Ch. 5

What are the most important theories of motor development? - Visual cliff theory - Ecological theory of perception - Attachment theory - Dynamic systems theory

- Ecological theory of perception - Dynamic systems theory

Which ethnic groups have the highest rate of obesity among children ages birth to two years old? - Latinos - American Indian or Alaska Natives - Blacks - Whites

- Latinos - American Indian or Alaska Natives

Breast-fed babies are less likely to develop which maladies? - childhood leukemia - anxiety - obesity - asthma

- childhood leukemia - obesity - asthma

What are outcomes of shaken baby syndrome? - death - jaundice - brain damage - paralysis

- death - brain damage - paralysis

What are the leading causes of infant death in the United States? - genetic abnormalities - malnutrition - birth defects - inadequate medical care

- genetic abnormalities - birth defects

What does the Denver Developmental Screening Test measure? - cognitive development - language development - gross motor skills - personality development - fine motor skills

- language development - gross motor skills - personality development - fine motor skills

What are examples of neglect? - ridiculing a child - beating or kicking a child - leaving an infant home alone - not feeding a child routinely

- leaving an infant home alone - not feeding a child routinely

What are benefits of breast-feeding for the baby? - less likely to catch infectious diseases - lower risk of osteoporosis - lower risk of anemia - lower risk of SIDS

- less likely to catch infectious diseases - lower risk of SIDS

What are causes of malnutrition in infants and toddlers? - accessible health care - low-quality foods - poverty - unsanitary conditions

- low-quality foods - poverty - unsanitary conditions

What are the functions of the cerebellum? - maintaining sleep-wake cycle - maintaining balance - maintaining motor coordination - maintaining body temperature

- maintaining balance - maintaining motor coordination

What diseases do vaccines protect against? - the common cold - mumps - measles - rubella

- mumps - measles - rubella

Breast-feeding mothers are less likely to develop which diseases? - osteoporosis - pre-menopausal breast cancer - ovarian cancer - lung cancer

- osteoporosis - pre-menopausal breast cancer - ovarian cancer

What are characteristics of babies who eat well during the first year of life? - smarter - weaker - healthier - stronger

- smarter - healthier - stronger

What are the long-term risks for infants and toddlers that are malnourished? - early sexual activity - stunted growth - early puberty - poor health

- stunted growth - poor health

What promotes normal growth and brain development in infants? - vitamins - minerals - calories - high protein sources - high fat sources

- vitamins - minerals - calories - high protein sources

How long does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that an infant be breast-fed exclusively (although formula if also acceptable)?

6 months

In about _____% of maltreatment cases, the perpetrator is the child's parent.

77.7

Differentiation

A process in which each neuron takes on a specific, specialized structure and function

Integration

A process in which the neurons that control various groups of muscles coordinate their activities

What proportion of U.S. infant deaths take place in the first week after birth? A. 1/2 B. 1/4 C. 3/4 D. 2/3

A. 1/2

Baby Natalie has just mastered climbing up three stairs into her kitchen from the living room using her hands and legs. Based on what we know about gross motor development, which of these is Natalie's probable age? A. 15 months B. 9 months C. 30 months D. 6 months

A. 15 months

Who among the following is most likely to keep his or her head erect while being held or supported in a sitting position? A. Leo, who is 4 months old B. Kate, who is 3 months old C. Julie, who is 5 weeks old D. Rey, who is 9 weeks old

A. Leo, who is 4 months old

Which ethnic group has the lowest infant mortality rate in the United States? A. Non-Hispanic Whites B. African Americans C. Hispanic Whites D. Native Americans and Alaska Natives

A. Non-Hispanic Whites

According to the dynamic systems theory, which of the following statements is TRUE? A. an infant and the environment form an interconnected system B. the maturing brain is solely responsible for motor development C. motor skills emerge according to a predetermined timetable D. the order in which skills develop is different for different babies

A. an infant and the environment form an interconnected system

When can an average baby stand with assistance? A. around 7 months B. around 11 months C. around 16 months D. around 4 months

A. around 7 months

What part of the brain is almost completely formed at birth and regulates breathing and heart rate, among other functions? A. brain stem B. cerebellum C. spinal cord D. cerebrum

A. brain stem

What is the enormous "switchboard" that allows the left and right hemispheres of the brain to share information? A. corpus callosum B. medulla C. cerebellum D. frontal lobe

