Ch 4 Inquizitive

Belmont Report

Beneficence Justice Respect for persons

APA Ethical Principles

Beneficence and nonmaleficence Fidelity and responsibility Integrity Justice Respect for persons and dignity The three principles of the Belmont Report are also part of the APA's principles, but the APA has two additional principles that psychologists should follow.

The __________ set similar ethical principles to the earlier __________ but tailored them specifically to psychology. However, two additional principles were added. The first was the principle of __________, which has to do with relationships between psychologists and others. The second was the principle of __________, which emphasizes truthfulness and up-to-date practices.

APA Ethical Principles (The Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct written by the American Psychological Association (APA) is a set of guidelines that governs psychologists in their roles as researchers, practitioners, and teachers.) Belmont Report (The Belmont Report provides ethical guidelines for any research with human participants.) Fidelity and responsibility (The principle of fidelity and responsibility states that psychologists should maintain professional relationships with students and clients.) Integrity (The principle of integrity states that psychology professors and practicing psychologists should stay up to date on the latest research so that they teach accurately and accurately apply therapeutic techniques.) These two principles are unique to the APA Ethical Principles and essential for maintaining ethical practices in psychology.

Place the steps of a study in the order in which they should occur for the study to be ethical.

An IRB approves the study. (Before conducting a study, researchers must first obtain approval for the study from the IRB.) Participants give informed consent. (Once an experiment is approved, the researcher can recruit potential participants, inform them of the nature of the study, and obtain their consent to participate.) The study occurs. (A study should not take place until it is approved by the IRB and the participants have given some kind of consent.) Participants are debriefed. (Debriefing is usually done if the study contained an element of deception.)

The researcher must give the control group the opportunity to receive a new treatment if and when the study has found it to be effective.

Beneficence The principle of beneficence states that participants must not be harmed. By this principle, researchers must offer the treatment to the control group once the treatment has been found to be effective.

Shayra wants to reference a journal article published in 2008 by Kim, Sherman, and Taylor for her social psychology paper. The sentence she wants to use is as follows: When people perceive that those from another culture engage in actions that are not concordant with the norms and expectations of their own culture, they often unjustly regard the difference as maladaptive. Which option is an acceptable way to paraphrase this sentence?

Cultural differences often result in misunderstandings. Unfamiliar cultural behaviors may be interpreted as strange, rather than different (Kim et al., 2008). This is a good example of paraphrasing. It differs in sentence structure from the original, and it also includes a reference with the first author's last name and publication year.

A researcher creates fake data, meaning the data were not produced from a study.

Data fabrication Creating fake participants or entering data that was not actually collected is a serious offense.

Dr. Abbasi needed four more participants to support his hypothesis, so he duplicated the data of the four most recent participants.

Data fabrication Data fabrication occurs when researchers fabricate, or invent, data to fit their hypothesis.

Derrick's study is two participants short of what is needed, so he adds two made-up participants that are the mean of every other participant in order to ensure a sufficient sample size.

Data fabrication Regardless of his intentions, Derrick is fabricating data, which is a serious offense no matter how minor the impact may seem.

Which of the following issues were ethical violations that occurred in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?

Ethical Violation(s) The researchers targeted a disadvantaged group. (The researchers recruited a disadvantaged group of poor Black men who may have found it difficult to refuse participating in a study that would give them access to medical care.) The participants were harmed. (Participants were put through dangerous tests and were not offered a known cure for syphilis.) The participants were not treated respectfully. (The researchers lied to participants about the true nature of the study and withheld known treatments from them.) Not Ethical Violation(s) The participants were made to believe that they were harming another person. (Without proper debriefing, this could potentially be an ethical violation, but this particular issue did not occur in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study.) The researchers fabricated data. (While the researchers violated many ethical principles, they did not alter or make up any data.)

Most IRBs will not approve controversial research, even if participants are not at risk.

False An IRB exists only to make sure a study is ethical; the board is not allowed to make judgments based on the topic of research.

If research has significant risks, it should not be conducted.

False Just because there are risks does not mean the research cannot also have huge benefits. Researchers must always weigh the risks against the benefits before proceeding.

Dr. Silva has used the same therapeutic technique for 10 years and has not kept up with the most recent empirical evidence.

