Ch 5

Charles is a Red Sox fan who does not think highly of Yankees fans. Which of the following statements that Charles made in the past week is most consistent with the concept of outgroup homogeneity? a. "Obnoxious, rude, and prone to throwing batteries... if you've seen one Yankees fan, you've seen them all." b. "I knew one Yankees fan who wasn't bad, but his wife was a Red Sox fan, so he doesn't count." c. "The thing about Yankees fans is that some of them just jump on the bandwagon and root for their team through good times and bad times." d. "My two favorite teams are the Red Sox and anyone who's playing against the Yankees."

"Obnoxious, rude, and prone to throwing batteries... if you've seen one Yankees fan, you've seen them all."

Stankiewicz and Rosselli (2008) found that about ____ percent of advertisements depicting women featured them as sex objects. a. 25 b. 50 c. 67 d. 75

50

A metastereotype refers to a. a person's thoughts about the stereotypes outgroup members might hold about their own group. b. a stereotype that applies to a large number of outgroups. c. a stereotype that is positive, rather than negative, in nature. d. a stereotype that is widely held.

A person's thoughts about the stereotypes outgroup members might hold about their own group.

Which of the following is not discrimination? a. Believing that baby-faced men are harmless b. Givingapinktoytoagirlandabluetoytoaboy c. Signing a petition to keep a minority group out of the neighborhood d. Hiring a thin candidate rather than an obese one with the same credentials

Believing that baby-faced men are harmless

Which of the following experimental procedures would a researcher investigating stereotype threat be least likely to use? a. Having women complete a math test b. Having non-English-speaking students complete a verbal skills test in English c. Having African Americans complete an athletic task d. Having individuals with a history of mental illness complete a logical reasoning task

Having African Americans complete an athletic task

Hugenberg and Corneille (2009) exposed Caucasian participants to the faces of unfamiliar people. They found that compared to faces of outgroup members, faces of ingroup members were processed more a. slowly. b. holistically. c. sequentially. d. reluctantly.

Holistically

Which of the following does not contribute to the outgroup homogeneity effect? a. Ingroup members have little information concerning outgroup members. b. Ingroup members are unlikely to have frequent contact with outgroup members. c. Ingroup members accurately perceive the lack of diversity within the outgroup. d. Ingroup members interact with a non-representative sample of outgroup members.

Ingroup members accurately perceive the lack of diversity within the outgroup.

Jane is from race X, and Jean is from race Y. Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates modern racism? a. Jane yells racial slurs and spits on Jean who is a stranger. b. Jane and Jean work together. Jane thinks Jean is not doing her share of the work. For this, Jane gives Jean a more negative evaluation than is deserved. c. Jane and Jean are on the same athletic team. The social norm of the team is for everyone to be friendly and personable to one another. Jane never talks to Jean. d. Jane is interviewing Jean as a pianist for her club. Jane is looking for a piano player who will play jazz. Jean plays classical music. Jane doesn't hire Jean for the job.

Jane and Jean work together. Jane thinks Jean is not doing her share of the work. For this, Jane gives Jean a more negative evaluation than is deserved.

A set of beliefs about a group cannot be considered a stereotype if it is a. positive. b. negative. c. true. d. None of these

None of these

The belief "they're all the same" best epitomizes which of the following concepts? a. Minimal group effect b. Outgroup homogeneity effect c. Ingroup heterogeneity effect d. Contrast effect

Outgroup homogeneity effect

Consider the Implicit Association Test in which people are asked to categorize words as well as Caucasian/African-American names. If you were to design a similar measure to assess implicit associations related to age, and more specifically, implicit negative beliefs about older people, which pattern of results might your IAT produce to indicate such ageism? a. Participants report that they like younger-sounding names (e.g., Dylan, Carter) more than older-sounding names (e.g., Gladys, Sydney). b. Participants take longer to pair positive words with older-sounding names and negative words with younger-sounding names than vice versa. c. Participants primed with words related to old age (e.g., "Florida," "Bingo," "wheelchair") internalize stereotypes regarding the elderly and demonstrate slower reaction times to the categorization tasks. d. Participants are quicker to recognize and categorize photos of young faces than photos of older faces.

Participants take longer to pair positive words with older-sounding names and negative words with younger-sounding names than vice versa.

Negative feelings directed at others strictly because of their membership in a particular social category is called a. discrimination. b. prejudice. c. the outgroup homogeneity effect. d. the ingroup homogeneity effect.

Prejudice

The ABCs of social psychology are affect, behavior, and cognition. Put the three major concepts of Chapter 5 in this ABC order by considering whether they correspond to affect, behavior, or cognition. a. Stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination b. Prejudice, discrimination, stereotyping c. Discrimination, prejudice, stereotyping d. Stereotyping, discrimination, prejudice

Prejudice, discrimination, stereotyping

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's racial background, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another, is known as a. racism. b. implicit racism. c. modern racism. d. ambivalent racism.