A. corpus callosum

Visual abilities in infants A. expand rapidly after birth B. do not improve until about six months of age C. are quite sensitive at birth D. decline in the first two months, then expand rapidly

A. expand rapidly after birth

What is NOT a risk factor for infant obesity? A. gaining weight slowly after birth B. having a mother who gained a lot of weight during pregnancy C. having a mother with a BMI that was high before the pregnancy D. gaining weight quickly after birth

A. gaining weight slowly after birth

At this stage, over which part of her body does Rachel have the most control? A. head movement B. hand movements to grasp C. leg movements to stand D. arm movements to pull up

A. head movement

Anna throws a ball toward Marco, her 4-year-old son, and he tries to hit it with a bat. She observes that Marco is unable to hit the ball even after several times. When she writes something on the blackboard, he seems to find it difficult to copy it. Anna also notices that he often seems to bump into things. In this scenario, Marco's brain is most likely facing a problem related to the process of A. integration B. differentiation C. myelination D. migration

A. integration

What sentence best describes the brain's growth? A. it grows in fits and starts B. it grows slowly and steadily C. it hardly grows during gestation, then starts growing quickly at birth D. it grows quickly during gestation, then stops growing at birth

A. it grows in fits and starts

What is the fatty substance that coats neural pathways called? A. myelin B. association fibers C. projection fibers D. gila

A. myelin

Which of the following suggests that typical babies develop the same skills in the same order because they are built approximately the same way and have similar physical challenges and needs? A. the dynamic systems theory B. the ecological theory of perception C. the continuity theory D. the bioecological theory

A. the dynamic systems theory

What is SIDS? A. the sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant under age one B. the sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant under age two C. the sudden and unexplained death of any human, regardless of age D. the sudden and unexplained death of a mother during childbirth

A. the sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant under age one

What apparatus is designed to give an illusion of depth and to assess depth perception in infants? A. the visual cliff B. the depth chamber C. the visual preference D. the haptic pause

A. the visual cliff

What is the purpose of a neuron? A. to send and receive information B. to help create new bones C. to move oxygen D. to fight infection

A. to send and receive information

Among children ages 1 to 4, which of the following is the leading cause of unintentional injury deaths in the United States? A. traffic accidents B. drowning C. falls D. burns

A. traffic accidents

When 3-month-old Jason is held in an upright posture with his feet touching the ground, he raises one foot and then the other. This scenario illustrates the ______ reflex. A. walking B. rooting C. Babkin D. Babinski

A. walking

It is recommended that infants be breast-fed, including in combination with complementary foods, for how long? A. 1 month or less B. 1 year or less C. 9 months D. 6 months

B. 1 year or less

The newborn's brain is about ____ of its adult volume. A. 2/3 B. 1/4 C. 1/2 D. 3/4

B. 1/4

What test determines if children ages 1 month to 6 years are developing normally? A. Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test B. Denver Developmental Screening Test C. Applanation Tonometry Test D. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

B. Denver Developmental Screening Test

What is NOT one of the chief causes of neonatal death worldwide? A. preterm birth complications B. SIDS C. childbirth complications D. sepsis

B. SIDS

When can sound first be perceived? A. approximately one week after birth B. before birth C. approximately one hour after birth D. immediately at birth

B. before birth

What explains why infants are capable of grasping an object before they can take their first steps? A. proximodistal principal B. cephalocaudal principal C. plasticity principal D. differentiation principal

B. cephalocaudal principal

Which part of the brain grows the fastest? A. forebrain B. cerebellum C. hindbrain D. cerebrum

B. cerebellum

What is the tough band of tissue that joins the left and right hemispheres of the brain? A. cerebellum B. corpus callosum C. medulla D. tendon

B. corpus callosum

Which theory of perception describes motor and perceptual abilities as interdependent parts of a functional system that guides behavior? A. cognitive B. ecological C. perception D. systems

B. ecological

The purpose of myelination of neural pathways is to A. prune neural pathways B. enable signals to travel faster C. protect the neurons from loss of oxygen D. enable greater absorption of nutrients

B. enable signals to travel faster

At one year of age, a baby's visual sensitivity is _____ times greater than it was at birth. A. two B. four C. six D. eight

B. four

Who would an infant typically prefer to look at? A. his father B. his mother C. an unattractive stranger D. his siblings

B. his mother

What is a primary risk factor for "failure to thrive" infants? A. having no siblings B. inadequate nutrition C. poorly educated parents D. parents who avoid exercise

