Ch. 4: The Age of Exploration
How did Nazis occupy conquered lands?
Heinrich Himmler, leader of the SS, was in charge of German resettlement plans in the east. He moved Slavic people out and brought hundreds of ethnic Germans to colonize provinces in Poland. The invasion of the USSR made the Nazis even more excited for German colonization. Hitler planned a colossal project of social engineering after the war and would remove Poles, Ukrainians, and Russians into slave labor. Then, German peasants would settle and "Germanize" them. By the summer of 1944, more than 7 million European workers labored in Germany. Another 7 million workers were forced to labor for the Nazis in their own countries on farms, in industries, and military camps. This caused many problems for Germany. Sending do many workers into Germany disrupted industrial production in the occupied countries, and the brutality led people to resent Nazi regime.
Christopher Columbus
An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503.
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
An agreement between Portugal and Spain which declared that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.
The Death Camps
Beginning in 1942, Jews were rounded up and packed like cattle into freight trains, and shipped to Poland. Six extermination centers were built in Poland for this purpose and the largest was Auschwitz. About 30% of new arrivals at Auschwitz were sent into labor camps where many starved or worked to death. The remainder went into gas chambers. Some were subjected to cruel and painful medical experiments. Even as the Allies were winning, Jews were shipped from France, Belgium, Holland, Greece, and Hungary. The Final Solution often had priory in using railroad cars.
Hoe did European exploration change by the 17th century?
By the 17th century, European exploration became less focused on discovering new trade routes and lands and more focused on consolidating existing trade routes, establishing control of territory, and participation in the slave trade.
Where did the French settle?
Canada and Louisiana
Pedro Cabral
Claimed Brazil for Portugal
What is the function of colonies in increasing wealth of European nations?
Colonies served to increase the wealth of European nations by providing their industries with raw materials, supplying pure silver and gold, and by serving as markets where mother-country manufactures could be sold.
What drove the Colombian exchange?
Colonization and trade
Which economic theory was put into practice during the age of exploration?
During the European Age of Exploration, the nations of Europe adopted a new economic policy called mercantilism, or the countries power depending mainly on its wealth.
Which other European countries explored and settled in the Americas?
England, France, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain explored and settled the Americas.
How did epidemics among the Native American populations. contribute to an increase in the trade of enslaved Africans?
Epidemics among the Native population led the Europeans in higher demand for laborers. African slaves were stronger and developed a second generation immunity towards European diseases.
How did the Colombian change affect the Americas and Europe?
Europe's populations increased due to increased food production, like potatoes, and it became a center of wealth. The Americas suffered diseased, enslavement, and nw colonies to harvest the wealth and raw materials.
What was the fist step to the development of the world economy?
European colonial expansion around the world produced a great increase in European trade.
What were the motivations behind European exploration of distant lands?
European explorers traveled east and west driven by a variety of motives, including desire for wealth, political ambition, religious zeal, the call of adventure, more accurate wind patterns and maps, and new inventions. These connections between Europe and the rest of the world were crucial to forming the modern world.
What were Europeans trying to achieve in North America in the 16th and 17th centuries? Who were some of the explorers, and where did they travel?
Europeans were trying to colonize the area, enslave native people to help with the trade industries and profits, claim more land for commercial industry, and establish control over the areas. Hernán Cortés traveled to Mexico and conquered the Aztecs. Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas for Spain, John Cabot explored the New England coastline, and Francisco Pizarro land on the Pacific coast of South America to conquer the Inca.
Final Solution
Final solution of the Jewish question-murder of every single Jew-had begun-mass arresting, and trafficking of Jews to the concentration camps-mass killings occurred as well in the gas chambers (Genocide of the Jews).
Comparing and Contrasting- As you read, use a Venn diagram like the one below to compare and contrast the New Order of Germany with the New Order of Japan
Germany: annexed occupied lands, resettlement by ethnic Germans, genocide of the Jewish people. Japan: Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, retained power in colonies. Both: used slave labor from occupied lands.
Reinhard Heydrich
Gestapo deputy chief who set out to gain the final solution to the Jewish Question.
What natural resources did Spain find in Latin America. What did the Spanish government use these resources for?
