Ch. 40 Homework Questions

What would be an advantage for an animal that conforms to a changing environmental condition, such as temperature? A. The animal would spend less energy regulating its internal temperature. B. The animal's internal temperature would change opposite to the change in the external temperature. C. The animal would spend more time looking for food. D. The animal's internal temperature would remain constant, even though the external temperature had changed.

A. The animal would spend less energy regulating its internal temperature.

Which of the following is a correct statement about an organism and its environment? A. The interstitial fluid is the exchange medium between body cells and the circulatory system in vertebrate animals. B. Animals isolated from their environments live longer than those exchanging matter with the environment. C. An animal is a closed system that is separate and distinct from its environment. D. The gastrovascular cavity provides the nutrient exchange surface in mammals. E. None of the choices is correct.

A. The interstitial fluid is the exchange medium between body cells and the circulatory system in vertebrate animals.

Elephants can often be observed cooling off by spraying water over their bodies with their trunks. What type of heat exchange is occurring? A. evaporation B. radiation C. convection D. conduction

A. evaporation

The panting responses observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipate excess heat by ________. A. evaporation B. acclimation C. countercurrent exchange D. vasoconstriction

A. evaporation

Choose the list that correctly ranks metabolic rates per gram of body mass, from lowest to highest. See Concept 40.4 (Page 889) A. fish, dog, mouse B. human, rabbit, snake C. hummingbird, dog, mouse D. gazelle, lion, elephant E. human, cat, mouse, salamander

A. fish, dog, mouse

The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the _____. A. hypothalamus B. subcutaneous layer of the skin C. thyroid gland D. liver

A. hypothalamus

Cardiac muscle cells are both _____. A. striated and interconnected by intercalated disks B. smooth and under voluntary control C. smooth and under involuntary control D. striated and under voluntary control

A. striated and interconnected by intercalated disks

The migratory eel, Anguilla rostrata, is born and lives the juvenile (immature) part of its life in a freshwater environment, but then migrates thousands of miles through the ocean as an adult in order to breed. These eels are known to regulate their internal water and salt balance. What adaptations would you expect this eel to have in order to transition from fresh water to salt water at these two life stages? A. The juvenile eels would be better at removing salt from their bodies compared to adults. B. The adult eels would be better at removing salt from their bodies compared to juveniles. C. The adult eels would spend energy keeping salt in their bodies. D. The juvenile eels would spend energy keeping water in their bodies.

B. The adult eels would be better at removing salt from their bodies compared to juveniles.

Interstitial fluid is ________. A. found only in the lumen of the small intestine B. a site of exchange between blood and body cells C. the internal environment inside animal cells D. identical to blood in composition.

B. a site of exchange between blood and body cells

Most land-dwelling invertebrates and all of the amphibians ________. A. alter their metabolic rates to maintain a constant body temperature of 37°C B. are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures C. become more active when environmental temperatures drop below 15°C D. are endotherms but become thermo-conformers when they are in water

B. are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures

Bats and hummingbirds are examples of _____. A. endotherms that are also ectotherms B. endotherms that are also poikilotherms C. ectotherms that are also poikilotherms D. ectotherms that are also homeotherms E. endotherms that are also homeotherms

B. endotherms that are also poikilotherms

All animals, whether large or small, have _____. A. a body surface covered with hair to keep them warm B. most of their cells in contact with an aqueous medium C. a basic body plan that resembles a two-layered sac D. an external body surface that is dry

B. most of their cells in contact with an aqueous medium

An example of a properly functioning homeostatic control system is seen when ________. A. a blood cell shrinks when placed in a solution of salt and water B. the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise C. the blood pressure increases in response to an increase in blood volume D. the core body temperature of a runner rises gradually from 37°C to 45°C

B. the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise

Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because _____. A. this is the only shape that will allow them to maintain a constant body temperature in water B. the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution, which reduces drag while swimming C. all share a recent common ancestor D. all of their bodies have been compressed since birth by intensive underwater pressures

B. the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution, which reduces drag while swimming

The use of brown fat to generate metabolic heat is mostly limited to small mammals. What is the basis of this adaptation? A. Large mammals have lost their brown fat through the course of their evolution. B. Small mammals do not have enough muscle to generate heat by shivering. C. Because of their large surface area to volume ratio, heat loss across the body surface is higher in small animals. D. Small mammals cannot grow enough fur to insulate their bodies.

C. Because of their large surface area to volume ratio, heat loss across the body surface is higher in small animals.

Which organ system is responsible for protection against injury, infection, and dehydration? A. Excretory system B. Skeletal system C. Integumentary system D. Reproductive system

C. Integumentary system

In a physiological system operating with positive feedback, _____. A. the range of acceptable values for a given parameter will be narrower than if the system were regulated by negative feedback B. a stimulus will initiate a response that returns the system to near its initial parameters C. a change in a variable will amplify rather than reverse the change D. only an effector and control center are necessary to complete the control system E. a stimulus will prevent a small change from becoming too large

C. a change in a variable will amplify rather than reverse the change

Bone consists of ________. A. hardened fibrous connective tissue. B. many columnar epithelial cells packed together. C. a mixture of hardened collagen and minerals. D. chondroitin sulfate secreted by chondrocytes.