B. inadequate nutrition

A study found that babies born in the United States to foreign-born mothers had a lower incidence of infant mortality than those born to native mothers. The researchers who conducted the study concluded that this is likely because foreign-born mothers are healthier than U.S.-born mothers. Which of the following, if true, challenges this conclusion? A. foreign-born mothers typically have a higher incidence of postpartum depression B. infant mortality rates are the same regardless of the nationality of the mothers when family income is accounted for C. most of the non-native births considered for the sample took place in the presence of a doula D. non-native mother considered for the sample had extensive social support throughout the gestation period

B. infant mortality rates are the same regardless of the nationality of the mothers when family income is accounted for

In the context of overweight in infancy, pediatric experts recommend that A. parents use antibiotics for their infants to prevent later risk of obesity in their children B. iron-enriched solid foods be introduced gradually between ages 6 and 12 months C. 6-month-old babies be switched to cows milk if not being breast-fed D. fruit juices be introduced gradually between ages 3 and 5 months

B. iron-enriched solid foods be introduced gradually between ages 6 and 12 months

Between 2005 and 2015, how did the U.S. infant mortality rate change? A. it decreased, then began to climb up again B. it decreased C. it increased D. it increased dramatically, then slowly began to taper off

B. it decreased

What maternal behavior or condition is NOT associated with failure to thrive (FFT)? A. maternal abuse of alcohol B. maternal intelligence C. severe maternal stress D. maternal depression

B. maternal intelligence

What is slowed or arrested physical growth with no known medical cause accompanied by poor developmental and emotional functioning called? A. SIDS B. non-organic failure to thrive C. organic failure to thrive D. prematurity

B. non-organic failure to thrive

Who is the most common perpetrator of maltreatment? A. sibling B. parent C. babysitter D. unmarried partner of parent

B. parent

Which of the following statements is true about sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)? A. pediatric experts encourage the use of pacifiers and discourage the use of fans in rooms where infants are sleeping B. research strongly supports a relationship between SIDS and sleeping on the stomach C. babies who have low levels of serotonin are at the lowest risk of SIDS D. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants sleep on soft surfaces, such as pillows, quilts, or sheepskin

B. research strongly supports a relationship between SIDS and sleeping on the stomach

How long should an infant consume ONLY breast milk (although formula is also acceptable) for nutrients and energy? A. the first year after birth B. the first six months after birth C. the first two to four months after birth D. the first eight months after birth

B. the first six months after birth

What is the infant mortality rate? A. the proportion of babies who die within the first week after birth B. the proportion of babies who die within the first year after birth C. the proportion of babies who die within the first day after birth D. the proportion of babies who die within the first month after birth

B. the proportion of babies who die within the first year after birth

What is the purpose of the rooting reflex? A. to coordinate the suck and swallow movement B. to direct the infant to turn its head towards something to suck C. to foster bonding between the baby and caregiver D. to snuggle into the caregiver in order to help calm the infant

B. to direct the infant to turn its head towards something to suck

Which of the following activities is NOT a gross motor skill? A. jumping rope B. tying shoes C. walking D. swimming

B. tying shoes

In a study conducted in Uganda, France, and the United States by Gardiner and Kozmitzki (2005), the fact that the pace of motor development responds to certain factors was proven by observing babies' A. grasping B. walking C. self-feeding D. crawling

B. walking

The ______ reflex occurs when you rub the sole of the baby's foot and the toes fan out.

Babinski

Today, children in many developed countries are growing taller and maturing at an earlier age than children did a century ago. This is most likely due to A. higher pollution levels B. genetic mutations C. better nutrition D. greater incidence of multiple births

C. better nutrition

The leading cause of infant mortality in the United States is A. SIDS B. disorders related to prematurity C. birth defects D. accidents

C. birth defects

A newborn A. cannot see anything B. can see objects only a few inches away C. can see objects about one foot away D. can see objects several feet away

C. can see objects about one foot away

Baby Suzanna is two months old. Her mom places a red block about one foot in front of her. Suzanna most likely A. cannot see the object at that distance B. can see the object but cannot distinguish its color C. can see the object and distinguish its color D. can see the object and recognize its dimensionality