Gold and silver, which were used to finance Spain's wars and which stimulated further colonization.
How did mercantilism impact the economies of Europe?
Governments stimulated growth of industries and trade and granted subsides, payments made to support enterprises a government thinks are beneficial, to new industries. Governments also improved transportation systems by building roads, bridges, and canals. They placed tariffs, or taxes, on foreign goods to keep the balance of goods favorable. European colonies were considered to be important as sources of raw materials and were viewed as markets for exports of manufactured goods.
Hitler's views on racism?
He saw racial struggle as a clearly defined conflict of opposites: Aryans on one side (viewed as the creators of human cultural development), and Jews on the other (blamed for Germany's defeat and the Depression). Hitler and the SS shared the same ideas.
How did resettlement contribute to the goals of Hitler's New Order?
Hitler moved out the Slavic peoples, whom the Nazis considered to be inferior, and replaced them with ethnic Germans to create his Aryan Empire.
How did the European exploration change the world?
In areas such as the Americas and the Spice Islands, it led to the destruction of local cultures and the establishment of European colonies. In others, such as Africa and mainland Southeast Asia, it left native regimes intact but had a strong impact on local societies and regional trade patterns. European expansion affected Africa with a dramatic increase in the slave trade, which became a. key part of European trade.
How did the mestizos social status evolve in Latin America?
In the beginning, the peninsulares and creoles considered all the multiethnic groups to be social inferior. However, over time, mestizos grew in status due to increasing numbers. Some became artisans and merchant sin cities, others became small-scale farmers of ranchers.
What events first sparked Europeans' interest in Asia and the Middle East, starting in the 13th centuryChristopher ?
Interest was sparked by a book by Marco Polo called The Travels (books about his journey to Asia) and by trade such as the spice and silk trade
How did Spain rule its empire in the Americas?
It appointed viceroys and like the Portuguese, was determined to christianize the area.
What were the effects of the Atlantic slave trade in Africa?
It depopulated some areas and deprived many African communities of their youngest and strongest, increased warfare in Africa, coastal or near costal African chiefs, armed with guns acquired from trade, increased raids and wars, and took away traditional cultures.
Marco Polo
Italian explorer who wrote an account of his experiences entitled The Travels
As part of its New Order, how did Japan treat the people it conquered?
Japan exploited the peoples it conquered. It created military governments, used the resources of the conquered in its war machine, and forced the conquered peoples to serve them.
What freedoms did becoming a nun afford Juana Inés de la Cruz?
Juana did not have top be forced into a marriage, she could work outside of her convent by running schools and hospitals, and receive an education to share her opinions.
Before Europeans arrived in the 15th century, what were most enslaved poeple? What happened as demand grew?
Most enslaved people were originally POWs. Local slave traders first obtained slaves from nearby coastal regions. As demand grew, they had to move farther inland and local rulers became concerned about the impact of the slave trade not heir societies.
How did Germany establish a new order in Europe?
Nazi Germany directly annexed some areas, such as western Poland, and made them German provinces. Most of occupied Europe was run by German military or civilian officials. Nazi administration in the east was especially ruthless. Seen as "living spaces" for German expansion, they were populated by, in Nazi thoughts, racially inferior people.
What were the social characteristics of colonial Latin America?
Peninsulares at the top, then creoles, and mestizos, mulattoes, enslaved people, and Africans and natives at the bottom; the Church was a strong influence.
What were the differences among peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, and mulattoes in Latin America? What was the main purpose of these distinctions?
Peninsulares were Spainards born in spain. Creols were full spainsh but born in Latin America. Mestizos were the children of a Spanish parent and a Native American parent. And mulattoes were the children of a Spainard and African American. These distinctions defined power within the coal pyramid.
How did Francisco Pizarro defeat the Inca Empire?
Pizarro and his men brought small pox to the Inca and when the emperor died because of the illness, both of his sons wanted to claim the throne. Taking advantage of the civil war, Pizaro captured the new emperor and bombarded the Inca with new technology weapons.
What plants, animals, people, and diseases were exchanged on the Columbian Exchange?