Integrity According to the principle of integrity, Dr. Silva should be keeping up with the current empirical evidence on therapeutic techniques to make sure that they are still effective.

Researchers are conducting a study on aggression in video games. They tell participants that the study is about teamwork in video games.

Involving deception Researchers are giving participants information that is not true, so this is an example of deception.

There should be a balance between those who participate and those who benefit from the results.

Justice This principle ensures that one population will not have to bear the burden of the risks involved with a study, while a different population benefits from the results of the study.

When paraphrasing another source, which of the following elements are necessary to include in order to avoid plagiarism?

Necessary original source's publication year author's last name Not necessary page number in the original source highlighted text italicized font quotation marks (Quotation marks are only needed when the text involves a direct quotation.)

When using a direct quotation, which of the following elements are necessary to include in order to avoid plagiarism?

Necessary original source's publication year page number in the original source author's last name quotation marks Not necessary highlighted text (The text does not need to be highlighted to indicate that it is a direct quotation from another source.) italicized font (APA style does not require text to be italicized when it is a direct quotation.) The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association has specific style guidelines for using direct quotations. You can avoid plagiarism by following these guidelines.

Trevor uses a famous quote from Freud in his paper but does not cite it, as he assumes everyone will recognize the quote.

Plagiarism You should always cite other people's words, since you cannot assume the origin of those words is common knowledge.

Researchers are conducting a study on weight and body image. They tell participants that they will fill out surveys about their physical characteristics and their thoughts on their bodies.

Not involving deception Even though the researchers use different terminology when describing the study to the participants, they are not deceiving the participants or leaving out any information. Deception does not necessarily involve actively lying (commission); it can also involve withholding information (omission).

allowing other researchers to replicate your study

Openness Giving other researchers the information they need to replicate your study promotes the goal of openness.

sharing raw data

Openness Sharing raw data with other researchers or posting raw data to the Open Science Framework promotes the goal of openness.

A researcher attempts to pass off the ideas of others as their own.

Plagiarism Using someone else's ideas or words as your own is a serious offense. You must always paraphrase and cite appropriately to avoid plagiarism.

Procedures should use the smallest possible number of animal subjects.

Reduction Researchers should carefully calculate how many animal subjects they need to use in order to preserve life.

Procedures should minimize animal distress.

Refinement This principle applies not only to the experiment but to animal care in the laboratory. Ethical care with animals is essential, as animals bear great risks for the sake of humans.

Research should find alternatives to using animals.

Replacement Researchers should first consider every option other than animals, such as computer modeling.

Participants with less autonomy should receive special protection.

Respect for persons Certain groups, like children and prisoners, require special protection because they have less autonomy.

A researcher copies a sentence from the Method section of a paper they published a year ago and pastes it into their new paper's introduction.

Self-plagiarism Even if the words are originally your own, copying them from one section of your paper to another (let alone from one paper to the next) is considered research misconduct.

While ethical codes such as __________ specify guidelines for ethical research procedures with humans, __________ sets standards for the ethical treatment of animals in research. While all research institutions clear their human participant procedures with __________, animal research must be cleared by __________.

The Belmont Report The Animal Welfare Act (The Animal Welfare Act sets guidelines for animal care and protection, including a mandated board to review and approve animal research.) The institutional review board The institutional review board must approve all human research proposals before researchers can collect data. The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (The IACUC must review all animal research proposals before researchers can collect data.)

What was a potential issue with how the debriefing was done in the Milgram obedience studies?

The researchers did not tell participants that the learner had not actually been shocked. During the debriefing, the researchers did not reveal that the learner never received shocks. In interviews years after the study, some participants reported worrying for weeks about the learner's well-being.

reporting the results of all of the hypotheses tested in the study

Transparency Reporting the results of all of the hypotheses, and not just of the hypotheses that were supported, promotes the goal of transparency.

stating the variables involved in the study

Transparency Stating every single variable involved in the study promotes the goal of transparency.

Research on human participants conducted by a university must be approved by an institutional review board.

True Nearly all colleges, universities, hospitals, and other organizations that conduct research have an IRB that must approve proposals for human research before it can be conducted.

The potential risks of a study should never outweigh the potential benefits.

