Ch. 4 Vocab

We build stereotypes through a four-step process:

Categorization, inferences, expectations, and maintenance.

behavior can be attributed either to

Internal factors within a person (such as ability), or to external factors within the environment (such as a difficult task).

Transgender

applies to anyone whose gender identity or gender expression is different from sex at birth.

Casual Attributions

are suspected or inferred causes of behavior.

Demographics

are the statistical measurements of populations and their qualities (such as age, race, gender, or income) over time.

Surface-level characteristics

are those that are quickly apparent to interactants, such as race, gender, and age.

Deep-level characteristics

are those that take time to emerge in interactions, such as attitudes, opinions, and values.

Distinctiveness

compares a person's behavior on one task with his or her behavior on other tasks. High distinctiveness means the individual has performed the task in a significantly different manner than he or she has performed other tasks.

Consensus

compares an individual's behavior with that of his or her peers. There is high consensus when someone acts like the rest of the group and low consensus when he or she acts differently.

Kelley hypothesized that people make causal attributions by observing three dimensions of behavior:

consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency.

Managing diversity

enables people to perform to their maximum potential.

Glass ceiling

identifies an invisible but absolute barrier that prevents women from advancing to higher-level positions.

Perception

is a cognitive process that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings.

Diversity Climate

is a subcomponent of an organization's overall climate and is defined as the employees' aggregate "perceptions about the organization's diversity-related formal structure characteristics and informal values.

LGBTQ

is a widely recognized acronym to represent lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning or queer.

Stereotype

is an individual's set of beliefs about the characteristics or attributes of a group.

Affirmative action

is an intervention aimed at giving management a chance to correct an imbalance, injustice, mistake, or outright discrimination that occurred in the past.

Consistency

judges whether the individual's performance on a given task is consistent over time. Low consistency is undesirable for obvious reasons and implies that a person is unable to perform a certain task at some standard level. High consistency implies that a person performs a certain task the same way, with little or no variation over time.

Discrimination

occurs when employment decisions about an individual are based on reasons not associated with performance or related to the job.

On-ramping

programs encourage people to reenter the workforce after a temporary career break.

Americans with Disabilities Act

prohibits discrimination against those with disabilities and requires organizations to reasonably accommodate an individual's disabilities.

Fundamental Attribution Bias

reflects our tendency to attribute another person's behavior to his or her personal characteristics, rather than to situation factors.

Psychological safety

reflects the extent to which people feel free to express their ideas and beliefs without fear of negative consequences.

Implicit Cognition

represents any thoughts or beliefs that are automatically activated from memory without our conscious awareness.

Self-Serving Bias

represents our tendency to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure.

Diversity

represents the multitude of individual differences and similarities that exist among people.

Perception is influenced by three key components

the characteristics of the perceiver, of the target - the person or group being observed—and of the situation.