Plants - Europe: wheat, citrus fruit America: potatoes, cocoa, corn, tomatoes, tabacco Africa: sugarcane Animals - Europe: honeybees, horses, cattle People - America: Native Americans Africa: enslaved Africans Diseases - Europe: smallpox, measles, typhus
What are the political and economic features of colonial Latin America?
Political Features: Peninsulares held all the important positions politically.The Americas had their systems of political governance but the Europeans had monarchies. Economic Features:They had the Encomienda system of labour. Extraction of minerals and trade were dominant economic activities.Farming was the greatest source of prosperity.
What did the Portuguese do with their exploring fleet?
Portuguese fleets discovered a new source of gold of West Africa known as Gold Coast. Portuguese ships sook control of the spice trade form the Muslims and Admiral Afonso de Albuquerque established a port in Goa, India and then took over Melaka, thus destroying Arab control over spices.
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.
Society of Friends (Quakers)
Religious group in England and America whose members believed all persons possessed the "inner light" or spirit of God; they were early proponents of abolition of slavery and equal rights for women.
The Einsatzgruppen
Rounded up Jews and put them in ghettos; families were crowded, unsanitary, starved. In 1941, they were given the new job of acting as mobile killing units. The SS death squads followed the army's regular advance into the USSR and rounded up Jews, executed them, and buried them in mass graves.
What are the major European explorers and the regions each nation explored?
Some major explorers and conquistadors included the following:Francisco Pizarro, most well known for his conquest of the Incan Empire around modern-day Peru.Hernan Cortes, who defeated the Aztecs in Mexico. John Cabot, who explored the New England coastline on the behalf of the English. Samuel de Champlain, who explored parts of modern day Canada and founded French settlements.
What were the results of Spanish and Portuguese conquests in America?
Some major results included the death of millions of American peoples due to European diseases, the collapse of several empires such as the Aztec, the establishment of Spanish colonies, and a massive influx of New World wealth into Spain.
Which other European countries explored and settled in the Americas?
Spain, the Netherlands, Portugal, France, and Great Britain
How were the conquests of the Inca and Aztec similar and different?
The Aztecand Inca were both conquered by Spain. However, the Aztec were mostly taken out by disease; whereas, the Inca were taken out by a large army.
What role did the Catholic Church play in the colonization of Latin America?
The Catholic Church sent missionaries to Latin America. These missionaries brought the native population together to convert, teach them trades and labor. The natives became the docile subjects of the empire and did a lot of work for them (craftsmanship, farming, etc.) The missionaries set up cathedrals, hospitals, and schools that taught Catholicism along with other subjects. Most of the native population was converted.
What did the Dutch do in the Americas?
The Dutch formed the West India Company for trade and established settlements on the North American contestant named New Netherland. The commercial empire soon fell and the English and French took power.
How was the Dutch form of mercantilism different from that of Portugal or Spain?
The Dutch primarily focused on the Spice trade in Asia then other goods about the world.
Why was the caravel an important development to European explorers?
The caravel was an important development for European explorers because it made long naval journeys quicker, increased the amount of cargo they could carry, allowed them to sail against the wind, and was cheaper than other kinds of ships.
What was the Columbian Exchange?
The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas from Europe.
What did the sources of wealth in Latin America do for the Portuguese and Spanish?
The resource extraction, such as mining gold and silver, were exported from Latin American colonies to Spain and Portugal which financed Spain's wars and further coloration. Farming became a more enduing source of prosperity from immense estates. And, eventually, the encomienda was labor system was formed with harsh results on native and Africans. Trade then became another avenue for profit and Spain and Portugal regulated trade of their colonies to keep other countries out.
Who worked on plantations, what was harvested, and how did the triangular trade function?
The surviving population of Native Americans and eventually enslaved Africans worked on the coast of Brazil and Caribbean island to grow sugarcane. The triangular trade functioned as followed: European merchant ships carried manufactured goods to Africa where they traded for enslaved people. The enslaved were sent to the Americas and sold. European merchants then brought tobacco, molasses, sugar, and raw cotton in the Americas and shipped them to Europe.
What did the imports and exports of new foods do to the world?
There was a rapid increase in population growth because potato plants produced more food per acre than previous foods. Elsewhere, new food crops from the Americas not only supported population growth, but also changed tastes and created new markets.