Racism

A stereotype exists in many cultures that men are better than women at math. Ramya is about to take a diagnostic achievement test in math. According to research on stereotype threat, under which of the following conditions is Ramya most likely to perform poorly on the test? a. Ramya does not believe that the test is an accurate measure of math ability. b. Ramya is asked to indicate her gender at the beginning of the test. c. Ramya does not include math as an important part of her identity. d. Ramya has been raised in a cave by a mathematical genius and is unaware of the cultural stereotype concerning gender and math.

Ramya is asked to indicate her gender at the beginning of the test.

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's gender, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender over another, are known as a. sexism. b. implicit sexism. c. hostile sexism. d. ambivalent sexism.

Sexism

Bridgette thinks short people are lazy, and Barbara refuses to let short people join her book club. Bridgette is exhibiting _____, whereas Barbara is exhibiting _____. a. discrimination; prejudice b. stereotyping; discrimination c. prejudice; stereotyping d. prejudice; discrimination

Stereotyping/discrimination

Being persistently stereotyped, perceived as deviant, or devalued in society because of membership in a particular social group or because of a particular characteristic is the definition of being a. subliminally presented. b. ambivalent. c. threatened. d. stigmatized.

Stigmatized

Which of the following is an essential requirement for stereotype threat to occur? a. The individual in question must be a member of a minority group. b. The individual in question must be aware of negative stereotypes about his or her group. c. The individual in question must have below-average ability for the task in question. d. All of these

The individual in question must be aware of negative stereotypes about his or her group.

Ambivalent sexism consists of _____ elements. a. two b. three c. four d. five

Two

Research on stereotype threat suggests that underperformance by African Americans in academic settings may be due to a. a fear of confirming negative stereotypes of African Americans. b. an overemphasis on superordinate goals in instruction. c. receiving negative feedback based on racist motives. d. the desegregation that tends to occur even in so-called integrated schools.

a fear of confirming negative stereotypes of African Americans.

According to research by Crocker and colleagues (1991), African-American students who positive interpersonal feedback from a Caucasian student experienced a. an increase in level of anger. b. no change in self-esteem. c. a reduction in self-esteem. d. an increase in self-esteem.

a reduction in self-esteem.

Affectionate feelings toward women based on the belief that women need protection are referred to as _____ sexism. a. ambivalent b. patronizing c. benevolent d. hostile

benevolent sexism

Tilcsik (2011) sent pairs of resumes in response to 1,800 job postings. The resumes were nearly identical, except that one mentioned the job candidate volunteered for a gay campus organization. The results of this study showed a. the two resumes were equally likely to receive interview invitations. b. the resume with gay campus organization experience was 15 percent less likely to receive an interview invitation. c. the resume with gay campus organization experience was 40 percent less likely to receive an interview invitation. d. the resume with the gay campus organization experience was 15 percent more likely to receive an interview invitation.

c. the resume with gay campus organization experience was 40 percent less likely to receive an interview invitation.

Social categorization is advantageous because it a. leads to more accurate social perception. b. encourages us to take longer to make judgments about others. c. frees up cognitive resources. d. is generally based on realistic assumptions.

frees up cognitive resources.

In a study by Phelan and colleagues (2008), participants read about male and female candidates for a managerial position. Compared to comparable male candidates, female candidates who emphasized their independence and leadership ability were rated as a. lower in competence and in social skills. b. lower in both competence but higher in social skills. c. higher in competence but lower in social skills. d. higher in both competence and social skills.

higher in competence but lower in social skills

Negative feelings directed at women's abilities, values, and ability to challenge the power of men are referred to as a. ambivalent sexism. b. modern sexism. c. benevolent sexism. d. hostile sexism.

hostile sexism.

Gender stereotypes are prescriptive. This means that gender stereotypes a. identify what men and women should be like. b. can be used to predict when men and women are likely to behave in stereotype-consistent ways. c. are more accurate than other kinds of stereotypes. d. are less influenced by cultural standards than other stereotypes.

identify what men and women should be like.

Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally is called a. modern racism. b. implicit racism. c. benevolent racism. d. ambivalent racism

implicit racism

Being asked to think about one's mortality tends to a. decrease ingroup bias. b. increase ingroup bias. c. have no impact on ingroup bias. d. promote intergroup harmony.

increase ingroup bias.

All of the following result from social categorization except a. overestimation of differences between groups. b. underestimation of differences within groups. c. increased confidence that differences between groups are biologically based. d. increased tendency to notice behaviors inconsistent with group stereotype.

increased tendency to notice behaviors inconsistent with group stereotype.

Groups to which the self belongs are called _____, and groups to which the self does not belong are called _____. a. ingroups; outgroups b. social categories; self categories c. implicit categories; explicit categories d. self-groups; social-groups

ingroups; outgroups

Research indicates that Caucasian individuals' concern about appearing prejudiced during interracial interactions can a. lead them to try to avoid such interactions altogether. b. lead them to sit closer to African-American conversation partners in the effort to make a good impression. c. lead them to go out of their way to demonstrate how often they think about and notice race-related issues. d. All of these

lead them to try to avoid such interactions altogether.

