Ch 4 - research methods
The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment provides an example of:
construct validity problems.
Which of the following would serve as a "photographic look" of a phenomenon at one point in time?
cross-sectional study
Automobile deaths in 2015 were lower in Newark than in Miami, Denver, and Chicago. The unit of analysis used to attain this research outcome is an example of what?
group
A study that seeks to understand the differences between gangs uses what unit of analysis?
groups
When we are concerned with whether we are correct in inferring that a cause produced an effect, we are concerned with the:
validity
________ is concerned with whether or not the connection between a cause and an effect is correct.
validity
Which of the following would be an example of a prospective approach to longitudinal studies?
Asking how many victims of childhood abuse later abuse their own children
Which of the following is an example of a social artifact?
Citizen attitudes about the death penalty
Which of the following would not be an example of organizations as units of analysis?
Correctional inmates
Which of the following is not a type of longitudinal study?
Cross-sectional study
Which of the following terms is defined as to the danger of making assertions about individuals as the unit of analysis based on the examination of groups or other aggregations?
Ecological fallacy
Which of the following terms denotes when researchers wish to explore the more specific consideration of a causal mechanism in a specific situation?
Ideographic model of explanation
A systematic error would be found in what type of validity problem?
Internal validity
If one particular unit of measurement appears more relevant than another, _______ is a possible concern with regards to units of analysis.
Reductionism
Nonsystematic bias would be found in what type of validity problem?
Statistical conclusion validity
Our ability to determine whether a change in the cause is statistically associated with a change in the effect is referring to what type of validity?
Statistical conclusion validity
Which of the following would allow a researcher to measure a change in a general population over time?
Trend study
Which of the following is not a potential problem in using the technique of a retrospective study?
When subjects are selected for the study
What is a common threat to statistical conclusion validity?
a. The manner in which a sample is selected b. Whether the sample is randomly selected c. The size of the sample d. ALL OF THE ABOVE
Causation _________.
a. suggests a cause-and-effect relationship. b. is inherently probabilistic in the social sciences. c. is the focus of explanatory research. d. ALL OF THE ABOVE
Which of the following does not represent a criterion for causality?
it is not necessary for two variables to be correlated with each other
It is necessary to be charged before one can be convicted. This statement is representative of:
necessary cause.
A ______ cause is a condition that must be present for an effect to follow, whereas a _____ cause is a condition that most likely guarantees the effect in question.
necessary/sufficient
Another way to say that two things are causally related is to say that:
one thing causes another.
What type of study attempts to account for errors in drawing a sample by measuring the same people on two or more occasions?
penal study
