Ch. 5 Personality and Values

Which of the following does the heredity approach state?

An individual's personality is determined by molecular structure of the genes.

According to Hofstede's framework, individualism describes the degree to which people in a country accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.

FALSE

Which of the following differentiates introverts from extraverts?

Introverts are less impulsive than extraverts.

Discuss with examples terminal values and instrumental values as identified by the Rokeach Value Survey.

Milton Rokeach created the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS). It consists of two sets of values, each containing 18 individual value items. One set, called terminal values, refers to desirable end-states. These are the goals a person would like to achieve during his/her lifetime. Examples of terminal values are freedom and social recognition. The other set, called instrumental values, refers to preferable modes of behavior, or means of achieving the terminal values. Examples of instrumental values are kindness and goal-orientation.

________ is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.

Personality

Which of the following statements is true about personality?

Personality is influenced by hereditary factors.

A drawback of self-report surveys is the level of accuracy.

TRUE

What are the two main means of measuring personality? Discuss.

The most common means of measuring personality is through self-report surveys, with which individuals evaluate themselves on a series of factors. On the other hand, observer-rating surveys provide an independent assessment of personality. An analysis of a large number of observer-reported personality surveys shows that a combination of self-reports surveys and observer-reports predict performance better than any other type of information.

Which of the following statements is true about people with positive core self-evaluations?

They are committed to their goals and set ambitious goals.

With reference to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to the ________ type prefer verbal activities in which there are opportunities to influence others and attain powers.

enterprising

What does the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classification of "E or I" stand for?

extraverted/introverted

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people with an ENTP personality type are most likely to be ________.

innovative

According to the Rokeach Value Survey, ________ values refer to preferable modes of behavior.

instrumental

When we rank an individual's values in order of their ________, we obtain the person's value system.

intensity

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the judging type ________.

prefer their world to be ordered

Which of the following terms describes basic convictions that "a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite mode of conduct"?

values

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, introverted-intuitive-thinking-judging type of people are ________.

visionaries

Briefly describe the five key traits in the Big Five model.

The five key traits in the Big Five personality model are as follows: a) Extraversion: The extraversion dimension captures an individual's comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be reserved, timid, and quiet. b) Agreeableness: The agreeableness dimension refers to an individual's propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic. c) Conscientiousness: The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized, dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable. d) Emotional stability: The emotional stability dimension—often labeled by its converse, neuroticism—taps a person's ability to withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure. e) Openness to experience: The openness to experience dimension addresses a range of interests and fascination with novelty. Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically sensitive. Those at the other end of the openness category are conventional and find comfort in the familiar.

Which of the following statements is most likely to be true regarding people with proactive personalities?

They are more likely than others to be seen as leaders.

With reference to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to the investigating type prefer ________.

activities that involve thinking, organizing, and understanding

Which dimension of the Big Five model refers to an individual's propensity to defer to others?

agreeableness

With reference to the Hofstede's Framework for Assessing Cultures, ________ emphasizes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them.

collectivism

Which dimension of the Big Five model is a measure of reliability?

conscientiousness

People with an ESTJ personality type are characterized as ________ according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification.

decisive

Which of the following dimensions of the Big Five model indicates a person's ability to withstand stress?

emotional stability

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the ________ type are flexible and spontaneous.

perceiving

According to Gordon Allport, ________ is defined as the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine a person's unique adjustments to his/her environment.

personality

Those with a ________ personality identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs, compared to others who passively react to situations.

proactive

Which of the following are characteristics of the intuitive type of people according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification?

rely on unconscious processes and look at the overall picture

Which of the following is the most common means of measuring personality?

self-report surveys

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the ________ type are practical and prefer routine and order and focus on details.

sensing

Individuals low in self-monitoring ________.

tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation

According to Hofstede's framework, ________ indicates the degree to which people in a country prefer structured over unstructured situations.

uncertainty avoidance

Explain characteristics of a proactive personality who is of the investigative type according to Holland's typology.

A person with a proactive personality identifies opportunities, shows initiative, takes action, and perseveres until meaningful change occurs. He/she creates changes in the environment irrespective of obstacles or constraints. In addition, an investigative type of person according to Holland's typology prefers activities that involve thinking, organizing, and understanding. The person is analytical, original, curious, and independent in nature.