True Some amount of risk is acceptable in research, but the risks should never be greater than the potential benefits.

Identify the true and false statements about the Tuskegee Syphilis Study.

True The study harmed not just the participants, but even their families and careers. (Because participants were not given treatment, they ended up infecting partners and causing congenital syphilis in children. Participants also could not serve in the armed forces or receive G.I. benefits because the researchers kept them from being treated for their syphilis.) The researchers lied to participants about a dangerous diagnostic procedure, calling it a "special free treatment." (The researchers lied about many things in the study. One of the lies involved calling a potentially dangerous spinal tap procedure a treatment for syphilis so that participants would not avoid the procedure.) False At the end of the study, the researchers informed participants about penicillin, which was an effective treatment for syphilis. (Although penicillin was known by 1943 to be an effective treatment for syphilis, the Tuskegee Institute withheld this information from participants, thus preventing them from getting treatment. Many of the men became sicker and died over the course of the study.) The researchers fully informed participants about the purpose, risks, and benefits of the study. (Participants were not fully informed about the study. They were not told about their diagnosis of syphilis (the researchers called it "bad blood") and were not clearly informed about the risks of participating in the study.)

To reduce the risk of revealing private information, researchers can conduct a(n) __________, in which they do not collect any personal identifying information about the participants, or researchers can conduct a(n) __________, in which they collect identifying information but separate it from the rest of the data. Researchers follow these precautions to comply with the principle of __________.

anonymous study (Researchers do not collect any personal information, such as names, birth dates, student ID numbers, or email addresses, in an anonymous study.) confidential study (Sometimes researchers must collect personal information, such as email addresses or student ID numbers, in order to contact or compensate participants. In this case, the researcher can conduct a confidential study and separate the personal information from the rest of the data to ensure confidentiality.) beneficence (Beneficence involves preventing harm and ensuring well-being in participants, which includes avoiding the risk of exposing individuals' private information, such as attitudes, behaviors, and health information.)

Researchers are never permitted to deceive their participants.

False Many types of research could not be carried out without deception, and researchers make sure to take special care in those instances.

Professor Hammond designs a study to examine how often students lie about attendance at her school. Every class period, she passes around a sign-in sheet with all of the class dates; students sign in next to the current date to indicate that they are present. After every class, Professor Hammond photocopies the sign-in sheet to see if any students lied and signed for days they previously missed. Rather than applying for approval of her study, Professor Hammond decides to wait and see if there are any interesting results first. This violates the ethical standard of __________. Furthermore, she misled her students about the true purpose of the attendance charts, which is considered __________. She also did not give her students any information about the study so that they could freely decide whether they would like to participate. This violates the ethical standard of __________.

Approval from the IRB (Professor Hammond needs to get approval from the university's institutional review board for any study involving human participants.) Deception (Misleading participants about the true purpose of the study is deception through commission. This is different from withholding information about the study, which would be deception through omission.) Informed consent (Although she conducted this study in a naturalistic classroom setting, Professor Hammond still should have given her students information about the study so that they could make their own choice about participation.)

To prevent sensitive participant data from being revealed, researchers should not collect any potentially identifying information.

Beneficence The principle of beneficence states that researchers must protect participants' personal information. This can be accomplished by conducting an anonymous or confidential study.

Participants should be protected from harm and their well-being should be ensured.

Beneficence This principle guarantees that all participants receive any benefits from the study, and that they are not worse off than they were before entering the study.

Identify the behaviors as either best practices or questionable practices in research, according to psychological science's goals of openness and transparency.

Best Practice(s) sharing raw data with other researchers (Sharing raw data with other researchers or posting raw data to websites such as the Open Science Framework fits the goal of openness.) describing all measured variables in the Method section of the paper (Describing all variables that were measured or manipulated in the study fits the goal of transparency.) Questionable Practice(s) testing multiple hypotheses and, to save space in the paper, only reporting the results that worked (Only reporting select results (rather than all of the tested hypotheses) goes against the goal of transparency.) being transparent about participants by sharing their personal identifying information (Sharing personal identifying information about participants is always an unethical practice. The transparency that is valued in research has to do with the results of the study, not the participants' private information.)

