,000 (or per 1,000) population in that age group

Ratio

usually expressed in a notational form as X:Y, is a comparison of the magnitude of two different numbers, or how many times one value is contained in another

Period prevalence

A measure of how many individuals were affected by the disease during a specified time period.

Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR)

A measure of whether people in the population of interest are dying at a higher or lower rate as compared to those in the standard population

life expectancy at birth

The average number of years children born in a particular year are expected to live

Point prevalence

The number of cases of a specific condition or disorder that can be found in a population at one given point in time.

Neonatal mortality rate (NMR)

The number of deaths of children during the first 28 days after birth per 1,000 live births in a given year.

Postneonatal Mortality Rate (PMR)

The number of deaths of children from the 29th day after birth to 1 year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The number of deaths of children under 1 year of age in a specified population per 1,000 live births in a given year

fetal mortality rate (FMR)

The number of fetal deaths in a specified population in a given year per 1,000 live births and fetal deaths - Notably, the denominator in this case is the sum of all live births and fetal deaths in the same population in the same year.

Proportional mortality

The proportion of all deaths in a population that occurred from a particular disease or condition during a specified time period

Case Fatality Rate (CFR)

The proportion of cases of a disease in a specified period of time that resulted in death. It is a measure of the lethality of a disease. (Number of deaths from disease X in a population in a given period/Number of cases of disease "X" during a time period x 100)

Proportional Mortality Ratio (PMR)

The ratio of the proportional mortality from a specific cause in a subgroup of population with the proportional mortality from the same cause in the general population

Cause-specific death (mortality) rate (CSDR)

The total number of deaths in a population attributed to a specific cause or diagnosis in a given year per 100,000 or per 1,000 population

Maternal mortality rate

The total number of deaths of women due to pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births in a specified population in a specified time period.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year

Crude death (mortality) rate (CDR)

a summary statistic based on total # of deaths from all causes in a specified population in a given year

Relative Survival Rate (Net Survival Rate)

adjusts for the risk of dying from other causes in the same period; is always as high or higher than observed survival rate

Incidence density

Estimation of frequency of disease (incidence) in situations when all individuals in the at-risk population are not followed for the entire duration of the investigation; Rather than the entire at-risk population, the denominator in these situations is "person years" of follow up

Direct Standardization

They eliminate the effects of differences in the composition of populations being compared

Proportion

a part of something considered in relation to the whole- that is, "the relation of one part to another or to the whole with respect to magnitude, quantity, or degree."