The ________ is a personality assessment model that taps basic dimensions encompassing most of the significant variation in human personality, namely extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience.

Big Five model

Mara is looking to send one of her team members on an international assignment to China to train a group of employees located at her company's office in Beijing. As part of the assignment, the chosen employee will have to undergo a three-week diversity training program to help him/her learn about his/her new environment. Bryan, one of Mara's colleagues, is interested in taking up the assignment. Which of the following, if true, would reduce the likelihood that Bryan will be selected?

Bryan does not cope very well in ambiguous situations.

Mara is looking to send one of her team members on an international assignment to China to train a group of employees located at her company's office in Beijing. As part of the assignment, the chosen employee will have to undergo a three-week diversity training program to help him/her learn about his/her new environment. Bryan, one of Mara's colleagues, is interested in taking up the assignment. Which of the following, if true, would increase the likelihood that Bryan will be selected?

Bryan is quite sociable and can "think on his feet."

Valerie Clark works as a campaigner at the Oceans Protection Foundation in Japan. During campaign implementation activities, she prefers to follow structured processes and ensures her team undertakes activities in an orderly fashion. In addition, she takes responsibility for milestones to be achieved and key project activities. Her colleagues and team members find that they can depend on her for support and guidance and admire her quality of never giving up on a challenge. Explain the categories of personalities Clark would most likely fit into according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Big Five model.

Clark's characteristic of preferring to follow structure and order categorizes her into the judging category of personality according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. According to the Big Five model, she is a highly conscientious person. This is because she comes across as dependable, responsible, organized and persistent. Her colleagues find that she never gives up on challenges and is reliable in nature.

Percy Collins works as a life advisor at an insurance firm and often looks for constant admiration from his manager every time he sells a policy. He also feels that he is the best at his work and no other advisor in his company has the ability or the skills to sell the amount of policies that he can. During meetings and team-building exercises, colleagues often find him rude, distant, and antagonistic. Identify and describe the personality trait exhibited by Collins.

Collins is narcissistic. The fact that he has overconfidence in himself and looks for excessive admiration makes him a narcissist. A narcissist has a grandiose sense of self-importance, requires excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant in nature.

Percy Collins works as a life advisor at an insurance firm and often looks for constant admiration from his manager every time he sells a policy. He also feels that he is the best at his work and no other advisor in his company has the ability or the skills to sell the amount of policies that he can. During meetings and team-building exercises, colleagues often find him rude, distant, and antagonistic. What categories according to the Big Five model and other personality traits are Collins most likely to be characterized by?

Collins is narcissistic. The fact that he has overconfidence in himself and looks for excessive admiration makes him a narcissist. Narcissists have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, have a sense of entitlement, and are arrogant in nature. Collins also scores low on agreeableness according to the Big Five Factor Model. His colleagues see him as rude, distant, and antagonistic. People low on agreeableness are known to be cold and disagreeable.

________ has been found to be more important than other traits in the success of CEOs of private equity companies.

Conscientiousness

________ refers to bottom-line conclusions individuals have about their capabilities, competence, and worth as a person.

Core self-evaluation

According to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, individuals belonging to the conventional type prefer ambiguous activities that allow creative expression.

FALSE

According to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, individuals belonging to the realistic type are disorderly, impractical, and emotional.

FALSE

According to the Big Five model, a drawback of introverts is that they tend to be more impulsive than extraverts and engage in risky behavior.

FALSE

According to the Big Five model, a person who scores high on the openness to experience dimension is conventional and finds comfort in the familiar.

FALSE

As compared to observer-ratings surveys, self-reporting surveys are a better predictor of success on the job.

FALSE

People with positive core self-evaluations feel that they are powerless over their environment.

FALSE

The degree to which norms, cues, or standards dictate appropriate behavior is known as consistency.

FALSE

Who defined personality as the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine a person's unique adjustments to his/her environment?

Gordon Allport

John Hardley recently joined as marketing director of H2O, a water sports gear company. Though in the last five years the company has had a drastic dip in sales, ever since Hardley has joined he has turned the figures around. In addition to revamping the look of the brand, he has initiated several marketing campaigns through broadcast media to increase customer base for the company. Over the past six months, Hardley has managed to get the company to an all-time high peak of sales. Which of the following statements best describes Hardley?