Amir is conducting a clinical trial for a new type of therapy that aims to reduce depression. He recruits 100 participants with a history of depression and explains to them the risks and benefits of participating in the clinical trial. Amir divides the participants into two groups: one group receives the new treatment, while the other group receives a traditional treatment. After one month, the new treatment group reports drastically worsening depression, while the traditional treatment group reports seeing a slight improvement. Amir wants to understand why the new treatment is increasing depression, so he continues to administer it for two more months. Which of the following principles of the Belmont Report does Amir's study violate?

Correct Beneficence (The principle of beneficence involves protecting participants from harm and carefully assessing the risks and benefits of the study. Once Amir found out that his new experimental treatment could be causing harm to participants by increasing their depression, he should have stopped the study and offered the traditional treatment to all participants.) Justice (The principle of justice involves balancing the kinds of people who participate in the research and the kinds of people who benefit from the results. The study may not seem to violate the principle of justice because it is using participants with depression to benefit the population of depressed individuals. However, when Amir continues the study after finding out that the new treatment could be harmful, he is making the participants in the new treatment group "bear the burden" of the harmful treatment for the benefit of others.) Incorrect Respect for persons (The principle of respect for persons involves allowing people to make up their mind freely about whether they wish to participate in the study. Amir tells the participants about the potential risks and benefits of participating in the study, so they can make an informed decision.)

Luther is conducting a study on whether a new medicine developed to combat grass allergies has any potentially dangerous long-term side effects. For his experiment, Luther is planning to advertise and recruit participants in lower-income urban areas, and he decides to give the participants new laptops to compensate for exposing them to potentially dangerous side effects. His consent form lists all the possible side effects and risks. If he discovers that there are harmful side effects, Luther will discontinue the study. Which of the following principles of the Belmont Report does Luther's study violate?

Correct Justice (The principle of justice involves balancing the kinds of people who participate in the research and the kinds of people who benefit from the results. The participants are from urban areas, so they are not likely to encounter grass on a regular basis. This means they are experiencing the potential risks of the study but will probably not benefit much from the medicine.) Respect for persons (The principle of respect for persons involves allowing people to make up their mind freely about whether they wish to participate in the study, without coercion or undue influence. The compensation from Luther's study (new laptops) may exert undue influence over the low-income participants he is recruiting. People in need may feel compelled to put themselves in a potentially harmful situation in order to receive the compensation.) Incorrect Beneficence (The principle of beneficence involves protecting participants from harm and carefully assessing the risks and benefits of the study. Luther carefully considers the study's risks (potential harm from the medicine) and benefits (understanding dangerous side effects to benefit allergy sufferers). He fully discusses these risks with the participants and plans to discontinue the study if he discovers that the medicine is harmful.)

Researchers must never conduct research on vulnerable populations that have less autonomy.

False If this were the case, research on meaningful groups that might eventually benefit those groups would never be conducted. However, researchers should undertake these types of research projects with special care, since vulnerable populations may be less capable of giving informed consent.

Meredith is conducting a study about the effects of alcohol on decision making. She goes to several bars at night and recruits people who appear intoxicated to participate. Meredith asks them to make a series of judgments and let her measure their blood alcohol concentration (BAC) in exchange for $20. She reads the participants an informed consent agreement and has them sign. Following the study, she debriefs the participants and makes sure that they get home safely. Which of the following principles of the Belmont Report does Meredith's study violate?

Correct Respect for persons (Although a typical adult does not fall under special protections, an adult's alcohol intake may interfere with their autonomy, so adults who are intoxicated cannot fully give informed consent.) Incorrect Beneficence (The study appears to cause little physical harm, and there is some benefit to understanding why intoxicated people can make poor decisions. However, if Meredith were forcing participants to drink large amounts of alcohol, this would violate the principle of beneficence.) Justice (Meredith is not targeting any particular group, so the concept of justice does not apply. If Meredith were targeting a specific group to bear the burden of drunkenness when the results benefit the overall population, she would have violated the principle of justice.)

Which of the following pieces of information, if collected in a study, could compromise participants' confidentiality?

