Ch 5: Integumentary System

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What 2 pigments influence skin color?

*Melanin *Carotene

2 types of sweat glands

-->Apocrine sweat glands -->Merocrine sweat glands

_______ generally takes _____ days for cell to move from stratum ______ to stratum ________.

-->Cell Progression -->7-10 -->basale -->corneum

Two types of exocrine glands in the integument

-->Sebaceous glands -->Sweat glands

Five cell layers (strata) of thick skin from deep to superficial

->Stratum basale ->Stratum spinosum ->Stratum granulosum ->Stratum lucidum - only found in thick skin (palms, soles of feet) ->Stratum corneum

Two major parts of the integumentary system (or integument)

1. Cutaneous membrane, or skin 2.Accessory structures: -Hair -Exocrine glands -Nails

Keratin

Fibrous protein found in the epidermis, hair, and nails that makes those structures hard and water resistant; precursor in keratohyaline

Causes erythema or redness from inflammation

First-degree burn

Example: sunburn

First-degree burn

Nonliving, keratinized structures

Hair

-->Composed of flattened, densely packed cells filled with keratin -->Found only in thick skin

Stratum Lucidum

Clear Layer

Stratum Lucidum

Grainy layer

Stratum granulosum

Layer in which: _>Cells have stopped dividing ->Cells start making keratin

Stratum granulosum

Hair follicle

Structure with outer and inner root sheaths extending from the epidermal surface into the dermis and from which new hair develops.

Hypodermis

Subcutaneous tissue just deep to the skin; consists of adipose plus some areolar connective tissue.

Epidermis

Superficial layer of skin; composed of kerantinized stratified squamous epithelium.

Is 99 percent water with electrolytes, urea, and organic nutrients (Sodium chloride gives it the salty taste)

Sweat

Eccrine glands

Sweat glands abundant on the palms, soles of feet, and the forehead

Apocrine sweat gland

The less numerous type of sweat gland; produces a secretion containing water, salts, proteins, and fatty acids.

Pore

The surface opening of the duct of a sweat gland.

Damage may extend into the hypodermis

Third-degree burn

Epidermis and dermis are destroyed

Third-degree burn

Arrector pili

Tiny, smooth muscles attached to hair follicles; contraction causes the hair to stand upright.

Burn

Tissue damage inflicted by intense heat, electricity, radiation, or certain chemicals, all of which denature cell proteins and cause cell death in the affected areas.

Any cancer of epithelial tissue is a ...

carcinoma

Muscles become weaker and bone strength decreases due to...

decline in vitamin D3

produced by hair follicles

hair

portion that anchors hair into skin

hair root

hair part we see on the surface

hair shaft

Inhibits growth of bacteria, lubricates the hair, and conditions surrounding skin

sebum

Skin cancer found in more superficial layers

squamous cell carcinoma

Dead cells stay in the __________ __________ for two more weeks before being shed or washed away.

stratum corneum

Also called sudoriferous glands

sweat glands

First-degree burn

A burn in which only the epidermis is damaged.

Second-degree burn

A burn in which the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis are damaged.

Third-degree burn

A burn that involves the entire thickness of the skin; also called a full-thickness burn. Usually requires skin grafting.

Sebaceous glands (oil glands)

Epidermal glands that produce an oily secretion called sebum.

Produces "goose bumps"

Arrector pili muscle

Alopecia

Baldness.

The most common skin cancer? Originates in stratum basale

Basal cell carcinoma

Dead cells packed with keratin

Called keratinized or cornified cells

Malignant melanoma

Cancer of the melanocytes; can begin wherever there is pigment.

-->Orange-yellow pigment -->Accumulates in epidermal cells -->Found in orange-colored foods (carrots, squashes)

Carotene

-->Located in passageway of external ear -->Secretions combine with sebaceous gland secretions to form cerumen, or earwax

Ceruminous glands

Melanin

Dark pigment formed by cells called melanocytes; imparts color to skin and hair.

Contains -Blood vessels -Nerves -Hair follicles -Sweat glands

Dermis

Lies between the epidermis and hypodermis

Dermis

Sweat gland

Epidermal gland that produces sweat aka Sudoriferous Gland

Sudoriferous gland

Epidermal gland that produces sweat.

Dermis

Layer of skin deep to the epidermis; composed mostly of dense irregular connective tissue.

Malignant

Life threatening; pertains to neoplasms that spread and lead to death, such as cancer.

Superficial

Located close to or on the body surface.

-->Usually begins from a mole -->Can metastasize through the lymphatic system

Malignant melanoma

Most dangerous skin cancer?

Malignant melanoma

-->Structurally related to apocrine sweat glands -->Secrete milk

Mammary glands

-->Made by melanocytes -->Melanin absorbs UV radiation, protecting deeper layers of epidermis and dermis

Melanin

Function is to cool body through evaporation

Merocrine sweat glands

Rules of nines

Method of computing the extent of burns dividing the body into a number of areas, each accounting for 9% (or a multiple thereof) of he total body area.

Made of dense, keratinized cells and Protect dorsal surfaces of tips of fingers and toes

Nails

Sebum

Oily secretion of the sebaceous glands.

Cutaneous sensory receptors

Receptors located throughout the skin that respond to stimuli arising outside the body; part of the nervous system

Attached to hair follicles AND discharge oily lipid secretion (sebum) into hair follicles through holocrine secretion

Sebaceous glands

-->Causes blistering, pain, and swelling -->Some scar tissue may form

Second-degree burn

Entire epidermis and part of the dermis damaged

Second-degree burn

Integumentary system

Skin and its derivatives; provides the external protective covering of the body

Papilla

Small, nipple-like projection; e.g., dermal papillae are projections of dermal tissue into the epidermis

Contains: -->Stem cells that continually divide to replace cells lost at the surface -->Merkel cells (sensitive to touch) -->Melanocytes (synthesize melanin, a pigment)

Stratum Basale

Deepest layer of the epidermis Also called stratum germinativum

Stratum Basale

Contains 15-30 layers of flattened, dead cells packed with keratin

Stratum Corneum

Carotene

Yellow to orange pigment that accumulates in the stratum corneum epidermal layer and in fatty tissue of the hypodermis.

Secretion is sticky, cloudy, and potentially odorous

apocrine glands

Become active at puberty AND secrete into hair follicles in armpits, around nipples, and in pubic region

apocrine sweat glands

During cell progression in the epidermis, cells fill with ________ and die.

keratin

Also called eccrine sweat glands

merocrine sweat glands

Coiled tubular structure secretes watery perspiration directly onto surface of skin

merocrine sweat glands


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