Hardley has a proactive personality.

Does heredity determine a person's personality? Explain.

Heredity refers to factors determined at conception. Physical stature, facial attractiveness, gender, and energy level are influenced by a person's biological, physiological, and inherent psychological make-up. The heredity approach argues that the ultimate explanation of an individual's personality is the molecular structure of the genes, located in the chromosomes. Research tends to support the importance of heredity over the environment in developing an individual's personality.

With reference to the Big Five Model, which of the following is a difference between highly agreeable and less agreeable people?

Highly agreeable people tend to do better in interpersonally oriented jobs than less agreeable people.

Describe the personality traits of people who fit into each of the following Myers-Briggs Type Indicator categories: INTJ, ESTJ, and ENTP.

Intuitive, thinking, introverted, and judging people (INTJ) are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn. ESTJs are organizers—realistic, logical, analytical, and decisive. They have a natural head for business or mechanics. ENTP type of people are conceptualizers, innovative, individualistic, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. They tend to be resourceful in solving problems but may neglect routine assignments.

What is the major problem with the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator as a measure of personality?

It forces a person to be categorized as either one type or another.

Jonah is currently trying to decide whether or not to allow Kate to be part of a delegation that will represent their company at an international business expo. Apart from allowing the company to market its business to potential clients, the expo will give the members of the delegation a chance to meet and network with various industry professionals and gain valuable industry insights. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen Kate's chances of being selected?

Kate is enterprising and adept at interacting with diverse groups of individuals.

Jonah is currently trying to decide whether or not to allow Kate to be part of a delegation that will represent their company at an international business expo. Apart from allowing the company to market its business to potential clients, the expo will give the members of the delegation a chance to meet and network with various industry professionals and gain valuable industry insights. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken Kate's chances of being selected?

Kate is socially inept and tends to display her true disposition and attitude in every situation.

Which of the following personality traits indicates the degree to which a person is unemotional and pragmatic and believes that ends can justify means?

Machiavellianism

The ________ is a personality assessment consisting of 100 questions where respondents are classified as extraverted or introverted, sensing or intuitive, thinking or feeling, and judging or perceiving.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

________ refers to the tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and have a sense of entitlement.

Narcissism

Explain the effect of core self-evaluation on job performance.

People who have positive core self-evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective, capable, and in control of their environment. Those with negative core self-evaluations tend to dislike themselves, question their capabilities, and view themselves as powerless over their environment. Core self-evaluations relate to job satisfaction because people positive in this trait see more challenge in their job and actually attain more complex jobs. People with positive core self-evaluations perform better than others because they set more ambitious goals, are more committed to their goals, and persist longer in attempting to reach these goals. Such people also provide better customer service, are more popular co-workers, and have careers that both begin on better footing and ascend more rapidly over time.

Describe the typical characteristics associated with a proactive personality.

People with a proactive personality identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs, compared to others who passively react to situations. Proactives create positive change in their environment, regardless of, or even in spite of, constraints or obstacles. Not surprisingly, they have many desirable behaviors that organizations covet. They are more likely than others to be seen as leaders and to act as change agents. Proactive individuals are more likely to be satisfied with work and help others more with their tasks, largely because they build more relationships with others. Proactives are also more likely to challenge the status quo or voice their displeasure when situations aren't to their liking. If an organization requires people with entrepreneurial initiative, proactives make good candidates; however, they're also more likely to leave an organization to start their own business. As individuals, proactives are more likely than others to achieve career success. They select, create, and influence work situations in their favor. They seek out job and organizational information, develop contacts in high places, engage in career planning, and demonstrate persistence in the face of career obstacles.

All dimensions of fit (person-job fit and person-organization fit) are sometimes broadly referred to as person-environment fit. Explain.

Person-job fit and person-organization fit are considered the most salient dimensions for workplace outcomes, other avenues of fit are worth examining. These include person-group fit and person-supervisor fit. Person-group fit is important in team settings, where the dynamics of team interactions significantly affect work outcomes. Person-supervisor fit has become an important area of research since poor fit in this dimension can lead to lower job satisfaction and reduced performance. Each can predict work attitudes, which are partially based on culture. A recent meta-analysis of person-environment fit in East Asia, Europe, and North America suggested person-organization and person-job fit are the strongest predictors of positive work attitudes and performance in North America. These dimensions are important to a lesser degree in Europe, and they are the least important in East Asia.