Correct participants' dates of birth (Birth dates are potentially identifying information.) photographs of participants (Photographs contain potentially identifying information.) participants' student ID numbers (Student ID numbers are potentially identifying information.) Incorrect participant responses to a questionnaire and participant names, filed separately (For questionnaires that collect identifying participant information, such as names, researchers can separating the personally identifying information from the rest of the responses to ensure participant confidentiality.) participant responses to an anonymous questionnaire (Anonymous questionnaires do not have any personally identifying information.)

A researcher alters the data they collected.

Data falsification

Sarah realizes halfway through her study that 10 of her 200 participants took the wrong measure. In her final report, she omits those 10 without mention.

Data falsification Omitting data that may be incorrect is allowed, but only if you fully disclose your reasons for leaving out certain subjects.

Dr. Abbasi threw out the data from several participants who reported being very happy while listening to country music because he thought that they weren't being honest.

Data falsification Data falsification occurs when researchers influence the study's results by selectively deleting observations or by influencing participants to act in the hypothesized way.

What process takes place after a study is complete and may assist in alleviating any potential harm done to participants by the research?

Debriefing Researchers reveal to participants what the true purpose of the study was and attempt to alleviate any stress that might have been caused to participants.

Researchers tell participants their study is about people's ability to work in groups, when it is really about attitudes toward members of racial or ethnic minorities.

Deception Deception is not always negative. Certain important research, like research about racial attitudes, would be difficult to carry out without deception.

Dr. Abbasi conducted a study that investigated the happiness of people when they listened to different kinds of music. He predicted that people would report being happier when they were listening to rock music than when they were listening to country music. Match each type of research practice to the correct example from Dr. Abbasi's study. Dr. Abbasi told participants that the goal of the study was to examine people's creative abilities in new settings.

Deception through commission Deception through commission is the purposeful misleading of participants. To avoid influencing participants, researchers sometimes mislead them about the hypothesis or goals of the study.

Dr. Abbasi did not tell participants there were two different music conditions.

Deception through omission Deception through omission involves leaving out certain details of the study, such as the different conditions.

Which of the following are ethical issues that apply to the Milgram obedience studies?

Ethical issue(s) the stress that participants experienced (The researchers put participants in a stressful situation in which participants had to continually deliver electric shocks to someone. Causing intense stress to participants is an ethical issue.) the lasting effects of the study on participants (Because participants were never told after the study that the learner was not actually receiving shocks, some participants worried for weeks after the study about the learner's well-being. Not debriefing participants fully after the study is an ethical issue.) Not ethical issue(s) the pain of the electric shocks participants experienced (Participants were not given electric shocks, but they were led to believe that they administered shocks to someone else.) the targeting of a disadvantaged group (The Milgram studies did not specifically target disadvantaged groups, like low-income participants who may have felt pressure to participate to receive compensation.)

Which of the following scenarios are examples of plagiarism?

Example(s) of Plagiarism Haruto uses a line from another paper but changes two words. (Just changing a few words or replacing words with synonyms is not enough to avoid committing plagiarism. Haruto should have used quotation marks with a full citation.) Dishanti uses an idea from a classmate to create her final project, but she does all the work herself. (Even informally, passing off other people's ideas as your own is still plagiarism.) Not Example(s) of Plagiarism Beatriz uses a quotation from a famous author with a citation and quotation marks. (Using quotations from others is okay, as long as it's clear where the quotations come from.) Elian writes an opinion paper about several studies published over the last few years, referencing each study as he mentions it. (Elian is using the ideas of others to generate his own opinions and is providing the proper references.) Plagiarism covers more aspects of writing and creating than most people think. It is essential to err on the side of caution and use quotation marks and a full citation, including a page number.

Researchers should never study disadvantaged populations due to the burdens those populations already face.

False Studying disadvantaged populations can lead to extremely beneficial outcomes for those populations. However, researchers should take special precautions to ensure that they are not taking advantage of the participants because of their vulnerable situation.

Research participants must always sign an informed consent form.

False There are several scenarios in which participants may not need to sign informed consent forms—for example, if the research is not likely to cause harm and takes place in an educational setting.

Several of the students in Dr. Silva's abnormal psychology course are also her clients.

Fidelity and responsibility This violates the principle of fidelity and responsibility because a clinical psychologist should not also serve as a professor for their clients.