C. can see the object and distinguish its color

Ruth is a developmental biologist who is currently comparing the brain cells of two infants, Ben and Mark, of the same age. Ben belongs to an affluent family and is generally more exposed to various colors, different sounds, and unusual sensations than Mark, who belongs to a poor family. Initially, when she examines Ben and Mark, Ruth finds far more neurons in both their brains than required. However, a couple of years later, Ruth observes that Ben has more neural pathways than Mark. This most likely suggests that Mark's brain cells had a greater incidence of A. cytokinesis B. lateralization C. cell death D. endocytosis

C. cell death

Which type of perception depends on cues that affect the image of an object on the retina? A. Haptic B. color C. depth D. amodal

C. depth

What do infants prefer to look at the most? A. their own feet B. books C. faces D. their own hands

C. faces

What is neglect? A. failure to provide a child with healthy snacks B. failure to read to a child often enough C. failure to meet a child's basic needs, such as food D. failure to provide emotional support

C. failure to meet a child's basic needs, such as food

Neward Toys has introduced new toys for 4 to 12 month old toddlers. The toys are made of blocks of nontoxic wood and are modeled as various animals. Toddlers can grasp the toys and feel the toys' shapes. In this scenario, the toys are most likely designed to help toddlers heighten their A. auditory perception B. gross motor skills C. haptic perception D. language skills

C. haptic perception

Which of the following statements best illustrates the proximodistal principal of infant development? A. when infants use their left hands, the neurons in the right side of their brains become active. B. in experiments for studying the illusion of depth, most infants appear to avoid the visual cliff. C. infants learn to use their arms before they can grasp objects with their fingers. D. infants learn to control their neck muscles before they learn to control their legs.

C. infants learn to use their arms before they can grasp objects with their fingers.

As Rachel tries to use her muscles in response to her father's actions, what skill are the muscles developing? A. head control B. hand control C. locomotion D. perception

C. locomotion

Which of the following factors is most strongly associated with later risk of obesity in children in the United States? A. enrollment in child care B. inappropriate bottle use C. prenatal tobacco exposure D. maternal diagnosis of gestational diabetes

C. prenatal tobacco exposure

Growth in height and weight during the first few months of life is _____ and _____ by the age of 2 or 3. A. slow; decreases B. slow; increases C. rapid; decreases D. rapid; increases

C. rapid; decreases

In the United States, how much does the average one-year-old boy weigh? A. 50 pounds B. 15 pounds C. 7 pounds D. 25 pounds

D. 25 pounds

By age three, the brain of a child weighs about _____ and is nearly adult size. A. 1 pound B. 8 pounds C. 5 pounds D. 3 pounds

D. 3 pounds

Five-month-old Derek is now able to A. discriminate between a picture of a flower and a real flower B. see his mother's face when she is holding him C. discriminate between a blue rattle and a pink rattle D. all answer choices are correct

D. all answer choices are correct

When can an average baby stands alone? A. around 4 months B. around 7 months C. around 10 months D. around 11 months

D. around 11 months

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Section on breast-feeding (2005) recommends that A. cows milk be avoided till 2 years of age B. babies receive iron-fortified formula while being breast-fed C. mothers exposed to radiation breast-feed their babies D. babies be exclusively breast-fed for 6 months

D. babies be exclusively breast-fed for 6 months

What is NOT one of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex? A. frontal B. parietal C. temporal D. caudal

D. caudal

Which principal explains why the brain develops more rapidly than the spinal cord? A. proximodistal principal B. differentiation principal C. proximity principal D. cephalocaudal principal

D. cephalocaudal principal

What statement about taste preferences is true? A. children develop taste preferences around the age of five or six years old B. although giving children a variety of foods during infancy is healthy for them, it does not affect their taste preference later C. children's taste preferences are fully formed before birth and are therefore difficult to change D. children given different flavors in infancy may have less restricted food preferences later

D. children given different flavors in infancy may have less restricted food preferences later

When do the senses of smell and taste begin to develop? A. at about a month old B. when the baby transitions from breast milk or formula to solid foods C. during the first few days after birth D. during gestation

D. during gestation

The ecological theory of perception is a(n) _______ development theory. A. social B. sensory C. emotional D. motor

D. motor

What are neurons? A. red blood cells B. hormones C. white blood cells D. nerve cells

D. nerve cells

What is the common understanding regarding infants and the sensation of touch? A. infants' sensitivity to touch is not fully developed at birth B. infants can feel deep pressure but not light pressure C. the sensation of touch has not been studied; therefore, we don't know if infants sense touch at birth D. newborns are capable of feeling touch