Describe the personality trait of self-monitoring.

Self-monitoring refers to an individual's ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors. Individuals high in self-monitoring show considerable adaptability in adjusting their behavior to external situational factors. They are highly sensitive to external cues and can behave differently in different situations. High self-monitors are capable of presenting striking contradictions between their public persona and their private self. Low self-monitors tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation; hence, there is high behavioral consistency between who they are and what they do. Evidence indicates high self-monitors pay closer attention to the behavior of others and are more capable of conforming than are low self-monitors. They also receive better performance ratings, are more likely to emerge as leaders, and show less commitment to their organizations. In addition, high self-monitoring managers tend to be more mobile in their careers, receive more promotions (both internal and cross-organizational), and are more likely to occupy central positions in an organization.

According to Hofstede's five value dimensions of national culture, people in a culture with long-term orientation look to the future and value thrift, persistence, and tradition.

TRUE

According to the Big Five model, the agreeableness dimension refers to an individual's propensity to defer to others.

TRUE

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the judging type prefer control and like their world to be ordered and structured.

TRUE

An individual's value system is obtained by ranking the person's values in terms of their intensity.

TRUE

An organization in a dynamic and changing environment that needs employees who can easily change tasks and teams should seek individuals with personalities that fit with the organization's overall culture rather than with a specific task.

TRUE

High Mach employees win in the short term, but lose the gains in the long term because they are not well liked.

TRUE

Managers today are less interested in an applicant's ability to perform a specific job than with his or her flexibility to meet changing situations and commitment to the organization.

TRUE

Millennials have high expectations, seek meaning in their work, and have life goals oriented toward becoming rich and famous.

TRUE

One problem with the MBTI is that the model forces a person into one type or another; that is, you're either introverted or extraverted. There is no in-between.

TRUE

Personality assessments have been increasingly used in diverse organizational settings.

TRUE

Research suggests that personality traits better predict behavior in weak situations than in strong ones.

TRUE

The most widely used and best known personality frameworks are the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and the Big Five Personality model. Both describe a person's total personality through exploration of the facets of personality.

TRUE

Values contain a judgmental element in which they carry an individual's ideas as to what is right, good, or desirable.

TRUE

Describe conscientiousness and explain how it can predict behavior at work.

The Big Five conscientiousness dimension is a measure of reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized, dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable. Employees who score higher in conscientiousness develop higher levels of job knowledge, probably because highly conscientious people learn more. Higher levels of job knowledge contribute to higher levels of job performance. It is important for managers and for front-line employees. Conscientiousness, in the form of persistence, attention to detail, and setting of high standards, is considered more important than any other personality trait for job performance. It is the Big Five model trait that is most consistently related to job performance.

What are the various classifications used in the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) framework?

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they usually feel or act in particular situations. On the basis of their answers, individuals are classified as extraverted or introverted (E or I), sensing or intuitive (S or N), thinking or feeling (T or F), and judging or perceiving (J or P). These classifications are defined as follows: a) Extraverted (E) versus Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy. b) Sensing (S) versus Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on unconscious processes and look at the "big picture." c) Thinking (T) versus Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and emotions. d) Judging (J) versus Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types are flexible and spontaneous.

Discuss John Holland's personality-job fit theory.

The effort to match job requirements with personality characteristics is best articulated in John Holland's personality-job fit theory. Holland presents six personality types and proposes that satisfaction and the propensity to leave a position depend on how well individuals match their personalities to a job. Holland developed the Vocational Preference Inventory questionnaire, which contains 160 occupational titles. Respondents indicate which they like or dislike, and their answers form personality profiles. The personality-job fit theory describes six personality types. These types are: a) Realistic: Prefers physical activities that require skill, strength, and coordination b) Investigative: Prefers activities that involve thinking, organizing, and understanding c) Social: Prefers activities that involve helping and developing others d) Conventional: Prefers rule-regulated, orderly, and unambiguous activities e) Enterprising: Prefers verbal activities in which there are opportunities to influence others and attain power f) Artistic: Prefers ambiguous and unsystematic activities that allow creative expression The key points of this model are that (1) there do appear to be intrinsic differences in personality among individuals, (2) there are different types of jobs, and (3) people in jobs congruent with their personality should be more satisfied and less likely to voluntarily resign than people in incongruent jobs.