Dr. Kim is researching a potential new treatment for childhood cancer. There is some risk that patients who undergo Dr. Kim's new therapy may be harmed by the procedure. However, based on preliminary lab testing, there is also a possibility that the patients might benefit substantially from his treatment. If you were on the __________ evaluating Dr. Kim's research proposal, you would be more likely to approve the proposal if you decided that the __________ outweigh(s) the __________ to both participants and society.

IRB (The IRB reviews and approves research for human participants.) Benefits (The IRB examines benefits to participants and to society.) Risks (The IRB reviews risks to participants to determine whether the risks exceed the benefits to participants and to society.) The IRB must balance the welfare of participants with the important contributions that the research could add to the field, which could ultimately benefit a broader population. In this case, the IRB must weigh the potential harm to the participants in Dr. Kim's study with the potential benefit of knowledge about new cancer treatments that could be discovered from the study.

Researchers are conducting a study to see taking a quiz by hand versus on the computer results in different scores. They tell participants that the study is about quizzes, but they do not explain the different conditions they're comparing.

Involving deception While the researchers do inform participants about the broad topic of their study, they are omitting other information on purpose, which is still a form of deception.

Researchers must recruit participants who are representative of the population that would benefit from the results of the study.

Justice The principle of justice states that there should be a balance between the people who participate in and the people who benefit from the study.

To study a sample of participants from only one ethnic group, researchers must first demonstrate that the problem being studied is especially prevalent in that ethnic group.

Justice The principle of justice states that there should be a balance between the people who participate in and the people who benefit from the study. If the researcher is studying a specific ethnic group, they need to ensure that this specific ethnic group would benefit from the results of the research.

Which of the following statements are possible consequences of fabricating or falsifying data?

Possible Consequence(s) The general population could be miseducated about important health practices. (A fraudulent study linking the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism has led to many parents refusing to vaccinate their children, which has increased measles outbreaks worldwide.) The careers and publication records of graduate students and other coauthors could be affected. (Data fabrication and falsification by one researcher can affect all of their collaborators, even if their collaborators were unaware of the research misconduct.) Other researchers could waste time and money conducting a study on the same theory, believing it to be supported by evidence. (A published study involving data fabrication and falsification might convince other researchers to use their limited resources to conduct a study on the same theory.) Not Possible Consequence(s) Participants in the research may experience discomfort or stress from having been deceived in the study. (Deception is not considered research misconduct, and discomfort resulting from deception is not a consequence of data fabrication or falsification.)

Which of the following groups are recognized in the Belmont Report as entitled to special protection according to the principle of respect for persons?

Protected Group(s) People with intellectual or developmental disabilities (People with intellectual or developmental disabilities are entitled to special protection because they may not fully understand the procedure and risks of the study. Without understanding the study, they cannot give informed consent.) Prisoners (Prisoners are entitled to special protection because they are particularly susceptible to coercion. To prisoners, participating in research may not seem optional, but rather mandatory.) Children (Children are entitled to special protection because they may not fully understand the procedure and risks of the study. Without understanding the study, they cannot give informed consent.) Not Protected Group(s) People with anxiety (People with anxiety in general are not considered a vulnerable group entitled to special protection. Although there could be exceptions, anxiety generally does not interfere with a person's autonomy to decide whether to participate in a study.) Military veterans (While some military veterans may not be able to give informed consent, military veterans as a whole are not considered a vulnerable group entitled to special protection.) College students (College students are the most commonly studied group in psychological research and are not considered a vulnerable group entitled to special protection.)

What statement explains how the participants in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study were not treated respectfully?

Researchers hid the true purpose of study, which prevented the men from making a fully informed decision about participating. The researchers did not treat participants respectfully because they did not give the men the information they needed to make a fully informed decision. Had they known the risks and dangers of participation, some participants may have decided not to take part in the study.

At her clinic, Dr. Silva often has folders lying open with clients' names and information visible to others.

Respect for people's rights and dignity Respect for people's rights and dignity involves informed consent, but it also involves the right to privacy and confidentiality.

Participants should be treated as autonomous agents.

Respect for persons Participants should be allowed to decide for themselves whether they'd like to participate. Informed consent helps people make an autonomous decision because it gives them all the information they need in order to decide.

Researchers should take care to study only participants who are able to understand the procedures, risks, and benefits of the study.