C. a mixture of hardened collagen and minerals.

In many animals, fat is stored in specialized cells in the ________. A. muscle B. bone C. adipose tissue D. blood

C. adipose tissue

Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The _____ would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the _____ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass. A. mouse; snake B. elephant; human C. elephant; mouse D. human; penguin

C. elephant; mouse

Much of the coordination of vertebrate body functions via chemical signals is accomplished by the _____. A. excretory system B. respiratory system C. endocrine system D. integumentary system

C. endocrine system

Negative feedback is a method of homeostatic control that _____. A. increases the speed and rapidity of negative responses to environmental stimuli B. promotes decreases in metabolic rate rather than increases C. ensures that conditions in an organism do not vary too much above or below their set points D. operates independently of most signaling mechanisms E. produces a response by lowering the set point of an organism's metabolism

C. ensures that conditions in an organism do not vary too much above or below their set points

There are advantages and disadvantages to adaptations. Animals that are endothermic are likely to be at the greatest disadvantage in _____. A. very hot environments B. environments with a constant food source C. environments with variable and limited food sources D. very cold environments

C. environments with variable and limited food sources

All types of muscle tissue have _____. A. a response that can be consciously controlled B. cells that lengthen when appropriately stimulated C. interactions between actin and myosin D. striated banding patterns seen under the microscope

C. interactions between actin and myosin

Snake behavior in Wisconsin changes throughout the year. For example, a snake is _____. A. less active in winter because the food supply is decreased B. less active in winter because it does not need to avoid predators C. more active in summer because it can gain body heat by conduction D. more active in summer because that is the period for mating

C. more active in summer because it can gain body heat by conduction

To prepare flight muscles for use on a cool morning, hawkmoths _____. A. reduce the metabolic rate of the muscles to rest them before flight B. decrease their standard metabolic rate C. rapidly contract and relax these muscles to generate metabolic warmth D. relax the muscles completely until after they launch themselves into the air

C. rapidly contract and relax these muscles to generate metabolic warmth

The metabolic rate of an animal is most accurately determined by ________. A. the amount of carbon dioxide produced by an animal in a given time. B. the amount of food consumed during a meal C. the amount of energy used by an animal in a given time D. the amount of work done by an animal

C. the amount of energy used by an animal in a given time

Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment? A. feathers or fur B. blubber or fat layer C. wind blowing across the body D. surface E. vasoconstriction

C. wind blowing across the body

Which of the following animals most likely uses the largest percentage of its energy budget for homeostatic regulation? A. a shark swimming in the open ocean B. a marine jelly (an invertebrate) living deep in the ocean C. a snake in a tropical forest D. a bird living year round in a desert

D. a bird living year round in a desert

Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) are _____. A. both measured across a wide range of temperatures for a given species B. used to compare metabolic rates during feeding and other active conditions C. used differently: SMR is measured during exercise, whereas BMR is measured at rest D. both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state

D. both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state

Blood is best classified as connective tissue because _____. A. it contains more than one type of cell B. it is found within all the organs of the body C. its cells can move from place to place D. its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix

D. its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix

Homeostasis is the _____. A. exchange of materials with the surrounding environment B. cooperation of body parts to form tissues, organs, and systems C. correlation of structure and function D. maintenance of a relatively constant and optimal internal environment E. idea that all vertebrates are built in a similar way

D. maintenance of a relatively constant and optimal internal environment

As animals have evolved large body size, they have also evolved adaptations to improve exchange of energy and materials with the environment. For example, in many larger organisms, evolution has favored lungs and a digestive tract with ________. A. increased thickness B. larger cells C. decreased blood supply D. more branching or folds

D. more branching or folds

When the body's blood glucose level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin and, as a result, the blood glucose level declines. When the blood glucose level is low, the pancreas secretes glucagon and, as a result, the blood glucose level rises. Such regulation of the blood glucose level is the result of _____. A. catalytic feedback B. protein-protein interactions C. positive feedback D. negative feedback

D. negative feedback

The four major categories of tissues are _____. A. blood, nervous, connective, and muscle B. simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, and stratified squamous C. muscle, epithelial, bone, and cartilage D. nervous, epithelial, connective, and muscle E. bone, muscle, blood, and adipose

D. nervous, epithelial, connective, and muscle

The metamorphosis of a tadpole to an adult frog involves a thorough reconstruction of the animal's body. All of the structural and physiological changes must be complete or the frog will not survive this transformation. Which type of regulation would ensure that the animal completed its transformation? A. enzymatic catalysis B. negative feedback C. feedback inhibition D. positive feedback

D. positive feedback

A countercurrent heat exchanger enables an animal to _____. A. absorb heat from the environment B. increase heat loss by evaporation C. produce more heat when needed D. reduce the loss of body heat to the environment E. slow metabolism when food is not available

D. reduce the loss of body heat to the environment

Connective tissues typically have _____. A. the ability to shorten upon stimulation B. the ability to transmit electrochemical impulses C. little space between the membranes of adjacent cells D. relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix

D. relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix

Which of the following primarily involves heat transfer by convection? A. The water in the lake is so cold that your legs become numb. B. After sunset, you can feel heat from the warm pavement. C. As you lie on the sand, you can feel the sun's warm rays on your skin. D. You sweat profusely as you mow the lawn on a hot summer day. E. You roll down the car window to allow the cool breeze to blow through.

E. You roll down the car window to allow the cool breeze to blow through.

Metabolic rate is _____. A. directly proportional to body size B. determined when the organism is vigorously exercising after consuming a fatty meal C. typically higher in an ectothermic animal than in an endothermic one D. the amount of heat gained by an animal in a unit of time E. the total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time

E. the total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time