Describe the five value dimensions of national culture as identified by the Hofstede's framework for assessing cultures.

The five value dimensions of national culture as identified by the Hofstede's framework for assessing cultures are: a) Power distance: It is the degree to which people accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally. b) Individualism versus collectivism: Individualism is the degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than as members of groups and believe in individual rights above all else. Collectivism emphasizes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them. c) Masculinity versus femininity: Hofstede's construct of masculinity is the degree to which the culture favors traditional masculine roles such as achievement, power, and control as opposed to viewing men and women as equals. A high femininity rating means the culture sees little differentiation between male and female roles and treats women as the equals of men in all respects. d) Uncertainty avoidance: The degree to which people in a country prefer structured over unstructured situations defines their uncertainty avoidance. e) Long-term versus short-term orientation: People in a culture with long-term orientation look to the future and value thrift, persistence, and tradition. In a short-term orientation, people value the here and now; they accept change more readily and don't see commitments as impediments to change.

Describe the personality characteristics of Machiavellianism.

The personality characteristic of Machiavellianism is named after Niccolo Machiavelli, who wrote in the sixteenth century on how to gain and use power. An individual high in Machiavellianism is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes ends can justify means. A considerable amount of research has related high- and low-Mach personalities to behavioral outcomes. High Machs manipulate more, win more, are persuaded less, and persuade others more than do low Machs. Yet high-Mach outcomes are moderated by situational factors. High Machs flourish (1) when they interact face-to-face with others rather than indirectly; (2) when the situation has a minimal number of rules and regulations, allowing latitude for improvisation; and (3) when emotional involvement with details irrelevant to winning distracts low Machs. Thus, whether high Machs make good employees depends on the type of job. In jobs that require bargaining skills or that offer substantial rewards for winning, high Machs will be productive.

Alex was sent to Beijing to help local managers solve the problem of growing worker dissatisfaction at their manufacturing facility located in the city. As part of his visit, he decided to have a town hall meeting with the workers to understand the problems that they were facing and the reasons for their discontent. The turnout at the meeting was substantial; however, when asked for their opinions and suggestions, the crowd fell silent. As a result, Alex was unable to determine the reason for employee dissatisfaction. Which of the following, if true, best explains this situation?

There is an unequal distribution of power in the company.

Which of the following is true about narcissists?

They are more likely to emerge as leaders.

Which of the following is most likely to be a drawback of highly conscientious people according to the Big Five model?

They do not adapt well to changing contexts.

Which of the following is true regarding the baby boomer generation?

They give high importance to achievement and material success.

Which of the following is true regarding values?

They have content and intensity attributes.

Which of the following is a drawback of self-report surveys?

They may result in the respondent lying to create a good impression.

Michelle Young, who works as a sales manager at a bank, often has to deal with a lot of stress to meet monthly targets for her team. However, irrespective of stressful situations, she manages to handle problems with ease and a smile on her face. Her team members are often surprised at how she deals with such situations with so much confidence. They believe the reason she manages to be such a good role model of handling volatile situations is because she is confident of her capabilities and sees herself as an effective manager. Describe Young's personality in terms of the Big Five model and core self-evaluation.

Young's capability to withstand stress and to remain calm, self-confident, and secure shows that she has positive emotional stability according to the Big Five model. She also has a positive core self-evaluation because she sees herself as a capable and effective manager. People with positive self-evaluations often perform better than others because they set ambitious goals, are more committed to their goals, and persist longer to reach these goals.

A high Mach would be most productive in which of the following positions?

a sales person whose major part of the salary consists of sales commission

As compared to high self-monitors, low self-monitors ________.

are less likely to emerge as leaders

Among the Big Five model traits, ________ is most strongly related to life satisfaction, job satisfaction, and low stress levels.

emotional stability

People scoring high on the ________ dimension of the Big Five model are more likely to be absent from work and engage in risky behavior than those who score low.

extraversion

Ellen Athers works as a communication executive at a travel house. She is known to be friendly with her colleagues and interacts with them regularly to build strong work relationships. She knows that her rapport with her co-workers is a crucial part of her work and invests time in these relationships. In addition, she is assertive in making decisions, and colleagues take her decisions seriously. Which of the following types is Athers most likely to be characterized as according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification?