D. newborns are capable of feeling touch

What group is the most vulnerable to infant mortality? A. small-for-date infants born after 40 weeks B. post mature infants C. low birth weight babies born around 40 weeks D. preterm infants

D. preterm infants

What is myelination? A. process by which cells acquire specialized structures and functions B. process by which neurons coordinate the activities of muscle groups C. process of normal elimination of excess cells to achieve more efficient functioning D. process of coating neural pathways with a fatty substance that enables faster communication between cells

D. process of coating neural pathways with a fatty substance that enables faster communication between cells

Rachel's father is holding onto her hands to pull Rachel up because Rachel does not yet have the ability to do so herself. At approximately what age will she be able to pull herself up to stand? A. three months B. four months C. five months D. six months

D. six months

Identify one purpose of reflexes. A. they help infants learn about their surroundings B. they are movements that have an evolutionary purpose but are not necessary in the present day C. they allow an infant to manipulate adults into doing what the infant wants D. some reflexes are instinctive survival mechanisms

D. some reflexes are instinctive survival mechanisms

Identify a true statement about infant mortality? A. the vast majority of early deaths, deaths of infants 28 days or younger, are in developed and industrialized countries. B. complications of the placenta, umbilical cord, and membranes are the leading cause of infant deaths in the U.S. C. U.S. babies have a far better change of reaching their first birthday than do babies in many other developed countries D. the chief causes of neonatal death worldwide are preterm birth complications, childbirth complications, and sepsis

D. the chief causes of neonatal death worldwide are preterm birth complications, childbirth complications, and sepsis

Which of the following statements is true of brain development in infancy and childhood? A. at about 3 months after conception, the human brain starts to develop from a long, hallow tube B. at birth, the spinal cord and brain stem of human babies begin to develop C. the cerebrum grows the fastest during the fourth year of human life D. the corpus callosum grows dramatically during childhood, reaching adult size by age 10

D. the corpus callosum grows dramatically during childhood, reaching adult size by age 10

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects and surfaces in _____ dimension(s). A. one B. four C. two D. three

D. three

What is integration?

Process by which neurons coordinate the activities of muscle groups

The ______ view connects perceptual capabilities to information available in the world of the perceiver.

ecological

Rejection, ridicule, and isolation are forms of what type of maltreatment?

emotional

Terrorizing, exploitation, and degradation are forms of ______ maltreatment.

emotional

T or F: Fetuses can detect the human voice but are unable to tell one sound from another

false

T or F: There is a medical cause for failure to thrive.

false

Children grow _______ (slowest/fastest) during the first three years.

fastest

Unintentional injuries are the _______ leading cause of infant deaths in the United States.

fifth

Movements that involve finger dexterity are called ________ motor skills.

fine

The four lobes of the brain are the occipital, parietal, temporal, and ____ lobes.

frontal

What is the leading cause of death in child abuse cases in the United States?

head trauma

What sentence best describes the brain's growth?

it grows in fits and starts

Gross motor skills involve the use of ______ muscle groups.

large

Boys are _____ (more/less) likely to be injured and die from their injuries than girls.

more

Head trauma is the number _____ cause of death from child abuse in the U.S. .

one

Brain ______ is a mechanism that enables individuals to adapt to environmental changes.

plasticity

The fact that the brain can frequently compensate for injuries to particular areas is a result of _______.

plasticity or neuroplasticity

Built-in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn's movements in an involuntary and automatic way are called ________ behaviors.

reflex

The _______ reflex occurs when the infant's cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched and the infant then turns its head toward the side in search of a nipple.

rooting

During the _______ year after birth, children begin walking up stairs.

second

In addition to neglect, three forms of abuse that are considered maltreatment are physical, emotional, and ______ abuse.

sexual

Maltreatment in which an infant or toddler is shaken and injured is called _______ ________ ________.

shaken baby syndrome

The least developed sense at birth is _________.

sight or vision

Ideally, infants should consume only breast milk for the first ______ months after birth (although formula is also acceptable).

six

The sudden, unexplained death of an infant under the age of one is called _________ _________ _______ syndrome.

sudden infant death

A child experiences explosive growth and development during the first ________ years of life.

three

What is the first sense to develop?

touch

T or F: The majority of neonatal deaths are preventable.

true

A(n) _________ ________ gives an illusion of depth and is used to assess depth perception of infants.

visual; cliff