Which of the following is a risk for stigmatized targets? a. Increased risk for short-term mental health problems b. Increased risk for long-term mental health problems c. Increased risk for short-term physical health problems d. Increased risk for long-term physical and mental health problems

long-term physical and mental health problems

A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize is called a. modern racism. b. relative deprivation. c. illusory correlation. d. reverse discrimination.

modern racism

Research by Jennifer Richeson, Nicole Shelton, and colleagues demonstrates that Caucasian individuals who score high on a measure of implicit racism a. must exert a great deal of cognitive effort in order to avoid prejudice when interacting with African Americans. b. are usually good at hiding their biases and therefore tend to have comfortable interactions with African Americans. c. have relatively low levels of amygdala activation when presented with photos of African- American faces. d. All of these

must exert a great deal of cognitive effort in order to avoid prejudice when interacting with African Americans.

The tendency to perceive members of an outgroup as less variable, or more similar to one another, than members of the ingroup is called the a. minimal group effect. b. outgroup homogeneity effect. c. ingroup homogeneity effect. d. contrast effect.

outgroup homogeneity effect.

Social categorization leads people to a. perceive group members more accurately. b. perceive others as individuals rather than group members. c. overestimate differences between groups. d. overestimate differences within groups.

overestimate differences between groups.

Research findings regarding dehumanization indicate that a. people tend to process outgroup faces in a manner similar to their processing of nonhuman objects. b. dehumanization of outgroups is typically associated with reactions of greater empathy. c. only members of the racial majority tend to be aware of cultural associations between racial minority group members and particular animal characteristics. d. All of these

people tend to process outgroup faces in a manner similar to their processing of nonhuman objects.

Stereotypes differ from prejudice and discrimination in that stereotypes concern a. positive feelings about a social group. b. negative feelings about a social group. c. positive or negative beliefs about a social group. d. negative behavior directed at members of a social group.

positive or negative beliefs about a social group

Individuals with a strong social dominance orientation are least likely to a. prefer to live in an egalitarian society. b. strongly identify with their ingroup. c. want their ingroup to be of higher status than other groups. d. endorse government policies that oppress outgroups.

prefer to live in an egalitarian society.

Bonnie dislikes all lawyers. This is an example of a. prejudice. b. discrimination. c. social categorization. d. a stereotype.

prejudice

Implicit racism is correlated with _____ for interactions with a minority group member. a. reduced eye gaze b. increased eye gaze c. increased warmth d. better communicatio

reduced eye gaze

Samantha thinks that all social psychology professors are intelligent, attractive, and fabulously good dancers. This is an example of a. prejudice. b. discrimination. c. social categorization. d. a stereotype.

stereotype

In their study of sexism in 19 different countries, Glick et al. (2000) found that countries with the greatest degree of political and economic inequality exhibited a. the highest levels of both hostile and benevolent sexism. b. the lowest levels of both hostile and benevolent sexism. c. high levels of hostile sexism but low levels of benevolent sexism. d. low levels of hostile sexism but high levels of benevolent sexism.

the highest levels of both hostile and benevolent sexism.

Buffy is a member of a sorority. She considers the stereotypes about her sorority to be gross overgeneralizations, but claims that the stereotypes about other sororities seem to have a kernel of truth. Buffy's thinking best illustrates a. the outgroup homogeneity effect. b. realistic conflict. c. reverse discrimination. d. social-role theory.

the outgroup homogeneity effect.

Ingroup members display the outgroup homogeneity effect because a. ingroups and outgroups always compete for shared resources. b. they lack familiarity with members of the outgroup. c. they lack sufficient information to judge the variability of their own group. d. they usually encounter the most typical members of the outgroup.

they lack familiarity with members of the outgroup.

Arnold is not a cheerleader and doesn't know any cheerleaders personally, but when he sees them at the football games, they are always smiling. Arnold is likely to a. think about specific cheerleaders rather than the group stereotype. b. notice the ways in which each cheerleader is unique. c. be able to distinguish cheerleaders from one another only if they are smiling. d. think that all cheerleaders are happy

think that all cheerleaders are happy

Research by Apfelbaum and colleagues (2008) indicates that when it comes to norms regarding the acknowledgment of race a. the older Caucasian kids get, the more comfortable they are discussing race. b. 8- and 9-year-old kids are even more concerned about political correctness than 10- and 11-year-olds. c. it is not until early adulthood that people start to develop concerns about race-related norms. d. unlike younger children, older children are sometimes willing to sacrifice task performance for the goal of avoiding uncomfortable race-related conversation.

unlike younger children, older children are sometimes willing to sacrifice task performance for the goal of avoiding uncomfortable race-related conversation.