extraverted

Amber Downing, a human resource executive, is in charge of the recruitment process in her organization. During the hiring process, she often needs to coordinate with prospective employees. The organizational process does not require her to inform employees who do not get through the selection process. However she believes that it is rude not to give them an update. She thus makes sure that she sends them e-mails informing them about the selection process. Which of the following types is Downing characterized as according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification?

feeling

Which of the following terms refers to factors such as one's biological, physiological, and inherent psychological makeup determined at conception?

heredity

With reference to the Hofstede's framework, a class or caste system that discourages upward mobility is more likely to exist in a nation that scores ________.

high on power distance

Individuals scoring ________ have a strong ability to adjust their behavior to external, situational factors and can behave differently in different situations.

high on self-monitoring

Milton Rokeach created the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS), which consists of two sets of values, namely ________ values and ________ values.

instrumental; terminal

Elaine Chamberlain works as a research executive at an environmental organization. Though her colleagues are helpful and friendly, because of her shy nature, she often eats her lunch at her desk and has limited interactions with them. She is glad that her nature of work does not require her to interact with her co-workers to a high extent. Which of the following types is Chamberlain most likely to be characterized as according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification?

introverted

John Holland's personality-job fit theory presents six personality types. Which of the following is one of these six types?

investigative

According to the Big Five model, a person who scores ________ is easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.

low on conscientiousness

With reference to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to the realistic type will be most suitable for the job of a(n) ________.

mechanic

During an annual review, Michel Godfrey made the following assertion: "When I look at myself and my performance, I see that what I have achieved is outstanding and something no one in the organization has the capacity to undertake. Surprisingly, it has not won me the admiration of my colleagues like it should have. I also believe that I do not just deserve a raise, but need one, since without me, let's face it, the place would simply fall apart." Which of the following personality traits best describes Michel's personality?

narcissism

Tracy Winter works at a publishing firm in London and recently received an e-mail from the human resource department of her company asking her to study the behavior of a colleague, Cindy Camp, including her attention toward her work, without Camp's knowledge. Winter now needs to scrutinize Camp's behavior and notice if she is free from distractions and pays sufficient attention to her tasks. Which of the following is Winter conducting?

observer-ratings survey

In ________, a co-worker or another observer does an independent assessment of personality, with or without the subject's knowledge.

observer-ratings surveys

According to the Big Five model, the ________ dimension addresses a range of interests and fascination with novelty.

openness to experience

Marina Lyon works as a reservation executive at a travel and tourism company. Though her job requires her only to efficiently book flight tickets for customers, she has also opted to undergo training to learn the process of hotel reservations. In addition, every evening she reads travelogues to be aware of upcoming travel destinations and trends. She loves the industry she works in and is eager to learn as much as she can. Considering the information given in this case, which dimension of the Big Five model best describes Lyon's personality?

openness to experience

Which of the following is an instrumental value according to the Rokeach Value Survey?

personal discipline

Esther Lugo has gone for an interview at an advertising firm in Manhattan and has been asked to complete a self-report survey to help interviewers understand if she is the right candidate for the job. From the interview, they have found that she is extroverted, empathic, scrupulous, and cooperative in nature, which are key characteristics needed for the job. These characteristics about Lugo indicate her ________.

personality

According to the Big Five model, a highly conscientious person is most likely to be ________.

responsible, organized, and dependable

What does the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classification of S versus N stand for?

sensing/intuitive

Help Aid, a non-profit organization in Indonesia, works at providing education in underdeveloped countries. They are now looking to hire a teacher who can educate children in Namibia and prepare them for jobs which will enable them to sustain themselves. According to Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to which of the following personality types will best suit Help Aid's requirement?

social

Which of the following is a terminal value according to the Rokeach Value Survey?

social recognition

According to the Rokeach Value Survey, ________ values refer to desirable end-states.

terminal

Valerie Sinclair, a climate campaigner at an environmental organization, invariably uses rationale to make decisions for project implementation. She believes that the right decisions can be made only through scrutiny and analysis. Each time she needs to make a decision, she weighs all options before taking action. Which of the following is a characteristic of Sinclair's personality type according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification?

thinking