How did the Portuguese govern Brazil?
They created a position of governor-general (viceroy). This was a representative of the monarch and at best had only loose control.
How did Portugal and Spain govern tiger colonies to promote economic gain and exert their auhtority?
They effectively enslaved the native populations so as to extract labor from them, though the system of encomienda and Mita, with all the benefits of this labor going to the Spanish and Portuguese.
What did the British do in India?
They established as presence and trading posts and English ships carried Indian made cotton goods to the East Indies. However, their success attracted rivals like French which led the Seven Years War.
What aspects of the Columbian Exchange proved deadly?
With no immunity to European diseases, the native people of Mexico and Central and South America, such as the Aztec and Inca, were ravaged by smallpox, measles, and typhus.
mita
a labor system that the Spanish administrators in Peru used to draft native people to work
conquistador
a leader in the Spanish conquest of the Americas
peninsulare
a person born on the Iberian Peninsula; typically, a Spanish or Portuguese official who resided temporarily in Latin America for political and economic gain and then returned to Europe
creole
a person of European descent born in Latin America and living there permanently
mulatto
a person of mixed African and European descent
mercantilism
a set of principles that dominated economic thought in the seventeenth century; it held that the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold and silver
colony
a settlement of people living in a new territory, linked with the parent country by trade and direct government control
caravel
a small, fast, maneuverable ship that had a large cargo hold and usually three masts with lateen sails
encomienda
a system of labor the Spanish used in the Americas; Spanish landowners had the right, as granted by Queen Isabella, to use Native Americans as laborers
Major goal of European exploration was to...
gain wealth (this lead to the Colombian Exchange with a trade network0
What were the two key factors in determining status in colonial Latin America?
race and where you were born
Middle Passage
the forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas
Seven Years War
worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land around the coast of India
What were the motives for European exploration?
"Gold, Glory, God"
Explain how some collaborators helped make the genocide possible.
-Collaborators - people who helped Nazi conquerors -Some helped Nazis hunt/expose hidden Jews, contributed to genocide
What characterized the New Order in Asia?
- Japan needed raw materials - Created Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere - Provide mutual benefits to occupied areas and Japan - Japan conquered Southeast Asia under the slogan "Asia for Asiatics" - Japanese military was in control - Used economic resources for war machine - Recruited native peoples to join labor forces - Had no respect for local customs
plantations
A large agricultural estate
Amerigo Vespucci
A mapmaker and explorer who said that America was a new continent, so America was named after him.
mestizo
A person of mixed Spanish and Native American descent
The Death Toll
They killed approximately 6 million Jews, more than 3 million of them in death camps. Even in concentration camps that were not designed for mass murder, large numbers worked to death of were subjected to medical experiments. Virtually 90% of the Jewish populations of Poland, the Baltic countries, and Germany were killed. Every 2 out of 3 European Jews were killed. The Nazis were also responsible for deliberate death by shooting, starvation, or overwork of another 9-10 million non-Jewish people. About 40% of the Roma were killed (Gypsies). The leading citizens of the Slavic people were killed. Probably an additional 4 million Poles, Ukrainians, and Belorussians lost their lives as slave laborers. This mass slaughter of European Jews ids known as Shoah - a Hebrew work meaning "total destruction". Some tried to save the Jews, like the country of Denmark saving almost the entire Jewish population. Some people didn't believe the accounts of the camps, or pretended to not notice what was happening. Even worse, collaborators helped the Nazis hunt down Jews. Though the Allies were aware of these camps, they focused on winning the war.
How were Spain and Portugal able to take the lead in discovering new lands?
Through the competition between one and the other, there was a sort of race to discover new lands in the Americas because they did not want the other gaining territory.
How did Hernan Cortes conquer the Aztec empire?
To conquer the Aztec empire, Hernan Cortes formed alliances with conquered people who hated the Aztecs. He had an advantage with horses, firearms, and steel swords. Hernan took Montezuma hostage and pillaged the city until the local population revolted. But, many Aztecs fell sick and died and were forced to surrender.
John Cabot
Venetian seaman who explored the New England coastline of the Americas for England