Respect for persons Some groups that cannot understand information about the study, such as children and individuals with intellectual or developmental disabilities, do not have the autonomy to give informed consent. The principle of respect for persons gives these groups special protection.

To avoid undue influence, researchers should carefully consider whether the compensation is appropriate for the participants they are recruiting.

Respect for persons The principle of respect for persons states that people should participate out of their own free will and not due to compensation that is difficult to refuse.

Dr. Hart implies that if his patient does not participate in his study on pharmaceutical drugs, she may be removed from the hospital to make room for someone who will. This is an example of __________. Dr. Hart also offers low-income families $250 to participate in a short survey about pharmaceutical drug use. This is an example of __________. Both of these instances are violations of the principle of __________. One way that researchers ensure that they follow this principle is by offering the precaution of __________ to participants.

coercion undue influence respect for persons informed consent When researchers obtain informed consent before the study, it gives participants information about the study's risks and benefits, including compensation. Participants are free to make up their own minds about participating after they have received this information.

Which practice is an example of self-plagiarism?

repeating your hypothesis sentence from the introduction in the Discussion Recycling words is always considered plagiarism, even if you're recycling your own.

Rayna comes across a study in which the researcher used __________ by not telling participants about the different conditions in the study. Considering the ethical costs and benefits of withholding information from participants involves the principle of __________. To address this potential ethical issue, the researcher should use __________ to restore an honest relationship with the participant after the study.

deception through omission beneficence debriefing The researcher is thinking about the potential risks and benefits of the study in order to protect the participants and ensure their well-being.

Rayna comes across a study in which the researcher used __________ by not telling participants about the different conditions in the study. Considering the ethical costs and benefits of withholding information from participants involves the principle of __________. To address this potential ethical issue, the researcher should use __________ to restore an honest relationship with the participant after the study.

deception through omission beneficence (The researcher is thinking about the potential risks and benefits of the study in order to protect the participants and ensure their well-being.) debriefing

Data fabrication and falsification go against Merton's scientific norm of __________, while open data upholds Merton's scientific norm of __________.

disinterestedness (The norm of disinterestedness states that scientists should not be personally invested in whether their hypotheses are supported by data. They should report the truth and accept what the data says, no matter what. Data fabrication and falsification are methods of altering the "truth" of a study's results, so they do not uphold disinterestedness.) communality (The norm of communality states that scientific knowledge belongs to the community, so it should be shared openly with other scientists and the public. Open data is published online for anyone to access, so it aligns with Merton's norm of communality.)

According to the principle of respect for persons, which of the following pieces of information should researchers provide to potential research participants as part of the informed consent process?

information about the risks and benefits of participating in the study Researchers should give potential participants information about the possible risks and benefits of the study so that they can decide on their own whether they wish to participate.

Activists draw upon the principle of __________ from the Belmont Report to argue against the use of __________ in experiments, since this principle requires that research participants must be drawn from the same __________ that will ultimately benefit from the research.

justice animals population Animal rights groups argue that animals should only be subject to research procedures that are also permitted with human participants, and that animals should not unduly bear the burden of research that benefits humans.

Professor Kwan designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. She recruits low-income Latinx children and offers participants a chance to win a family trip to a major theme park. The study is explained to the families: the children agree to participate, and the parents of the children give permission for the children to participate. Each child is assigned to play either a violent or a nonviolent video game for two hours each evening for a month. Professor Kwan then asks the children's teachers to assess changes in behavior. Match each element of Professor Kwan's study to the Belmont Report principle it violates.

possible harm to participants beneficence (The principle of beneficence requires that the researcher consider the risks and benefits before beginning a study. Based on previous research findings, playing violent video games daily could pose a risk to the children by increasing their behavioral problems or making them more aggressive. Professor Kwan needs to weigh whether her study will benefit society more than it poses a risk to the children.) the sample of participants justice (Using only low-income Latinx children means this particular group bears an undue burden of risk. All children stand to benefit from the results, not just this group.) the incentive for participation respect for persons (The incentive in this study (a family trip to a theme park) is so attractive that it is coercive, especially because the participants are from a low-income background. Participants may join the study only because of the incentive when they might not otherwise want to do so.)